35-706: The Calliphoridae (commonly known as blow flies , blow-flies , carrion flies , bluebottles , or greenbottles ) are a family of insects in the order Diptera , with almost 1,900 known species. The maggot larvae, often used as fishing bait, are known as gentles . The family is known to be polyphyletic , but much remains disputed regarding proper treatment of the constituent taxa, some of which are occasionally accorded family status (e.g., Bengaliidae and Helicoboscidae). Calliphoridae adults are commonly shiny with metallic colouring, often with blue, green, or black thoraces and abdomens. Antennae are three-segmented and aristate. The aristae are plumose their entire length, and
70-445: A broader range of environmental conditions. However, it is unknown how their pollination abilities compare to those of bees, there are few studies assessing their contribution to pollination, and the exact species that pollinate are often not identified. Blow flies are usually the first insects to come in contact with carrion because they have the ability to smell dead animal matter from up to 1 mi (1.6 km) away. Upon reaching
105-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
140-512: A source of carbohydrates to fuel flight, but just how and when this happens is unknown. One study showed the visual stimulus a blowfly receives from its compound eyes is responsible for causing its legs to extend from its flight position and allow it to land on any surface. Larvae of most species are scavengers of carrion and dung, and most likely constitute the majority of the maggots found in such material, although they are not uncommonly found in close association with other dipterous larvae from
175-518: A sterile screwworm fly production plant and release program in the eastern half of the Republic of Panama to keep fertile screwworms from migrating north. Currently, this species is limited to lowland tropical countries in South America and some Caribbean islands. The Old World primary screwworm ( Chrysomya bezziana ) is an obligate parasite of mammals. This fly is distributed throughout
210-604: A subsection of the Schizophora , which are a section of the order Diptera , the "true flies". In various contexts the Acalyptratae also are referred to informally as the acalyptrate muscoids , or acalyptrates , as opposed to the Calyptratae . All forms of the name refer to the lack of calypters in the members of this subsection of flies. An alternative name, Acalypterae is current, though in minority usage. It
245-485: A wide range of plants, including crop plants (e.g. avocado , mango , onion , leek , carrot , cauliflower ). Their sponging mouthparts mean that when visiting flowers, their head and upper body must broadly contact the inside of the flower. They have numerous hairs, including on the head and thorax, which may help them carry pollen , and indeed calliphorids in the wild have been observed carrying large amounts of pollen. Compared to honey bees , blow flies are active under
280-417: A year in losses. The most common causes of myiasis in humans and animals are the three dipteran families Oestridae , Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae . Myiasis in humans is clinically categorized in six ways: dermal and subdermal, facial cavity, wound or trauma, gastrointestinal, vaginal, and generalized. If found in humans, the dipteran larvae are usually in their first instar. The only treatment necessary
315-521: Is a selected list of genera from the Palearctic , Nearctic , Malaysia (Japan) and Australasia : Blowflies have caught the interest of researchers in a variety of fields, although the large body of literature on calliphorids has been concentrated on solving the problem of myiasis in livestock. The sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina causes the Australian sheep industry an estimated AU$ 170 million
350-628: Is found throughout the United States and the American tropics, and in southern Canada during summers. This species is one of the most common species found on decomposing remains in the US South. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is the medical use of selected, laboratory-raised fly larvae for cleaning nonhealing wounds. Medicinal maggots perform debridement by selectively eating only dead tissue. Lucilia sericata ( Phaenicia sericata ), or
385-623: Is just to remove the maggots, and the patient heals naturally. Whilst not strictly a myiasis species, the Congo floor maggot feeds on mammal blood, occasionally human. The New World primary screwworm ( Cochliomyia hominivorax ), once a major pest in Southern United States , has been eradicated from the United States, Mexico, and Central America through an extensive release program by the USDA of sterilized males . The USDA maintains
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#1732782977228420-584: Is not limited to blow flies, these maggots are a major source of this skin invasion, causing lesions, which, if severe enough, may be lethal. Strike starts when blow flies lay eggs in a wound or fecal material present on the sheep. When the maggots hatch, they begin feeding on the sheep and thus irritating it. As soon as the first wave of maggots hatch, they attract more blow flies, causing the strike. Insecticides are available for blow fly prevention (typically containing cypermethrin ), and precautionary measures may be taken, such as docking tails , shearing, and keeping
455-402: Is that females visit carrion both for protein and egg laying, but this remains to be proven. Blow fly eggs, usually yellowish or white in color, are about 1.5 mm × 0.4 mm, and when laid, look like rice grains. While the female blow fly typically lays 150–200 eggs per batch, she is usually iteroparous , laying around 2,000 eggs during the course of her life. The sex ratio of blow fly eggs
490-449: Is usually 50:50, but one exception is females from two species of the genus Chrysomya ( C. rufifacies and C. albiceps ), which are either arrhenogenic (laying only male offspring) or thelygenic (laying only female offspring). Hatching from an egg to the first larval stage takes about 8 hours to a day. Larvae have three stages of development ( instars ); each stage is separated by a molting event. The instars are separable by examining
525-664: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Acalyptrate muscoid Carnoidea Conopoidea Diopsoidea Ephydroidea Lauxanioidea Lonchaeoidea Nerioidea Opomyzoidea Sciomyzoidea Sphaeroceroidea Tephritoidea The Acalyptratae or Acalyptrata are
560-700: The Old World, including Southeast Asia, tropical and subtropical Africa, some countries in the Middle East, India, the Malay Peninsula , the Indonesian and Philippine Islands , and Papua New Guinea. The secondary screwworm ( Cochliomyia macellaria ) has become one of the principal species on which to base post mortem interval estimations because its succession and occurrence on decomposing remains has been well defined. The secondary screwworm
595-519: The abdominal dorsum of the flies and eventually kills them About 1,900 species of blow flies are known, with 120 species in the Neotropics , and a large number of species in Africa and Southern Europe. The typical habitats for blow flies are temperate to tropical areas that provide a layer of loose, damp soil and litter where larvae may thrive and pupate. Sources: MYIA, FE, Nomina, A/O DC This
630-711: The adults can be necrophagous or vegetative. During the process of decay, microorganisms (e.g. Mycobacterium ) may be released through the body. Flies arrive at the scene and lay their eggs. The larvae begin eating and breaking down the corpse, simultaneously ingesting these organisms which is the first step of one transmission route. The bacterium which causes paratuberculosis in cattle, pigs and birds ( M. a. avium ) has been isolated and recovered from these flies through several different experiments. Other potential and threatening diseases include rabbit haemorrhagic disease in New Zealand and flystrike . Although strike
665-522: The black blow fly Phormia regina can change from egg to pupa in 150–266 hours (six to 11 days). When the third larval stage is complete, it leaves the corpse and burrows into the ground to pupate, emerging as an adult 7–14 days later. Adult blowflies are occasional pollinators , being attracted to flowers with strong odors resembling rotting meat, such as the American pawpaw or dead horse arum . Little doubt remains that these flies use nectar as
700-408: The carrion, females deposit eggs on it. Since development is highly predictable if the ambient temperature is known, blow flies are considered a valuable tool in forensic science . Blow flies are used forensically to estimate the minimum post mortem interval (PMI min ) for human corpses. Traditional estimations of time since death are generally unreliable after 72 hours and often entomologists are
735-581: The common green bottlefly, is the preferred species used in maggot therapy. MDT can be used to treat pressure ulcers, diabetic foot wounds, venous stasis ulcers, and postsurgical wounds. Adults may be vectors of pathogens of diseases such as dysentery . Flies, most commonly Calliphoridae, have frequently been associated with disease transmission in humans and animals, as well as myiasis. Studies and research have linked Calliphora and Lucilia to vectors of causal agents of bacterial infections. These larvae, commonly seen on decaying bodies, feed on carrion while
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#1732782977228770-496: The continuous dorsal suture across the middle, along with well-defined posterior calli. The postscutellum is absent or weakly developed. The costa is unbroken and the subcosta is apparent on the insect. Most species of blow flies studied thus far are anautogenous ; a female requires a substantial amount of protein to develop mature eggs within her ovaries (about 800 μg per pair of ovaries in Phormia regina ). The current theory
805-497: The families Sarcophagidae and Muscidae , and many other acalyptrate muscoid flies. Predators of blow flies include spiders, beetles, frogs, and birds, including chickens. In the Chihuahuan desert of Mexico, a fungus, Furia vomitoriae (Rozsypal) Humber (1989) (from the family of Entomophthoraceae ) affects bluebottle flies. It forms masses of conidiophores erupting through the intersegmental areas (or clear bands) on
840-542: The family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
875-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
910-400: The forms stuck. The Acalyptratae are a large assemblage, exhibiting very diverse habits, with one notable and perhaps surprising exception: no known acalyptrates are obligate blood-feeders ( hematophagous ), though blood feeding at various stages of the life history is common throughout other Dipteran sections. The classification of the Acalyptratae has varied over time, and the below list
945-608: The genus Lucilia can sense death and show up right before it even occurs. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to
980-896: The only officials capable of generating an accurate approximate time interval. The specialized discipline related to this practice is known as forensic entomology . In addition to being used to estimate the PMI min , assuming colonization occurred after death, blow fly specimens found infesting a human corpse are used to determine if the corpse was relocated or if the individual ingested narcotics prior to death. Calliphora vicina and Cynomya mortuorum are important flies of forensic entomology. Other forensically important Calliphoridae are Phormia regina , Calliphora vomitoria , Calliphora livida , Lucilia cuprina , Lucilia sericata , Lucilia illustris , Chrysomya rufifacies , Chrysomya megacephala , Cochliomyia macellaria , and Protophormia terraenovae . One myth states that species from
1015-405: The posterior spiracles, or openings to the breathing system. The larvae use proteolytic enzymes in their excreta (as well as mechanical grinding by mouth hooks) to break down proteins on the livestock or corpse on which they are feeding. Blow flies are poikilothermic – the rate at which they grow and develop is highly dependent on temperature and species. Under room temperature (about 20 °C),
1050-473: The route of transmission, and prevention and treatments in the event of contact are becoming increasingly important. With the ability to lay hundreds of eggs in a lifetime and the presence of thousands of larvae at a time in such close proximity, the potential for transmission is high, especially at ideal temperatures. Calliphoridae are, alongside managed and wild bees , likely to be the main crop pollinating insect. They visit (and thus may pollinate) flowers of
1085-522: The second antennal segment is distinctly grooved. Members of Calliphoridae have branched Rs 2 veins, frontal sutures are present, and calypters are well developed. The characteristics and arrangements of hairlike bristles are used to differentiate among members of this family. All blowflies have bristles located on the meron . Having two notopleural bristles and a hindmost posthumeral bristle located lateral to presutural bristle are characteristics to look for when identifying this family. The thorax has
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1120-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
1155-422: The sheep healthy overall. Salmonellosis has also been proven to be transmitted by the blow fly through saliva, feces and direct contact by the flies' tarsi. Adult flies may be able to spread pathogens via their sponging mouthparts, vomit, intestinal tract, sticky pads of their feet, or even their body or leg hairs. As the flies are vectors of many diseases, the importance of identifying the transmissible agents,
1190-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
1225-525: Was first used by Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart in 1835 for a section of his tribe Muscides; he used it to refer to all acalyptrates plus scathophagids and phorids , but excluding Conopidae . The confusing forms of the names stem from their first usage; Acalyptratae and Acalyptrata actually are adjectival forms in Neo-Latin . They were coined in the mid 19th century in contexts such as "Muscae Calyptratae and Acalyptratae" and "Diptera Acalyptrata", and
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