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105-549: In 1957, the California State Legislature established what was then called Stanislaus State College as the 15th campus of the CSU system. Because Turlock was better known at the time for its turkeys than its aspirations towards higher education, Clark Kerr highlighted this event in his memoirs as an example of how the state colleges had become vulnerable to pork barrel politics in the state legislature. This

210-486: A Children's collection, which has more than 5,900 titles of children's literature . The library offers access to more than 70 electronic databases and also contains federal , state , and local documents. As of fall 2017, the five most popular bachelor's degrees Programs are BS Business Administration, BA Psychology, BA Liberal Studies, BA/BS Biological Sciences, and BA Criminal Justice. The university has several resources available for students. The Tutoring/Writing Center

315-429: A better understanding of the school system which causes them to be less deferential to teachers and school authorities. Research also shows that well-educated black parents are less able to transmit human capital to their children when compared to their white counterparts, due to a legacy of racism and discrimination. The term "social gradient" in health refers to the idea that the inequalities in health are connected to

420-545: A broom". This advice was quickly rescinded and replaced with a caution that "being aggressive toward wild turkeys is not recommended by State wildlife officials." A number of turkeys have been described from fossils . The Meleagridinae are known from the Early Miocene ( c.  23 mya ) onwards, with the extinct genera Rhegminornis (Early Miocene of Bell, U.S.) and Proagriocharis (Kimball Late Miocene / Early Pliocene of Lime Creek, U.S.). The former

525-482: A central part of modern Thanksgiving celebrations in the United States of America , and is often eaten at similar holiday occasions, such as Christmas . In her memoirs, Lady Dorothy Nevill (1826–1913) recalls that her great-grandfather Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1723–1809), imported a quantity of American turkeys which were kept in the woods around Wolterton Hall and in all probability were

630-654: A doctoral degree program in Educational Leadership. Its academic disciplines are clustered within four colleges: Several individual programs, across the four colleges, have achieved and maintain accreditation by professional accreditation bodies. Stanislaus State's College of Business Administration is accredited by the AACSB . Its Human Resource Management program has the nation's top student testing success rate. In fall 2012, Stanislaus State launched an online Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree program,

735-676: A greater influence. A study performed on the Brazilian population found that racial inequality was only present for those who did not belong to the high-class status. Meaning race affects an individual's chances at upward mobility if they do not begin at the upper-class population. Another theory concerning race and mobility is, as time progresses, racial inequality will be replaced by class inequality. However, other research has found that minorities, particularly African Americans, are still being policed and observed more at their jobs than their white counterparts. The constant policing has often led to

840-399: A higher status in society, such as education , skills, or any other form of knowledge. Usually, people with all three types of capital have a high status in society. Bourdieu found that the culture of the upper social class is oriented more toward formal reasoning and abstract thought. The lower social class is geared more towards matters of facts and the necessities of life. He also found that

945-423: A lacking in the cultural resources of cultural capital, social capital and economic capital, yet inconsistencies persist even when these variables are accounted for. "Once admitted to institutions of higher education, African Americans and Latinos continued to underperform relative to their white and Asian counterparts, earning lower grades, progressing at a slower rate and dropping out at higher rates. More disturbing

1050-433: A long period of time, this can lead to the gentrification of a community. Outside of mixed housing, individuals with a low socioeconomic status consider relationships to be more salient than the type of neighborhood they live to their prospects of moving up the social ladder. This is because their income is often not enough to cover their monthly expenses including rent. The strong relationships they have with others offers

1155-402: A new improved haplotype-resolved domestic turkey genome was published, which confirmed the large inversion on the Z chromosome not found in other Galliformes , and found new structural variations between the parent haplotypes that provides potential new target genes for breeding. In anatomical terms, a snood is an erectile, fleshy protuberance on the forehead of turkeys. Most of the time when

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1260-500: A normal means of travel. When faced with a perceived danger, wild turkeys can fly up to a quarter mile. Turkeys may also make short flights to assist roosting in a tree. The species Meleagris gallopavo is eaten by humans. They were first domesticated by the indigenous people of Mexico from at least 800 BC onwards. By 200 BC, the indigenous people of what is today the American Southwest had domesticated turkeys; though

1365-430: A number of grooming behaviors including: dusting, sunning, and feather preening . In dusting, turkeys get low on their stomach or side and flap their wings, coating themselves with dirt. This action serves to remove debris build-up on the feathers and also clog tiny pores that parasites such as lice can inhabit. Sunning for turkeys involves bathing in the sunlight, for their top and bottom halves. This can serve to liquidate

1470-411: A person in a certain social category: economic capital ; social capital ; and cultural capital . Economic capital includes economic resources such as cash , credit , and other material assets . Social capital includes resources one achieves based on group membership, networks of influence, relationships and support from other people. Cultural capital is any advantage a person has that gives them

1575-492: A person's progress in the areas of education , health, housing, income, job opportunities and other factors and compares it to some starting point, usually the previous generation. As technological advancements and economic development increase so do income levels and the conditions in which most people live. In absolute terms, people around the world, on average, are living better today than yesterday and in that sense, have experienced absolute mobility. Relative mobility looks at

1680-599: A recent common ancestor with grouse, pheasants, and other fowl. The wild turkey species is the ancestor of the domestic turkey , which was domesticated approximately 2,000 years ago by indigenous peoples. It was this domesticated turkey that later reached Eurasia , during the Columbian exchange . In English, the name "turkey" probably comes from birds being brought to Britain by merchants trading to Turkey and thus becoming known as turkey coqs or turkey-cocks. This happened first to guinea fowl native to Madagascar, and then to

1785-500: A relationship between high social inequality and low social mobility. Of the eight countries studied—Canada, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, the UK and the US, the US had both the highest economic inequality and lowest economic mobility. In this and other studies, the US had very low mobility at the lowest rungs of the socioeconomic ladder, with mobility increasing slightly as one goes up

1890-438: A similar negative correlation. The presence of more red blood cells when the snood is not removed will help to fight off unwanted invaders in their immune system, explaining this trend. Wild turkeys feed on various wildlife , depending on the season. In the warmer months of spring and summer, their diet consists mainly of grains such as wheat, corn, and of smaller animals such as grasshoppers, spiders, worms, and, lizards. In

1995-566: A similar phenomena was observed in Los Angeles, California as well as in New York City. Los Angeles Senior High School (inner city) observed a graduation rate of 58% and San Marino High School (suburb) observed a graduation rate of 96%. New York City Geographic District Number Two (inner city) observed a graduation rate of 69% and Westchester School District (suburb) observed a graduation rate of 85%. These patterns were observed across

2100-485: Is basketball and for women it is basketball and indoor track and field. Spring sports for men include baseball , golf , and track and field . Spring sports for women include softball , track and field, and tennis . Stan State also sponsors a competitive cheer team, which has competed at the NCA National Championships since 2017. Besides both being located in the east of California, but one in

2205-451: Is human capital . This form of capital, identified by social scientists only in recent years, has to do with the education and life preparation of children. "Human capital refers to the skills, abilities and knowledge possessed by specific individuals". This allows college-educated parents who have large amounts of human capital to invest in their children in certain ways to maximize future success—from reading to them at night to possessing

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2310-634: Is accused of being too broad and having no action plan. While it is generally accepted that some level of mobility in society is desirable, there is no consensus agreement upon "how much" social mobility is good for or bad for a society. There is no international benchmark of social mobility, though one can compare measures of mobility across regions or countries or within a given area over time. While cross-cultural studies comparing differing types of economies are possible, comparing economies of similar type usually yields more comparable data. Such comparisons typically look at intergenerational mobility, examining

2415-399: Is also an idea of stickiness concerning mobility. This is when an individual is no longer experiencing relative mobility and it occurs mostly at the ends. At the bottom end of the socioeconomic ladder, parents cannot provide their children with the necessary resources or opportunity to enhance their lives. As a result, they remain on the same ladder rung as their parents. On the opposite side of

2520-439: Is another measure used in researching mobility which usually involves both quantitative and qualitative analysis of data, but other studies may concentrate on social class. Mobility may be intragenerational , within the same generation or intergenerational , between different generations. Intragenerational mobility is less frequent, representing "rags to riches" cases in terms of upward mobility. Intergenerational upward mobility

2625-667: Is because it indicates access to material goods, educational opportunities, healthy environments, and economic growth. In Scotland, a long range study examined individuals in childhood and mid-adulthood. Most Scottish children born in 1921 participated in the Scottish Mental Survey 1932, conducted by the Scottish Council for Research in Education (SCRE) It obtained the data of psychometric intelligence of Scottish pupils. The number of children who took

2730-685: Is clear, particularly in the United States, as shown by the work of Thomas Piketty and others. Commentators such as Martin Wolf emphasize the importance of economics. They warn that such trends increase resentment and make people susceptible to populist rhetoric. Evidence for this is mixed. At the macro level, political scientists report that xenophobia, anti-immigrant ideas, and resentment towards out-groups tend to be higher during difficult economic times. Economic crises have been associated with gains by far-right political parties. However, there

2835-554: Is employed. While, the social causation hypothesis is supported when looking at health and socioeconomic status relationship through an education and income lenses. The systems of stratification that govern societies hinder or allow social mobility. Education can be a tool used by individuals to move from one stratum to another in stratified societies. Higher education policies have worked to establish and reinforce stratification. Greater gaps in education quality and investment in students among elite and standard universities account for

2940-421: Is given to achieved status characteristics in a society. The movement can be in a downward or upward direction. Markers for social mobility such as education and class, are used to predict, discuss and learn more about an individual or a group's mobility in society. Mobility is most often quantitatively measured in terms of change in economic mobility such as changes in income or wealth . Occupation

3045-406: Is little evidence at the micro- or individual level to link individual economic grievances and populist support. Populist politicians tend to put pressure on central bank independence . Social status attainment and therefore social mobility in adulthood are of interest to psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, economists, epidemiologists and many more. The reason behind the interest

3150-522: Is located in the Vasche Library and offers individual and group tutoring. Some of the services available include essay planning, organization, development and revision, writing across the curriculum, ESL , and WPST test preparation. The university also has a bookstore that features marble herms by sculptor Andrew Wilson alongside other artwork, as well as a university police department and financial aid office. The New Stanislaus State Student Center

3255-415: Is more common where children or grandchildren are in economic circumstances better than those of their parents or grandparents. In the US, this type of mobility is described as one of the fundamental features of the " American Dream " even though there is less such mobility than almost all other OECD countries. Mobility can also be defined in terms of relative or absolute mobility. Absolute mobility looks at

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3360-472: Is much 'stickier' than most Americans assume. Some researchers claim that social mobility is actually declining." A 2006 German study corroborates these results. In spite of this low social mobility, in 2008, Americans had the highest belief in meritocracy among middle- and high-income countries. A 2014 study of social mobility among the French corporate class found that social class influences who reaches

3465-465: Is now the United States, there were an estimated 10 million turkeys in the 17th century. By the 1930s, only 30,000 remained. In the 1960s and 1970s, biologists started trapping wild turkeys from the few places they remained (including the Ozarks and New York ), and re-introducing them into other states, including Minnesota and Vermont. Starting in 2014, researchers sent a survey to wildlife biologists in

3570-602: Is probably a basal turkey , the other a more contemporary bird not very similar to known turkeys; both were much smaller birds. A turkey fossil not assignable to genus but similar to Meleagris is known from the Late Miocene of Westmoreland County, Virginia . In the modern genus Meleagris , a considerable number of species have been described, as turkey fossils are robust and fairly often found, and turkeys show great variation among individuals. Many of these supposed fossilized species are now considered junior synonyms . One,

3675-644: Is scheduled to open Spring 2020. 2023-2024 USNWR departmental rankings The 2023 U.S. News & World Report Best Regional Colleges West Rankings ranked Stanislaus 4 on Top Performers on Social Mobility , 9 on Top Public Schools , 12 on for best Colleges for Veterans , and 293 in Nursing (tie). The 2022 U.S. News & World Report Best Regional Colleges West Rankings ranked Stanislaus 6 on Top Performers on Social Mobility , 12 on Top Public Schools , 14 on for best Colleges for Veterans , and 332 in Nursing (tie). In 2020, Cal State Stanislaus

3780-402: Is seen in education, particularly in high school drop-outs. Low income status students who no longer see value in investing in their education, after continuously failing to upgrade their social status. Race as an influencer on social mobility stems from colonial times. There has been discussion as to whether race can still hinder an individual's chances at upward mobility or whether class has

3885-537: Is the Australian bustard ( Ardeotis australis ). The anhinga ( Anhinga anhinga ) is sometimes called the water turkey , from the shape of its tail when the feathers are fully spread for drying. An infant turkey is called a chick or poult . Turkeys were likely first domesticated in Pre-Columbian Mexico , where they held a cultural and symbolic importance. The Classical Nahuatl word for

3990-548: Is the wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ). Turkeys are classed in the family Phasianidae ( pheasants , partridges , francolins , junglefowl , grouse , and relatives thereof) in the taxonomic order Galliformes . They are close relatives of the grouse and are classified alongside them in the tribe Tetraonini . The genus contains two species. [REDACTED] Male [REDACTED] Female [REDACTED] Male [REDACTED] Female The linguist Mario Pei proposes two possible explanations for

4095-450: Is used primarily by economists to evaluate income mobility. Conversely, social mobility is used by sociologists to evaluate primarily class mobility. How strongly economic and social mobility are related depends on the strength of the intergenerational relationship between class and income of parents and kids, and "the covariance between parents' and children's class position". Economic and social mobility can also be thought of as following

4200-596: The Great Gatsby curve . This curve demonstrates that high levels of economic inequality fosters low rates of relative social mobility. The culprit behind this model is the Economic Despair idea, which states that as the gap between the bottom and middle of income distribution increases, those who are at the bottom are less likely to invest in their human capital, as they lose faith in their ability and fair chance to experience upward mobility. An example of this

4305-642: The ocellated turkey ( Meleagris ocellata ) of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy wattle , called a snood, that hangs from the top of the beak. They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As with many large ground-feeding birds (order Galliformes ), the male is bigger and much more colorful than the female. The earliest turkeys evolved in North America over 20 million years ago. They share

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4410-497: The 2010–2011 season the name of the basketball arena was changed to Ed & Bertha Fitzpatrick Arena. The university has a Hmong Students Association. In 2004 the association and a former member led the Project Ready for School to help children arriving in the United States from a Thai refugee camp for preparing for school. As of fall 2018 CSU Stanislaus had the third largest enrollment percentage of Mexican Americans in

4515-402: The 2019 hunter data was missing information from 8 states. Turkeys have been known to be aggressive toward humans and pets in residential areas. Wild turkeys have a social structure and pecking order and habituated turkeys may respond to humans and animals as they do other turkeys. Habituated turkeys may attempt to dominate or attack people that the birds view as subordinates. In 2017,

4620-507: The California State University system. Greek life at CSUS includes: 37°31′30″N 120°51′21″W  /  37.52500°N 120.85583°W  / 37.52500; -120.85583 Turkey (bird) The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris , native to North America. There are two extant turkey species: the wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) of eastern and central North America and

4725-518: The National Wild Turkey Federation Technical Committee across the U.S. states to gather data regarding the population of turkeys. As of 2019, the wild turkey population declined by around 3% since 2014. Also as of 2019, the number of wild turkey hunters decreased by 18% since 2014 from the reports of the participating U.S. states. The 2019 data for population was missing information from 12 states and

4830-660: The campus of San Joaquin Delta College in Stockton in neighboring San Joaquin County . In 1998 the Stanislaus State-Stockton Center expanded and moved to its own permanent campus in downtown Stockton. Sarah Palin 's selection as the keynote speaker at Stanislaus State's main fundraising event in 2010. Sponsored by a school foundation, the event resulted in the most successful fundraiser in

4935-582: The campus's history. It provoked speculation and debate when the university refused to disclose her speaking fee . A resulting investigation by the Attorney General of California Jerry Brown found no violation of law, but recommended accounting and oversight improvements in the foundation's practices. Fall freshman statistics California State University, Stanislaus offers 45 undergraduate programs, 17 master's degree programs and 2 graduate certificate programs, 6 school credential programs and

5040-491: The capacity for individuals to experience social mobility. There is some debate regarding how important educational attainment is for social mobility. A substantial literature argues that there is a direct effect of social origins (DESO) which cannot be explained by educational attainment. Other evidence suggests that, using a sufficiently fine-grained measure of educational attainment, taking on board such factors as university status and field of study, education fully mediates

5145-526: The classroom environment is in contrast with the natural growth approach to childrearing. In this approach, which is more common amongst working-class families, parents do not focus on developing the special talents of their individual children, and they speak to their children in directives. Due to this, it is rarer for a child raised in this manner to question or challenge adults and conflict arises between childrearing practices at home and school. Children raised in this manner are less inclined to participate in

5250-485: The classroom setting and are less likely to go out of their way to positively interact with teachers and form relationships. However, the greater freedom of working-class children gives them a broader range of local playmates, closer relationships with cousins and extended family, less sibling rivalry, fewer complaints to their parents of being bored, and fewer parent-child arguments. In the United States, links between minority underperformance in schools have been made with

5355-466: The colder months of fall and winter, wild turkeys consume smaller fruits and nuts such as grapes, blueberries, acorns, and walnuts. To find this food, they have to continuously forage and feed most during the sunrise and sunset hours. Domesticated turkeys consume a commercially produced feed formulated to increase the size of the turkeys. To supplement their nutrition, farmers will also feed them grains wild turkeys eat such as corn. Turkeys participate in

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5460-428: The country when assessing the differences between inner city graduation rates and suburban graduation rates. The economic grievance thesis argues that economic factors, such as deindustrialisation , economic liberalisation , and deregulation , are causing the formation of a 'left-behind' precariat with low job security , high inequality , and wage stagnation , who then support populism. Some theories only focus on

5565-585: The daughter will move away with her husband. The son will bring an income while the daughter might require a dowry to get married. When women enter the workforce, they are highly unlikely to earn the same pay as their male counterparts. Women can even differ in pay among each other due to race. To combat these gender disparities , the UN has made it one of their goals on the Millennium Development Goals reduce gender inequality . This goal

5670-630: The domesticated turkeys themselves which looked similar. This name prevailed for the turkeys, and was then transferred to the New World bird by English colonizers with knowledge of the previous species. The genus Meleagris was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . The genus name is from the Ancient Greek μελεαγρις, meleagris meaning "guineafowl". The type species

5775-407: The early 1980s, over this same period, the graduation rate increased by almost 20 percentage points for the wealthiest households. Average family income, and social status, have both seen a decrease for the bottom third of all children between 1975 and 2011. The 5th percentile of children and their families have seen up to a 60% decrease in average family income. The wealth gap between the rich and

5880-509: The educational opportunities and outcomes. In other words, social class and a family's socioeconomic status directly affect a child's chances for obtaining a quality education and succeeding in life. By age five, there are significant developmental differences between low, middle, and upper class children's cognitive and noncognitive skills. Among older children, evidence suggests that the gap between high- and low-income primary- and secondary-school students has increased by almost 40 percent over

5985-474: The effect of economic crises , or inequality. Another objection for economic reasons is due to the globalization that is taking place in the world today. In addition to criticism of the widening inequality caused by the elite, the widening inequality among the general public caused by the influx of immigrants and other factors due to globalization is also a target of populist criticism. The evidence of increasing economic disparity and volatility of family incomes

6090-471: The effects that the common parenting style of the lower and working-class have on their outlook on and success in education. These differing dimensions of social mobility can be classified in terms of differing types of capital that contribute to changes in mobility. Cultural capital , a term first coined by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu distinguishes between the economic and cultural aspects of class. Bourdieu described three types of capital that place

6195-508: The embryo flock for the popular Norfolk turkey breeds of today. Social Mobility Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society. This movement occurs between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification . Open stratification systems are those in which at least some value

6300-537: The environment in which a person develops has a large effect on the cultural resources that a person will have. The cultural resources a person has obtained can heavily influence a child's educational success. It has been shown that students raised under the concerted cultivation approach have "an emerging sense of entitlement" which leads to asking teachers more questions and being a more active student, causing teachers to favor students raised in this manner. This childrearing approach which creates positive interactions in

6405-404: The extent to which children born into different families have different life chances and outcomes. In a 2009 study, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better , Wilkinson and Pickett conducted an exhaustive analysis of social mobility in developed countries . In addition to other correlations with negative social outcomes for societies having high inequality, they found

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6510-630: The family a child is born into. Today, the gaps seen in both access to education and educational success (graduating from a higher institution) is even larger. Today, while college applicants from every socioeconomic class are equally qualified, 75% of all entering freshmen classes at top-tier American institutions belong to the uppermost socioeconomic quartile. A family's class determines the amount of investment and involvement parents have in their children's educational abilities and success from their earliest years of life, leaving low-income students with less chance for academic success and social mobility due to

6615-427: The first fully online AACSB-accredited MBA program offered in the state of California. The university library building was originally named for founding president Dr. J. Burton Vasché. The library currently holds over 370,000 volumes, 841 print journal subscriptions, access to 141 electronic databases, and a growing number of electronic journals, video recordings, and compact discs. The University Library also contains

6720-435: The frequent firing of African Americans. In this case, African Americans experience racial inequality that stunts their upward social mobility. A 2019 Indian study, found that Indian women, in comparison to men, experience less social mobility. One possible reason for this is the poor quality or lack of education that females receive. In countries like India it is common for educated women not use their education to move up

6825-487: The genus Paracrax , first interpreted as a cracid , then soon after as a bathornithid Cariamiformes . Turkeys have been considered by many authorities to be their own family—the Meleagrididae—but a recent genomic analysis of a retrotransposon marker groups turkeys in the family Phasianidae . In 2010, a team of scientists published a draft sequence of the domestic turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) genome. In 2023

6930-600: The greatest mobility, while the two countries with the high level of inequality— Chile and Brazil —had some of the lowest mobility. In Britain, much debate on social mobility has been generated by comparisons of the 1958 National Child Development Study ( NCDS ) and the 1970 Birth Cohort Study BCS70 , which compare intergenerational mobility in earnings between the 1958 and the 1970 UK cohorts, and claim that intergenerational mobility decreased substantially in this 12-year period. These findings have been controversial, partly due to conflicting findings on social class mobility using

7035-440: The health selection hypothesis states that health determines what social stratum an individual will be in. There has been a lot of research investigating the relationship between socioeconomic status and health and which has the greater influence on the other. A recent study has found that the social causation hypothesis is more empirically supported than the health selection hypothesis. Empirical analysis shows no support for

7140-400: The health selection hypothesis. Another study found support for either hypotheses depends on which lens the relationship between SES and health is being looked through. The health selection hypothesis is supported when people looking at SES and health through labor market lens. One possible reason for this is health dictates an individual's productivity and to a certain extent if the individual

7245-415: The ladder, the high socioeconomic status parents have the necessary resources and opportunities to ensure their children also remain in same ladder rung as them. In East Asian countries this is exemplified by the concept of familial karma . Social mobility is highly dependent on the overall structure of social statuses and occupations in a given society. The extent of differing social positions and

7350-610: The ladder. At the top rung of the ladder, mobility again decreases. A 2006 study comparing social mobility between developed countries found that the four countries with the lowest "intergenerational income elasticity", i.e. the highest social mobility, were Denmark , Norway , Finland and Canada with less than 20% of advantages of having a high income parent passed on to their children. A 2012 study found "a clear negative relationship" between income inequality and intergenerational mobility. Countries with low levels of inequality such as Denmark , Norway and Finland had some of

7455-509: The later years. Mixed housing is the idea that people of different socioeconomic statuses can live in one area. There is not a lot of research on the effects of mixed housing. However, the general consensus is that mixed housing will allow individuals of low socioeconomic status to acquire the necessary resources and social connections to move up the social ladder. Other possible effects mixed housing can bring are positive behavioral changes and improved sanitation and safer living conditions for

7560-439: The link between social origins and access to top class jobs. In the US, the patterns of educational mobility that exist between inner-city schools versus schools in the suburbs is transparent. Graduation rates supply a rich context to these patterns. In the 2013–14 school year, Detroit Public Schools had a graduation rate of 71%. Grosse Pointe High School, a whiter Detroit suburb, had an average graduation rate of 94%. In 2017,

7665-607: The low socioeconomic status residents. This is because higher socioeconomic status individuals are more likely to demand higher quality residencies, schools, and infrastructure . This type of housing is funded by profit, nonprofit and public organizations. The existing research on mixed housing, however, shows that mixed housing does not promote or facilitate upward social mobility. Instead of developing complex relationships among each other, mixed housing residents of different socioeconomic statuses tend to engage in casual conversations and keep to themselves. If noticed and unaddressed for

7770-530: The lower upward social mobility of the middle class and/or low class . Conversely, the upper class is known to be self-reproducing since they have the necessary resources and money to afford, and get into, an elite university. This class is self-reproducing because these same students can then give the same opportunities to their children. Another example of this is high and middle socioeconomic status parents are able to send their children to an early education program, enhancing their chances at academic success in

7875-601: The lowest quintile than the highest as an adult (43 percent versus 4 percent). And, a child born to parents in the highest quintile is five times more likely to end up in the highest quintile than the lowest (40 percent versus 8 percent). This may be partly due to lower- and working-class parents, where neither is educated above high school diploma level, spending less time on average with their children in their earliest years of life and not being as involved in their children's education and time out of school. This parenting style, known as "accomplishment of natural growth" differs from

7980-573: The manner in which they fit together or overlap provides the overall social structure of such positions. Add to this the differing dimensions of status, such as Max Weber 's delineation of economic stature, prestige, and power and we see the potential for complexity in a given social stratification system. Such dimensions within a given society can be seen as independent variables that can explain differences in social mobility at different times and places in different stratification systems. The same variables that contribute as intervening variables to

8085-624: The mental ability test (based on the Moray House tests) was 87,498. They were between age 10 and 11. The tests covered general, spatial and numerical reasoning. At midlife period, a subset of the subjects participated in one of the studies, which were large health studies of adults and were carried out in Scotland in the 1960s and 1970s. The particular study they took part in was the collaborative study of 6022 men and 1006 women, conducted between 1970 and 1973 in Scotland. Participants completed

8190-414: The mobility of a person in comparison to the mobility of others in the same cohort. In more advanced economies and OECD countries there is more space for absolute mobility than for relative mobility because a person from an average status background may remain average (thus no relative mobility) but still have a gradual increase in living standards due to a total social average increasing over time. There

8295-593: The name turkey . One theory suggests that when Europeans first encountered turkeys in the Americas, they incorrectly identified the birds as a type of guineafowl , which were already being imported into Europe by English merchants to the Levant via Constantinople . The birds were therefore nicknamed turkey coqs . The name of the North American bird may have then become turkey fowl or Indian turkeys , which

8400-428: The oil that turkeys naturally produce, spreading over their feathers and dry their feathers from precipitation at the same time. In feather preening, turkeys are able to remove dirt and bacteria, while also ensuring that non-durable feathers are removed. Though domestic turkeys are considered flightless, wild turkeys can and do fly for short distances. Turkeys are best adapted for walking and foraging; they do not fly as

8505-487: The parasite burdens of free-living wild turkeys revealed a negative correlation between snood length and infection with intestinal coccidia , deleterious protozoan parasites. This indicates that in the wild, the long-snooded males preferred by females and avoided by males seemed to be resistant to coccidial infection. Scientists also conducted a study on 500 male turkeys, gathering data on their snood lengths and blood samples for immune system functionality. They discovered

8610-475: The past thirty years. These differences persist and widen into young adulthood and beyond. Just as the gap in K–12 test scores between high- and low-income students is growing, the difference in college graduation rates between the rich and the poor is also growing. Although the college graduation rate among the poorest households increased by about 4 percentage points between those born in the early 1960s and those born in

8715-431: The poor, the upper and lower class, continues to increase as more middle-class people get poorer and the lower-class get even poorer. As the socioeconomic inequality continues to increase in the United States, being on either end of the spectrum makes a child more likely to remain there and never become socially mobile. A child born to parents with income in the lowest quintile is more than ten times more likely to end up in

8820-511: The rest of the population works for subsistence living. Social mobility can also be influenced by differences that exist within education. The contribution of education to social mobility often gets neglected in social mobility research, although it really has the potential to transform the relationship between people's social origins and destinations. Recognizing the disparities between strictly location and its educational opportunities highlights how patterns of educational mobility are influencing

8925-409: The same datasets, and partly due to questions regarding the analytical sample and the treatment of missing data. UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown has famously said that trends in social mobility "are not as we would have liked". Along with the aforementioned "Do Poor Children Become Poor Adults?" study, The Economist also stated that "evidence from social scientists suggests that American society

9030-714: The snood, causing damage and bleeding. This often leads to further injurious pecking by other turkeys and sometimes results in cannibalism . To prevent this, some farmers cut off the snood when the chick is young, a process known as "de-snooding". The snood can be between 3 and 15 centimetres (1 and 6 in) in length depending on the turkey's sex, health, and mood. The snood functions in both intersexual and intrasexual selection . Captive female wild turkeys prefer to mate with long-snooded males, and during dyadic interactions, male turkeys defer to males with relatively longer snoods. These results were demonstrated using both live males and controlled artificial models of males. Data on

9135-445: The social ladder due to cultural and traditional customs. They are expected to become homemakers and leave the bread winning to the men. A 2017 study of Indian women found that women are denied an education, as their families may find it more economically beneficial to invest in the education and wellbeing of their males instead of their females. In the parent's eyes the son will be the one who provides for them in their old age while

9240-469: The social status a person has. Two ideas concerning the relationship between health and social mobility are the social causation hypothesis and the health selection hypothesis. These hypotheses explore whether health dictates social mobility or whether social mobility dictates quality of health. The social causation hypothesis states that social factors, such as individual behavior and the environmental circumstances, determine an individual's health. Conversely,

9345-496: The south and the other in the north, Stanislaus and San Bernardino have competed heavily as conference rivals. Ed & Bertha Fitzpatrick Arena (aka Warrior Gym) is a 2,000-seat multi-purpose, built in 1978, which is the home arena for the university's Warriors basketball and volleyball teams. It was also briefly the home of the defunct Big Valley Shockwave of the American Basketball Association . In

9450-1081: The style of middle-class and upper-class parents, with at least one parent having higher education, known as "cultural cultivation". More affluent social classes are able to spend more time with their children at early ages, and children receive more exposure to interactions and activities that lead to cognitive and non-cognitive development: things like verbal communication, parent-child engagement and being read to daily. These children's parents are much more involved in their academics and their free time; placing them in extracurricular activities which develop not only additional non-cognitive skills but also academic values, habits, and abilities to better communicate and interact with authority figures. Enrollment in so many activities can often lead to frenetic family lives organized around transporting children to their various activities. Lower class children often attend lower quality schools, receive less attention from teachers and ask for help much less than their higher class peers. The chances for social mobility are primarily determined by

9555-425: The support system they need in order for them to meet their monthly expenses. At times, low income families might decide to double up in a single residency to lessen the financial burden on each family. However, this type of support system, that low socioeconomic status individuals have, is still not enough to promote upward relative mobility. Economic and social mobility are two separate entities. Economic mobility

9660-474: The supposed belief of Christopher Columbus that he had reached India rather than the Americas on his voyage. In Portuguese a turkey is a peru ; the name is thought to derive from the country in South America ' Peru '. Several other birds that are sometimes called turkeys are not particularly closely related: the brushturkeys are megapodes , and the bird sometimes known as the Australian turkey

9765-490: The theory that they were introduced from Mexico was once influential, modern studies suggest that the turkeys of the Southwest were domesticated independently from those in Mexico. Turkeys were used both as a food source and for their feathers and bones, which were used in both practical and cultural contexts. Compared to wild turkeys, domestic turkeys are selectively bred to grow larger in size for their meat. Turkey forms

9870-456: The top in France, with those from the upper-middle classes tending to dominate, despite a longstanding emphasis on meritocracy. In 2014, Thomas Piketty found that wealth-income ratios seem to be returning to very high levels in low economic growth countries, similar to what he calls the "classic patrimonial" wealth-based societies of the 19th century, where a minority lives off its wealth while

9975-413: The town of Brookline, Massachusetts , recommended a controversial approach when confronted with wild turkeys. Besides taking a step forward to intimidate the birds, officials also suggested "making noise (clanging pots or other objects together); popping open an umbrella; shouting and waving your arms; squirting them with a hose; allowing your leashed dog to bark at them; and forcefully fending them off with

10080-847: The turkey into England, was granted a coat of arms including a "turkey-cock in his pride proper". William Shakespeare used the term in Twelfth Night , believed to be written in 1601 or 1602. The lack of context around his usage suggests that the term was already widespread. Other European names for turkeys incorporate an assumed Indian origin, such as dinde ('from India') in French , индюшка ( indyushka , 'bird of India') in Russian , indyk in Polish and Ukrainian , and hindi ('Indian') in Turkish . These are thought to arise from

10185-423: The turkey is in a relaxed state, the snood is pale and 2–3 cm long. However, when the male begins strutting (the courtship display), the snood engorges with blood, becomes redder and elongates several centimeters, hanging well below the beak (see image). Snoods are just one of the caruncles (small, fleshy excrescences) that can be found on turkeys. While fighting, commercial turkeys often peck and pull at

10290-602: The turkey, huehxōlō-tl ( guajolote in Spanish), is still used in modern Mexico, in addition to the general term pavo . Mayan aristocrats and priests appear to have had a special connection to ocellated turkeys, with ideograms of those birds appearing in Mayan manuscripts. Spanish chroniclers, including Bernal Díaz del Castillo and Father Bernardino de Sahagún , describe the multitude of food (both raw fruits and vegetables as well as prepared dishes) that were offered in

10395-453: The valuation of income or wealth and that also affect social status, social class , and social inequality do affect social mobility. These include sex or gender , race or ethnicity , and age . Education provides one of the most promising chances of upward social mobility and attaining a higher social status, regardless of current social standing. However, the stratification of social classes and high wealth inequality directly affects

10500-474: The vast markets ( tianguis ) of Tenochtitlán , noting there were tamales made of turkeys, iguanas, chocolate, vegetables, fruits and more. Turkeys were first exported to Europe via Spain around 1519, where they gained immediate popularity among the aristocratic classes. Turkeys arrived in England in 1541. From there, English settlers brought turkeys to North America during the 17th century. In what

10605-430: The well-documented California turkey Meleagris californica , became extinct recently enough to have been hunted by early human settlers. It has been suggested that its demise was due to the combined pressures of human hunting and climate change at the end of the last glacial period . The Oligocene fossil Meleagris antiquus was first described by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1871. It has since been reassigned to

10710-529: Was eventually shortened to turkeys . A second theory arises from turkeys coming to England not directly from the Americas, but via merchant ships from the Middle East, where they were domesticated successfully. Again the importers lent the name to the bird; hence turkey-cocks and turkey-hens , and soon thereafter, turkeys . In 1550, the English navigator William Strickland , who had introduced

10815-623: Was one of several reasons behind the creation of the California Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960. Classes began on the Stanislaus County Fairgrounds in September, 1960, and the college moved to its current location five years later. The college was first accredited in 1964. It gained university status and its current name in 1986. In 1974, the university established an extension program at

10920-748: Was ranked 1st by Washington Monthly for "Best Bang for the Buck" out of 215 schools in the U.S. western region. Stanislaus State, in the Division II of the NCAA , competes in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). Stanislaus State fields 14 sports for men and women for the fall , winter, and spring seasons. Fall sports for men include soccer and cross country . Fall sports for women are soccer , volleyball and cross country. The winter sport for men

11025-457: Was the fact that these differentials persisted even after controlling for obvious factors such as SAT scores and family socioeconomic status". The theory of capital deficiency is among the most recognized explanations for minority underperformance academically—that for whatever reason they simply lack the resources to find academic success. One of the largest factors for this, aside from the social, economic, and cultural capital mentioned earlier,

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