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57-590: The Bombardier CRJ / Mitsubishi CRJ or CRJ Series (for Canadair Regional Jet ) is a family of regional jets introduced in 1991 by Bombardier Aerospace . The CRJ was manufactured by Bombardier Aerospace with the manufacturing of the first CRJ generation, the CRJ100/200 starting in 1991 and the second CRJ generation, the CRJ700 series starting in 1999. The CRJ programme was acquired by Japanese corporation Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI RJ Aviation Group) in

114-496: A semantic field . Slang can be either culture-wide or known only within a certain group or subculture. Argot is slang or jargon purposely used to obscure meaning to outsiders. Conversely, a lingua franca is used for the opposite effect, helping communicators to overcome unintelligibility, as are pidgins and creole languages . For example, the Chinook Jargon was a pidgin. Although technical jargon's primary purpose

171-621: A 25° swept , supercritical wing designed by Antonov and twin rear-mounted General Electric CF34 engines. Bombardier Aerospace developed the 108- to 160-seat CSeries powered by two Pratt & Whitney PW1000G geared turbofans. The smaller CS100 entered service in July 2016 with Swiss Global Air Lines and the larger CS300 entered service with airBaltic in December. After the April 2016 CSeries dumping petition by Boeing , Airbus acquired

228-994: A 50.01% majority stake in the program in October 2017 and renamed it the A220 -100/300 in July 2018. In 2017, Embraer started calling large, almost narrowbody regional jets "crossover" jets, for the Embraer E-Jet E2 and the CSeries . While those rival the A320neo , the smaller MRJ and SSJ100 could be stretched. They are often the largest airliners which can access city airports like London City Airport , benefiting from their longer range and lower fuel burn to open new markets while making lower noise for better local community acceptance. In 2019, after attempting to renegotiate scope clauses, United Airlines ultimately decided to order fifty CRJs for its regional affiliates;

285-443: A Boeing 737 costs less than 8 cents per seat mile at Southwest Airlines but 15 cents at Continental Airlines . While designed primarily for medium stage lengths, regional jets may now be found supplementing major trunk routes alongside traditional larger jet aircraft. RJs allow airlines to open new "long, thin" routings with jet equipment which heretofore did not exist, such as Atlanta to Monterrey, Nuevo León . RJs have also meant

342-423: A combination of plain language and images. The criticism against jargon can be found in certain fields where professionals communicate with individuals with no industry background. In a study done by analyzing 58 patients and 10 radiation therapists , professionals diagnosed and explained the treatment of a disease to a patient with the use of jargon. It was found that using jargon left patients confused about what

399-513: A convenient way within communities. A subject expert may wish to avoid jargon when explaining something to a layperson. Jargon may help communicate contextual information optimally. For example, a football coach talking to their team or a doctor working with nurses. With the rise of the self-advocacy within the Disability Rights Movement , "jargonized" language has started to face repeated rejection for being language that

456-418: A conversation about or within the context of a certain field or profession will go. For example, a conversation between two professionals in which one person has little previous interaction or knowledge of the other person could go one of at least two possible ways. One of the professionals (who the other professional does not know) does not use, or does not correctly use the jargon of their respective field, and

513-414: A deal that closed 1 June 2020. Bombardier subsequently completed the assembly of the order backlog on behalf of Mitsubishi. Bombardier claims it is the most successful family of regional jets in the world. Production ended in December 2020 after 1,945 were built. The family consists of the following aircraft generations and models/derivatives: As of November 2018, following Bombardier's decisions to sell

570-404: A gap in the market by flying on longer routes than turboprops, but shorter than the narrow body jets. Jargon The terms jargon , slang, and argot are not consistently differentiated in the literature; different authors interpret these concepts in varying ways. According to one definition, jargon differs from slang in being secretive in nature; according to another understanding, it

627-460: A lower cost, reversing the 1990s trend. Bombardier delivered its last 50-seat CRJ in 2006 and Embraer delivered its last ERJ in 2011. Bombardier switched to its lengthened 70- to 100-seat CRJ700 /900/1000, while Embraer launched the four-abreast E-Jet series 170/175/190/195. 50-seat jet demand is lower with high fuel prices, and this reflects on their lower market value . A majority of them will be scrapped . Bombardier and Embraer have started

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684-471: A market for more than 500 aircraft and planned to produce up to 80 a year, but at peak delivered 157 ERJs in 2000 while Bombardier delivered 155 CRJs in 2003. After 9/11 , high fuel prices returned and jets had to grow to keep seat-mile costs down. Airlines renegotiated scope clause to limit jets to 70 seats as the market consolidated . Larger aircraft came back on regional routes for their efficiency , and on shorter routes turboprops were not much slower for

741-524: A negative connotation with lacking coherent grammar, or gibberish as it was seen as a "broken" language of many different languages with no full community to call their own. In the 1980s, linguists began restricting this usage of jargon to keep the word to more commonly define a technical or specialized language use. In linguistics, it is used to mean "specialist language", with the term also seen as closely related to slang , argot and cant . Various kinds of language peculiar to ingroups can be named across

798-679: A return of jet service to cities where full-size jet service had departed over a decade ago, such as Macon, Georgia , and Brownsville, Texas . The idea that regional jets would provide point-to-point service and bypass the hub-and-spoke system is debated. As of January 2003, 90% of all regional jet flights in the United States had a hub or major airport at one end of that flight, and this number has been gradually increasing since 1995. However an International Center for Air Transportation Report in 2004 noted that regional jets were no longer used solely for hub feeder operations. As such they filled

855-607: A series of lawsuits over export taxes and subsidies. Although not as economical as the turboprop, by flying directly to and from smaller airports, regional jets reduced the need for low-cost regional airliners. The 68- to 99-seat Antonov An-148 , designed and produced by Antonov in Ukraine, made its maiden flight on 17 December 2004 after a development started in the 1990s. It was certified on 26 February 2007 and introduced in 2009. The stretched An-158 can seat 99 passengers. United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Sukhoi developed

912-436: A side effect is that it raises the threshold of comprehensibility for outsiders. This is usually accepted as an unavoidable trade-off , but it may also be used as a means of social exclusion (reinforcing ingroup–outgroup barriers) or social aspiration (when introduced as a way of demonstrating expertise). Some academics promote the use of jargon-free language, or plain language, as an audience may be alienated or confused by

969-454: A small market niche, like the de Havilland Canada Dash 7 , but four engines led to higher maintenance costs than twin-engine designs and BAe did not produce a lower operating cost twin-engine design, unlike the Dash 8 . In 1988, the 97- to 122-seat Fokker 100 , a stretched F28, was introduced, followed by the shorter, 72– to 85-seat Fokker 70 in 1994. Low fuel prices drove the development of

1026-536: A special activity or group". Most jargon is technical terminology ( technical terms ), involving terms of art or industry terms , with particular meaning within a specific industry. The primary driving forces in the creation of technical jargon are precision, efficiency of communication, and professionalism. Terms and phrases that are considered jargon have meaningful definitions, and through frequency of use, can become catchwords . While jargon allows greater efficiency in communication among those familiar with it,

1083-470: A special language because every science has its own ideas". As a rationalist member of the Enlightenment , he continued: "It seems that one ought to begin by composing this language, but people begin by speaking and writing, and the language remains to be composed." An industry word is a specialized kind of technical terminology used in a certain industry. Industry words and phrases are often used in

1140-417: A specific area, and those in that field know and use the terminology. Precise technical terms and their definitions are formally recognized, documented, and taught by educators in the field. Other terms are more colloquial, coined and used by practitioners in the field, and are similar to slang . The boundaries between formal and slang jargon, as in general English, are quite fluid. This is especially true in

1197-586: A third of US domestic flights on major airlines were late, as using more smaller jets led to more crowded skies and runways in an already saturated system. US major carriers high pilots' wages led them to subcontract flights to regional airlines with lower labor costs. Pilot unions then demanded to regulate subcontracted aircraft size to a 50 seats maximum scope clause . In turn, large routes were served by sub-optimal 50-seat jets which accelerated demand for those types in North America . Embraer envisioned

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1254-675: Is a 78- to 90-seat jet manufactured by the Chinese state-owned aerospace company Comac . Development began in March 2002, the first prototype was rolled out on 21 December 2007, and made its maiden flight on 28 November 2008. It received its CAAC Type Certification on 30 December 2014 and was introduced on 28 June 2016 by Chengdu Airlines . Resembling the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90 produced under licence in China, it features

1311-571: Is a positive or negative attribute of a patient's experience has evidence to support both sides. On one hand, as mentioned before, these phrases can be overwhelming for some patients who may not understand the terminology. However, with the accessibility of the internet, it has been suggested that these terms can be used and easily researched for clarity. Jargon is commonly found in the field of law. These terms are often used in legal contexts such as legal documents, court proceedings, contracts, and more. Some common terms in this profession include: There

1368-576: Is little regarded or remembered beyond small talk or fairly insignificant in this conversation. Or, if the person does use particular jargon (showing their knowledge in the field to be legitimate, educated, or of particular significance) the other professional then opens the conversation up in an in-depth or professional manner. The use of jargon can create a divide in communication, or strengthen it. Outside of conversation, jargon can become confusing in writing. When used in text, readers can become confused if there are terms used that require outside knowledge on

1425-522: Is more specific than "person" and "people" in their everyday use. The French word is believed to have been derived from the Latin word gaggire , meaning "to chatter", which was used to describe speech that the listener did not understand. The word may also come from Old French jargon meaning "chatter of birds". Middle English also has the verb jargounen meaning "to chatter", or "twittering", deriving from Old French. The first known use of

1482-452: Is specialized terminology within the field of education. Educators and administrators use these terms to communicate ideas specific to the education system. Common terms and acronyms considered to be jargon that are used within this profession include: Jargon may serve the purpose of a "gatekeeper" in conversation, signaling who is allowed into certain forms of conversation. Jargon may serve this function by dictating to which direction or depth

1539-432: Is specifically associated with professional and technical circles. Some sources, however, treat these terms as synonymous. The use of jargon became more popular around the sixteenth century attracting persons from different career paths. This led to there being printed copies available on the various forms of jargon. Jargon, also referred to as "technical language", is "the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of

1596-631: Is to aid technical communication , not to exclude outsiders by serving as an argot, it can have both effects at once and can provide a technical ingroup with shibboleths . For example, medieval guilds could use this as one means of informal protectionism . On the other hand, jargon that once was obscure outside a small ingroup can become generally known over time. For example, the terms bit , byte , and hexadecimal (which are terms from computing jargon ) are now recognized by many people outside computer science . The philosopher Étienne Bonnot de Condillac observed in 1782 that "every science requires

1653-401: Is widely inaccessible. However, jargon is largely present in everyday language such as in newspapers, financial statements, and instruction manuals. To combat this, several advocacy organizations are working on influencing public agents to offer accessible information in different formats. One accessible format that offers an alternative to jargonized language is " easy read ", which consists of

1710-562: The Boeing 737 and Airbus A319 on the "large" side and the RJs on the "small side". On 5 February 1996, Bombardier started looking at a takeover of a struggling Fokker , producer of the Fokker 100 100-seater. After evaluating Fokker's opportunities and challenges, Bombardier dropped the prospect on 27 February. Bombardier was feeling that the 100-seat market was already saturated by designs like

1767-516: The CRJ Series . The final Bombardier CRJ to be produced, a CRJ900, finished production and was delivered to SkyWest Airlines on 28 February 2021. In 2021, Mitsubishi investigated restarting production on the CRJ550 , a variant of the CRJ700 limited to 50 passenger seats, similar to the nominal seating capacity of the 100/200 models. Restarting production would involve building a new plant, as

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1824-458: The CSeries to Airbus and the Q Series to De Havilland Canada , the company was looking at "strategic options" to return the CRJ to profitability. Analysts suspected that it might decide to exit the commercial aircraft market altogether and refocus on business aircraft. That prediction came to pass on 25 June 2019, when a deal was announced to sell the CRJ programme to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries ,

1881-484: The Mitsubishi SpaceJet , Sukhoi Superjet 100 , Comac ARJ21 , and Antonov An-148 . Regional Jet is a term in industry jargon and not a regulatory category. Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University defines the regional jet as up to 100 seats in capacity. This is also the limit capacity for two flight attendants . FlightGlobal sort the 66- to 146-seat Embraer E-Jet / E2 as a regional aircraft, but

1938-669: The Superjet 100 , it made its maiden flight on 19 May 2008 and was introduced in April 2011 with Armavia . It typically seats 98 passengers and is powered by 2 PowerJet SaM146 turbofans from a Safran / NPO Saturn joint venture. Many CRJ100 /200 were retired since 2003 and in 2013 the first Embraer ERJ were disassembled: 50-seaters' value was dwindling as US carriers were dropping them. The ERJ retirements could be exacerbated because Rolls-Royce plc restricts parts choice, making engine maintenance more expensive, but its TotalCare agreements provide cost predictability. The Comac ARJ21

1995-1039: The 116- to 141-seat Airbus A220 (ex Bombardier CSeries) as a mainline airliner. Boeing defines regional jets as below 90 seats. Regional Jet is used in the name of multiple airliners: The scope clauses , limiting the aircraft size and number in US regional airlines , are often a design point for regional jets. Since 2012, American Airlines , Delta Air Lines and United Airlines cap their regional airlines' jets at 76 seats and maximum take-off weight at 86,000 lb (39 t). For an EASA assessment of aircraft noise , regional jets were defined by ICAO / CAEP experts as 30–50 t (66,000–110,000 lb) MTOW aircraft. These aircraft are widely used by commuter airlines such as SkyWest and American Eagle . The low rate of fuel consumption, which translates to low cost of operation, makes regional jets ideal for use as commuter aircraft or to connect lower traffic airports to large or medium hub airports. Regional jets are heavily used in

2052-637: The 1960s, and the small Aerospatiale Corvette (1974) was used as a regional airliner from the 1970s. In 1978, the US Airline Deregulation Act led to route liberalization , favouring small airliners demand. US passengers were disappointed by these, lacking aircraft lavatories or flight attendants of larger jet aircraft. As feeder routes grew, regional airlines replaced these small aircraft with larger turboprop airliners to feed larger airline hubs . These medium airliners were then supplanted by faster, longer range, regional jets like

2109-531: The 50-seat three-abreast ERJ 145 from the EMB-120 Brasilia turboprop, which was introduced in December 1996. They replaced the turboprops thanks to their better perceived image and larger range. On small-capacity long routes, they could offer a better service by increasing frequencies at a smaller capacity and could replace mainline jet airliners like McDonnell Douglas DC-9s and Boeing 737s . They can be used for direct airport-to-airport flights, to

2166-828: The A319, a decision that looked foolish with the successful introduction of the E-Jets. The share of US domestic passengers flying in 32- to 100-seat regional jets grew to one-third from 2000 to 2005, as network carriers subcontracted low-volume routes to cheaper commuter airlines with smaller planes. Amid regional jet usage saturation, bankruptcy of regional airlines and shrinking of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines , cramped 50-seaters were evolving into more spacious 70- to 100-seaters, limited by union rules. In late 2005, Bombardier suspended its CRJ-200 production line. Between 2000 through 2006, 385 large planes were grounded while 1,029 regional jets were added. By June 2007, nearly

2223-546: The US Essential Air Service program. The Sud Aviation Caravelle (80 to 140 seats), introduced in 1959 and ordered by many European flag carriers , was the first purpose-built short-haul jetliner. It was a twin turbojet design for inter-European routes. The Caravelle used the forward fuselage nose section of the de Havilland Comet , the first commercial jetliner , not effective for continental-European flights. The BAC One-Eleven (89 to 119 seats)

2280-549: The US, many more than 20 years old. SkyWest wants to replace 150 of its 200 ageing Bombardier CRJ200s and ERJs and while many have logged 30,000 cycles, their life may be extended to 60,000 cycles for 10-15 more years of service. SkyWest asked Bombardier, Embraer and Mitsubishi Aircraft to develop a new aircraft but the market is regulated by scope clauses . The Mitsubishi SpaceJet (ex MRJ), seating 70–90 passengers and manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation , made its first flight on 11 November 2015. After several delays,

2337-466: The aircraft will be sourced from existing CRJ700 airframes and reconfigured with 50 seats in 3 classes. Bombardier will recertify the aircraft as the CRJ550 model, with a lower MTOW to comply with the scope clauses, and hopes to sell this new configuration to replace up to 700 existing 50-seaters with US regional airlines. By August 2019, there were 1,100 50-seat jets operated worldwide including 700 in

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2394-784: The business world is a common occurrence. The use of jargon in business correspondence reached a high popularity between the late 1800s into the 1950s. In this context, jargon is most frequently used in modes of communication such as emails, reports, and other forms of documentation. Common phrases used in corporate jargon include: Medicine professionals make extensive use of scientific terminology. Most patients encounter medical jargon when referring to their diagnosis or when receiving or reading their medication. Some commonly used terms in medical jargon are: At first glance, many people do not understand what these terms mean and may panic when they see these scientific names being used in reference to their health. The argument as to whether medical jargon

2451-588: The detriment of the hub-and-spoke model . Since 1999, the Fairchild Dornier 328JET was also competing but the type did not enter large scale production as Fairchild Dornier went bankrupt, also ending the larger Fairchild Dornier 728 family development. The CRJ/ERJ also resulted in the end of the BAe 146 line. The CRJ and ERJ success also played a minor part in the failure of Fokker , whose Fokker 100 found itself squeezed on both sides by new models of

2508-435: The effect of excluding those who are unfamiliar with the particular specialized language of the group. This can cause difficulties, for example, when a patient is unable to follow the discussions of medical practitioners, and thus cannot understand his own condition and treatment. Differences in jargon also cause difficulties where professionals in related fields use different terms for the same phenomena. The use of jargon in

2565-509: The emergence of the Canadair Regional Jet and its Embraer Regional Jet counterpart, then the larger Embraer E-Jet and multiple competing projects. In the US, they are limited in size by scope clauses . The market was consolidated as Bombardier Aviation sold its airliner programs between 2017 and 2019, leaving Embraer as the sole large independent regional jet manufacturer, while emerging players try to push competitors:

2622-570: The first Bombardier CRJ100/200 . Early small jets had higher operating costs than turboprops on short routes. The gap narrowed with better turbofans, and closed with the higher utilization due to higher speeds. In 1983 British Aerospace introduced its BAe 146 short-range jet, produced in three sizes between 70 and 112 seats: the -100, -200, and the largest -300, later renamed the Avro Regional Jet. Low aircraft noise and short takeoffs were suited to city-center to city-center service,

2679-488: The former plant is now making Airbus A220s , and taking the tooling out of storage. However, as of March 2024, Mitsubishi has not pursued a restart. Regional jet A regional jet (RJ) is a jet -powered regional airliner with fewer than 100 seats. The first one was the Sud-Aviation Caravelle in 1959, followed by the widespread Yakovlev Yak-40 , Fokker F-28 , and BAe 146 . The 1990s saw

2736-411: The parent company of Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation . Mitsubishi had a historic interest in the CRJ programme, having sounded out risk-sharing options with Bombardier, and were at one point expected to take a stake in its SpaceJet venture during the 1990s. Bombardier ceased new sales and announced that production of the CRJ would continue at Mirabel until the current order backlog was complete. The deal

2793-537: The program was canceled in February 2023. After Bombardier Aviation divested its CSeries and Dash 8 programmes, it sold the CRJ programme to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , in a deal that closed on 1 June 2020. A smaller airplane is more costly per seat mile than a larger plane, but it mostly depends on the airline: in 2005, Bombardier was estimating regional jet costs at 9 to 10 US cents per seat mile while flying

2850-432: The rapidly developing world of computers and networking. For instance, the term firewall (in the sense of a device used to filter network traffic) was at first technical slang. As these devices became more widespread and the term became widely understood, the word was adopted as formal terminology. Technical terminology evolves due to the need for experts in a field to communicate with precision and brevity but often has

2907-468: The regional jet: in the 1990s oil prices were around $ 10–20 per barrel. Turboprop manufacturers wanted to develop their portfolio. Canadair 's purchase by Bombardier in 1986 enabled a 50-seat stretched development of its Challenger business jet , green-lighted by then chief executive Laurent Beaudoin in March 1989. The first Bombardier four-abreast Canadair Regional Jet was delivered in October 1992 to Lufthansa CityLine . Embraer then developed

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2964-437: The subject. Ethos is used to create an appeal to authority. It is one of three pillars of persuasion created by Aristotle to create a logical argument. Ethos uses credibility to back up arguments. It can indicate to the audience that a speaker is an insider with using specialized terms in the field to make an argument based on authority and credibility. Jargon can be used to convey meaningful information and discourse in

3021-476: The technical terminology, and thus lose track of a speaker or writer's broader and more important arguments. Some words with both a technical and a non-technical meaning are referred to as semi-technical vocabulary: for example, Chinh Ngan Nguyen Le and Julia Miller refer to colon as an anatomical term and also a punctuation mark ; and Derek Matravers refers to person and its plural form persons as technical language used in philosophy , where their meaning

3078-449: The treatments and risks were, suggesting that jargon in the medical field is not the best in communicating the terminology and concepts. Many examples of jargon exist because of its use among specialists and subcultures alike. In the professional world, those who are in the business of filmmaking may use words like "vorkapich" to refer to a montage when talking to colleagues. In rhetoric , rhetoricians use words like "arete" to refer to

3135-536: The word in English is found within The Canterbury Tales , written by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. Chaucer related "jargon" to the vocalizations of birds. In colonial history, jargon was seen as a device of communication to bridge the gap between two speakers who did not speak the same tongue. Jargon was synonymous with pidgin in naming specific language usages. Jargon then began to have

3192-490: Was then introduced in 1965. In 1968, Aeroflot introduced the 32-seat Yakovlev Yak-40 and the 65- to 85-seat Fokker F28 Fellowship was introduced in 1969. In 1975, the 40- to 44-seat VFW-Fokker 614 saw service entry with its distinctive overwing engines, 19 were built. Some business jets like the British Aerospace 125 (first delivery: 1964) and Dassault Falcon 20 (1965) were operated by small airlines from

3249-459: Was to include the type certificate for the CRJ series; Bombardier worked with Transport Canada to separate the CRJ certificate from that of the Challenger . Closure of the deal was confirmed on 1 June 2020, with Bombardier's service and support activities transferred to a new Montreal-based company, MHI RJ Aviation Group. MHI RJ has not renamed the aircraft, and its website referred simply to

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