The Canadian Unity Council ( CUC ) was a privately owned, non-profit organization whose mission was to promote the Canadian Unity and the current federal institutions.
75-670: The CUC started as the "Canada Committee" in 1964, in the middle of Quebec's Quiet Revolution . The period corresponds to the rise of both the Quebec independence movement and the demands for reform by Quebec federalists. The election of the Parti Québécois in 1976 gave the impulse for a coalition strategy, which included all federalist parties. Funded by the Government of Canada, the CUC published numerous pro-Canada studies advertising
150-599: A by then even lower TFR (1.6) "Starting in 1960, Québec experienced a drop in fertility that was so sharp and rapid, it was almost unparalleled in the developed countries." The 2003 article "Where Have All the Children Gone?", published in the academic journal Canadian Studies in Population by Professor Catherine Krull of Queen's University and Professor Frank Trovato of the University of Alberta , points out
225-511: A certain amount of English education outside of the province (ex. another Canadian province). Once a child has been permitted to attend an English primary or high school, the remaining children in that family are also granted access. This bill still stands today, although many reforms have been made in an attempt to make it less harsh. Several historians have studied the Quiet Revolution, presenting somewhat different interpretations of
300-458: A group of 5,000 asbestos miners went on strike for three months against a foreign corporation. They were supported by Joseph Charbonneau ( Bishop of Montreal ), the Québécois nationalist newspaper Le Devoir , and a small group of intellectuals. Until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of Francophone Québec workers lived below the poverty line, and Francophones did not join
375-572: A growing menace of independence from the 13 original British colonies. As shown by the 2016 Statistics Canada census, 58.3% of residents of Quebec identify their ethnicity as Canadian , 23.5% as French and 0.4% as Acadian . Roughly 2.3% of residents, or 184,005 people, describe their ethnicity as Québécois . The term became more common in English as Québécois largely replacing French Canadian as an expression of cultural and national identity among French Canadians living in Quebec during
450-524: A list of sample choices ("Québécois" did not appear among the various sample choices). The ethnicity "Canadien" or Canadian, did appear as an example on the questionnaire, and was selected by 4.9 million people or 68.2% of the Quebec population. In the more detailed Ethnic Diversity Survey , Québécois was the most common ethnic identity in Quebec, reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities. The survey, based on interviews, asked
525-545: A nation, compared with 38 per cent of English-speaking Canadians. As well, 78 per cent of 1,000 Québécois polled thought that Québécois should be recognized as a nation. The Québécois self-identify as an ethnic group in both the English and French versions of the Canadian census and in demographic studies of ethnicity in Canada. In the 2016 census, 74,575 chose Québécois as one of multiple responses with 119,985 choosing it as
600-523: A new Quebec nationalism in the 1960s led to Québécois increasingly referring to provincial institutions as being national. This was reflected in the change of the provincial Legislative Assembly to National Assembly in 1968. Nationalism reached an apex in the 1970s and 1990s, with contentious constitutional debates resulting in close to half of all of French-speaking Québécois seeking recognition of nation status through tight referendums on Quebec sovereignty in 1980 and 1995. Having lost both referendums,
675-496: A phrase coined by Le Devoir editor André Laurendeau ), was voted into power within a year of Duplessis's death. It is generally accepted that the revolution ended before the October Crisis of 1970, but Québec society has continued to change dramatically since then, notably with the rise of the sovereignty movement, evidenced by the election of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois (first in 1976 by René Lévesque ),
750-462: A significant street demonstration took place in Montreal, known as Opération McGill français . The primary objective of this protest was to advocate for McGill University to become a French-speaking educational institution. The 1950s tenure of Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis epitomized the conservative ideal of a religiously and culturally pure Québec, and became known among liberals as
825-467: A single response (194,555 as a combined response). In the 2001 Census of Canada, 98,670 Canadians, or just over 1% of the population of Quebec identified "Québécois" as their ethnicity, ranking "Québécois" as the 37th most common response. These results were based on a question on residents in each household in Canada: "To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong?" , along with
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#1732783247636900-678: A speech at Montreal City Hall, which gave the Québec independence movement further public credibility. In 1968, the sovereigntist Parti Québécois was created, with René Lévesque as its leader. A small faction of Marxist sovereignists began terrorist actions as the Front de libération du Québec , the zenith of their activities being the 1970 October Crisis , during which British diplomat James Cross as well as Labour Minister Pierre Laporte were both kidnapped by FLQ cells, with Laporte eventually being killed. The Parti Québécois twice led
975-447: A strong sense of belonging. The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking Canadians of British ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French-speakers. As
1050-554: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Quiet Revolution The Quiet Revolution ( French : Révolution tranquille ) refers to a significant period of socio-political and socio-cultural transformation in French Canada , particularly in Quebec , following the election of 1960 . This period was marked by the secularization of the government, the establishment of a state-administered welfare state known as
1125-453: Is a personal choice. Despite near-universal support in the House of Commons, several important dissenters criticized the motion. Intergovernmental Affairs minister Michael Chong resigned from his position and abstained from voting, arguing that this motion was too ambiguous and had the potential of recognizing a destructive ethnic nationalism in Canada. Liberals were the most divided on
1200-524: Is a word used primarily to refer to a French-speaking inhabitant of the Canadian province of Quebec . Sometimes, it is used more generally to refer to any inhabitant of Quebec. It can refer to French spoken in Quebec . It may also be used, with an upper- or lower-case initial, as an adjective relating to Quebec, or to the French-Canadian culture of Quebec . A resident or native of Quebec
1275-498: Is most often used in reference to either descendants of the French settlers in Quebec or people of any ethnicity who live and trace their origins in the province of Quebec . Self-identification as Québécois became dominant starting in the 1960s; prior to this, the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as French Canadians and as Canadiens before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well. A majority in
1350-573: Is often referred to in English as a Quebecer or Quebecker. In French, Québécois or Québécoise usually refers to any native or resident of Quebec. Its use became more prominent in the 1960s as French Canadians from Quebec increasingly self-identified as Québécois. English expressions employing the term may imply specific reference to francophones; examples include "Québécois music","a Québécois rocker" or "Québécois literature" . The dictionary Le Petit Robert , published in France, states that
1425-472: Is to protect the French language by making it the language of business in Québec, as well as restricting the use of English on signs. The bill also restricted the eligibility for elementary and high school students to attend school in English, allowing this only for children of parents who had studied in English in Québec. Children may also be eligible for English education if their parents or grandparents received
1500-722: The Grande Noirceur ('Great Darkness'), although the Richard Riot of 1955 may have signaled growing submerged forces. Soon after Duplessis' death, the June 1960 provincial election installed the Liberal provincial government of Jean Lesage , and the Quiet Revolution began. Prior to the 1960s, the government of Québec was controlled by the conservative Duplessis, leader of the Union Nationale party. Not all
1575-553: The Union Nationale in 1966), its profound impact has influenced the policies of most provincial governments since the early 1960s. A primary change was an effort by the provincial government to assume greater control over healthcare and education, both of which had previously been under the purview of the Catholic Church . To achieve this, the government established ministries of Health and Education , expanded
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#17327832476361650-566: The état-providence , a shift in political alignment toward federalist and sovereigntist (or separatist ) factions (each faction influenced by Quebec nationalism ), and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the 1976 election . While the Quiet Revolution is often associated with the efforts of the Liberal Party of Quebec 's government led by Jean Lesage (elected in 1960) and, to some extent, Robert Bourassa (elected in 1970 after Daniel Johnson of
1725-643: The French colony of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War . Quebec City remained the capital. In 1774, Guy Carleton obtained from the British Government the Quebec Act , which gave Canadiens most of the territory they held before 1763; the right of religion; and their right of language and culture. The British Government did this to in order to keep their loyalty, in the face of
1800-594: The House of Commons of Canada in 2006 approved a motion tabled by Prime Minister Stephen Harper , which stated that the Québécois are a nation within a united Canada. Harper later elaborated that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice. Québécois (pronounced [kebekwa] ); feminine : Québécoise (pronounced [kebekwaz] ), Quebecois (fem.: Quebecoise ), or Québecois (fem.: Québecoise )
1875-501: The Industrial Revolution . Buoyed by significant manufacturing demand during World War I and World War II , the Québec economy was already expanding before the events of the Quiet Revolution. Rouillard also argues that traditional portrayals of the Quiet Revolution falsely depict it as the rise of Liberalism in Québec . He notes the popularity enjoyed by federal Liberal Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier as well as
1950-609: The National Hospital Insurance Plan , the first public health insurance plan adhered to by all the provinces. In 1966, the National Medicare program was created. Federal politics were further influenced by the election of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in 1968. The rise to power of arguably Canada's most influential Prime Minister was unique in Canadian politics. The charisma and charm he displayed throughout his whirlwind campaign swept up much of
2025-615: The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. The predominant French Canadian nationalism and identity of previous generations was based on the protection of the French language , the Roman Catholic Church , and Church-run institutions across Canada and in parts of the United States. In contrast, the modern Québécois identity is secular and based on a social democratic ideal of an active Quebec government promoting
2100-516: The Bloc Québécois resolution came to a vote. The English version changed the word Quebecer to Québécois and added "within a united Canada" at the end of the Bloc motion. The "Québécois nation" was recognized by the House of Commons of Canada on November 27, 2006. The Prime Minister specified that the motion used the "cultural" and "sociological" as opposed to the "legal" sense of
2175-485: The CUC to manage its research and communications activities. The organization was divided into two branches: one to research on Canada (CRIC Research) and the other to inform Canadian citizens of the research's findings (CRIC Information). The research office was located in Ottawa and is responsible for conducting studies and polls, and drafting special publications. The Communications and Citizen Participation Office oversaw
2250-544: The Catholic Church supported Duplessis – some Catholic unions and members of the clergy criticized him, including Montreal Archbishop Joseph Charbonneau – but the bulk of the small-town and rural clergy supported him. Some quoted the Union Nationale slogan Le ciel est bleu, l'enfer est rouge ('The sky (Heaven) is blue, Hell is red') as a reference to the colors of the Union Nationale (blue) and
2325-418: The Catholic Church. Seljak felt that the Catholic Church could have responded with a more vocal opposition. Modern Québec historians have brought some nuance to the importance of the Quiet Revolution. Though the improvements made to Québec society during this era make it seem like an extremely innovative period, it has been posited that these changes follow a logical revolutionary movement occurring throughout
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2400-854: The French language and French-speaking culture in the arts, education, and business within the Province of Quebec . Politically, this resulted in a push towards more autonomy for Quebec and an internal debate on Quebec independence and identity that continues to this day. The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French-speakers across Canada now self-identify more specifically with provincial or regional identity-tags, such as acadienne , or franco-canadienne , franco-manitobaine , franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise . Terms such as Franco-Ontarian and Franco-Manitoban are still predominant. Francophones and anglophones use many terms when discussing issues of francophone linguistic and cultural identity in English. The political shift towards
2475-617: The Liberals (red), the latter accused often of being pro-communist. Radio-Canada , the newspaper Le Devoir and political journal Cité Libre were intellectual forums for critics of the Duplessis Government. Prior to the Quiet Revolution, the province's natural resources were developed mainly by foreign investors, such as the US-based Iron Ore Company of Canada . In the spring of 1949,
2550-531: The Parti Québécois tabled a motion that was unanimously adopted in the National Assembly affirming that the Quebec people formed a nation. Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe scheduled a similar motion in the House of Commons for November 23, 2006, that would have recognized "Quebecers as a nation". Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper tabled the Québécois nation motion the day before
2625-488: The Premiership of Adélard Godbout as examples of Québec Liberalism prior to the events of the Quiet Revolution. The Godbout administration was extremely innovative. Its achievements include nationalizing the electricity distribution network of the city of Montreal, granting universal suffrage, instituting mandatory schooling until the age of 14 and establishing various social programs in Québec. The perception of
2700-594: The Quiet Revolution as a great upheaval in Québec society persists, but the revisionist argument that describes this period as a natural continuation of innovations already occurring in Québec cannot be omitted from any discussion on the merits of the Quiet Revolution. The historiography of the period has been notably explored by Ronald Rudin, who describes the legacy of the Lesage years in the depiction of what preceded them. Though criticized as apologists for Duplessis , Robert Rumilly and Conrad Black did add complexity to
2775-454: The Quiet Revolution, higher education was accessible to only a minority of French Canadians because of the generally low level of formal education and the expense involved. Moreover, secondary schools had placed a lot more emphasis on the liberal arts and soft sciences than the hard sciences . Following World War II , while most of the United States and Canada was enjoying a long period of prosperity and modernization, economic growth
2850-420: The Québec economy, with annual revenues of $ 12.7 billion Canadian dollars, $ 1.1 billion going directly into the province's coffers. More public institutions were created to follow through with the desire to increase the province's economic autonomy. The public companies SIDBEC (iron and steel), SOQUEM (mining), REXFOR (forestry) and SOQUIP (petroleum) were created to exploit the province's natural resources. This
2925-587: The Québécois people through unsuccessful referendums, the first in 1980 on the question of political sovereignty with economic association to Canada (also known as sovereignty association ), and the second in 1995 on full sovereignty. In 1977, during their first term in office, the Parti Québécois enacted the Charter of the French Language , known more commonly as Bill 101 , whose goal
3000-462: The Western world in the 1960s. Québec historian Jacques Rouillard [ fr ] took this revisionist stance in arguing that the Quiet Revolution may have accelerated the natural evolution of Quebec's francophone society rather than having turned it on its head. Several arguments support this view. From an economic perspective, Quebec's manufacturing sector had seen important growth since
3075-730: The activities of three regional offices: the Ontario and Atlantic Canada Regional Office (Toronto), the Western and Northern Regional Office (Calgary) and the Quebec Regional Office (Quebec City). The CRIC published a weekly newsletter called Opinion Canada. As of August 9, 2010, the CIRC and the Canadian Unity Council are no longer available on the Internet. This article about an organization in Canada
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3150-552: The adjective québécois , in addition to its territorial meaning, may refer specifically to francophone or French Canadian culture in Quebec. The dictionary gives as examples cinéma québécois and littérature québécoise . However, an ethnic or linguistic sense is absent from Le Petit Larousse , also published in France, as well as from French dictionaries published in Canada such as Le Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui and Le Dictionnaire du français Plus , which indicate instead Québécois francophone "francophone Quebecer" in
3225-495: The administration of health and social services in the province. The Quiet Revolution combined declericalization with the radicalized implementation of Vatican II . There was a dramatic change in the role of nuns , which previously had attracted 2–3% of Québec's young women. Many left the convent while very few young women entered. The Provincial government took over the nuns' traditional role as provider of many of Québec's educational and social services. Often ex-nuns continued
3300-500: The age for compulsory schooling from 14 to 16; providing free schooling until the 11th grade; reorganizing school boards; standardizing school curricula; and replacing classical colleges , first with CEGEPs (publicly funded pre‑university colleges) in 1965, then the Université du Québec network in 1969. The reforms were an effort to improve access to higher education, geographically and financially. Additionally, more emphasis
3375-613: The area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose this name in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of Canada and New France . The Province of Quebec was first founded as a British colony in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred
3450-579: The beginning of the Quiet Revolution. Alphonse-Marie Parent presided over a commission established in 1961 to study the education system and bring forth recommendations, which eventually led to the adoption of several reforms, the most important of which was secularization of the education system. In 1964 a Ministry of Education was established with Paul Gérin-Lajoie appointed the first Minister of Education since 1875. Although schools maintained their Catholic or Protestant character, in practice they became secular institutions. Reforms included raising
3525-608: The country in what would be referred to as Trudeaumania . Before the end of the 1960s, Trudeau would pass the Official Languages Act (1969), which aimed to ensure that all federal government services were available in both of Canada's official languages. By the end of the 1960s, Trudeau had also passed legislation decriminalizing homosexuality and certain types of abortion . Montreal municipal politics were also going through an important upheaval. Jean Drapeau became Montreal mayor on October 24, 1960. Within
3600-555: The decline in influence of the Roman Catholic Church over the lives of French-Canadians as one of the causes of the great reduction in the TFR during the Quiet Revolution. According to Professor Claude Belanger of Montreal's Marianopolis College , the loss of influence of the Roman Catholic Church and subsequent abandonment of long adhered to Church teachings concerning procreation was a key factor in Quebec going from having
3675-691: The economy which, as is evidenced by Hydro-Québec , is extremely profitable. The Société générale de financement (General financing corporation) was created in 1962 to encourage Québécois to invest in their economic future and to increase the profitability of small companies. In 1963, in conjunction with the Canada Pension Plan the government of Canada authorized the province to create its own Régie des Rentes du Québec ( RRQ , 'Québec Pension Plan'); universal contributions came into effect in 1966. The Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ , 'Québec Deposit and Investment Fund')
3750-495: The executive ranks of the businesses of their own province. Political activist and singer Félix Leclerc wrote: "Our people are the waterboys of their own country". In many ways, Duplessis's death in 1959, quickly followed by the sudden death of his successor Paul Sauvé , triggered the Quiet Revolution. The Liberal Party , led by Jean Lesage and campaigning under the slogans Il faut que ça change ("Things have to change") and Maîtres chez nous ("Masters of our own house",
3825-545: The first few years of his tenure, Drapeau oversaw a series of infrastructure projects, including the expansion of Dorval airport (now Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport ), the opening of the Champlain bridge and the renaissance of Old Montreal . He also oversaw the construction and inauguration of Place des Arts . Drapeau was also instrumental in the construction of the Montreal metro system, which
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#17327832476363900-541: The following questions: "1) I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry, heritage or background. What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors? 2) In addition to "Canadian", what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors on first coming to North America?" This survey did not list possible choices of ancestry and permitted multiple answers. In census ethnic surveys, French-speaking Canadians identify their ethnicity most often as French , Canadien , Québécois , or French Canadian , with
3975-464: The formation of a sovereigntist political party representing Québec on the federal level, the Bloc Québécois (founded in 1991 by Lucien Bouchard ), as well as the 1980 and 1995 sovereignty referendums. Some scholars argue that the rise of the Québec sovereignty movement during the 1970s is also part of this period. The Canadian Constitution of 1867 made education the responsibility of
4050-694: The highest provincial birth rate in 1960 to the lowest in 1970. Seeking a mandate for its most daring reform, the nationalization of the province's electric companies under Hydro-Québec , the Liberal Party called for a new election in 1962 . The Liberal party was returned to power with an increased majority in the Legislative Assembly of Québec and within six months, René Lévesque , Minister of Natural Resources, enacted his plans for Hydro-Québec . The Hydro-Québec project grew to become an important symbol in Québec. It demonstrated
4125-591: The issue and represented 15 of the 16 votes against the motion. Liberal MP Ken Dryden summarized the view of many of these dissenters, maintaining that it was a game of semantics that cheapened issues of national identity. A survey by Leger Marketing in November 2006 showed that Canadians were deeply divided on this issue. When asked if Québécois are a nation, only 53 per cent of Canadians agreed, 47 per cent disagreed, with 33 per cent strongly disagreeing; 78 per cent of French-speaking Canadians agreed that Québécois are
4200-847: The latter three referred to by Jantzen (2005) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada. Jantzen (2005) distinguishes the English Canadian , meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French Canadien , used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries. Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least 4 generations in Canada: specifically, 90% of Québécois traced their ancestry back this far. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61% respectively reporting
4275-626: The legal equality of spouses. In case of divorce, the rules for administering the Divorce Act were retained using Québéc's old community property matrimonial regime until 1980, when new legislation brought an automatic equal division of certain basic family assets between spouses. The societal and economic innovations of the Quiet Revolution, which empowered Québec society, emboldened certain nationalists to push for political independence. While visiting Montreal for Expo 67 , General Charles de Gaulle proclaimed Vive le Québec libre! in
4350-481: The linguistic sense. The online dictionary Grand dictionnaire terminologique of the Office québécois de la langue française mentions only a territorial meaning for Québécois . Newspaper editor Lysiane Gagnon has referred to an ethnic sense of the word Québécois in both English and French. The name Québec comes from an Algonquin word meaning 'narrow passage' or 'strait'. The name originally referred to
4425-540: The merits of Canadian federalism. In 1996, the Centre for Research and Information on Canada (CRIC) was created to assist in the CUC's mission to promote the federal government's view of what federal Canada is. In 2006, the Government of Stephen Harper announced the reduction of funding for the Unity Council. The Centre for Research and Information on Canada ( CRIC ) was an organization established in 1996 by
4500-418: The narrative of neo-nationalists by contesting the concept of a Grande Noirceur , the idea that Duplessis's tenure in office was one of reactionary policies and politics. Dale Thomson, for his part, noted that Jean Lesage , far from seeking to dismantle the traditional order, negotiated a transition with (and sought to accommodate) Québéc's Catholic Church. Several scholars have lately sought to mediate
4575-545: The neo-nationalist and revisionist schools by looking at grassroots Catholic activism and the Church's involvement in policy-making. Politics at the federal level were also in flux. In 1957, the federal government passed the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act . This was, effectively, the beginning of a pan-Canadian system of publicly funded health care . In 1961, Prime Minister Diefenbaker instituted
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#17327832476364650-418: The physical landscape and social structures of Montreal, Quebec's principal city. The impact of the Quiet Revolution extended beyond Quebec's borders, influencing contemporary Canadian politics . Concurrent with the rise of Quebecois nationalism during this era, French Canadians made substantial strides in shaping the structure and direction of the federal government and national policies. On March 28, 1969,
4725-458: The province. Québec set up a Ministry of Public Instruction in 1868 but abolished it in 1875 under pressure from the Catholic Church. The clergy believed it would be able to provide appropriate teaching to young people and that the province should not interfere. By the early 1960s, there were more than 1,500 school boards, each responsible for its own programs, textbooks and the recognition of diplomas according to its own criteria. In addition, until
4800-602: The public service, made substantial investments in the public education system, and permitted the unionization of the civil service. Additionally, measures were taken to enhance Quebecois control over the province's economy , including the nationalization of electricity production and distribution, the creation of the Canada/Québec Pension Plan , and the establishment of Hydro-Québec in an effort to nationalize Quebec's electric utilities. Furthermore, during this period, French Canadians in Quebec adopted
4875-423: The same basic facts. For example, Cuccioletta and Lubin raised the question of whether it was an unexpected revolution or an inevitable evolution of society. Behiels asked, how important are economic factors such as outside control of Québec's finance and industry? Was the motivating force one of liberalism or one of nationalism? Gauvreau raised the issues of religious factors, and of the changes going on inside
4950-564: The same roles in civilian dress; and for the first time men started entering the teaching profession. Also during the time of the Quiet Revolution, Quebec experienced a large drop in the total fertility rate (known as TFR: the lifetime average number of live births per woman of child-bearing age) falling from 3.8 in 1960 to 1.9 in 1970. According to a study commissioned in 2007 by the Québec Ministry of Families, Seniors and Status of Women on possible ways to address problems related to
5025-569: The sovereigntist Parti Québécois government renewed the push for recognition as a nation through symbolic motions that gained the support of all parties in the National Assembly. They affirmed the right to determine the independent status of Quebec. They also renamed the area around Quebec City the Capitale-Nationale (national capital) region and renamed provincial parks Parcs Nationaux (national parks). In opposition in October 2003,
5100-404: The strength and initiative of the Québec government and was a symbol of the ingenuity of Québécois in their capability to complete such an ambitious project. The original Hydro-Québec project ushered in an era of "megaprojects" that would continue until 1984, seeing Québéc's hydroelectric network grow and become a strong pillar of the province. Today, Hydro-Québec remains a crucial element to
5175-564: The term Québécois to distinguish themselves from both the rest of Canada and France, solidifying their identity as a reformed province. The Quiet Revolution ushered in a period of significant economic and social development not only in Quebec but also in French Canada and Canada as a whole. This transformation coincided with similar developments occurring in the Western world in general. Notably, it brought about notable changes to
5250-407: The word "nation" . According to Harper, the motion was of a symbolic political nature, representing no constitutional change, no recognition of Quebec sovereignty, and no legal change in its political relations within the federation. The Prime Minister has further elaborated, stating that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore
5325-535: Was a massive shift away from the Duplessis era in which Québec's abundant natural resources were hardly utilized. Duplessis' policy was to sell off untransformed natural resources at bargain prices in order to create more employment in Québec's regions. This strategy, however, proved weak as Québec's natural resources were exploited for little profit. The shift in mentality of the Quiet Revolution allowed Québec to gain further financial autonomy by accessing this area of
5400-511: Was created in 1965 to manage the considerable revenues generated by the RRQ and to provide the capital necessary for various projects in the public and private sectors. A new labour code ( Code du Travail ) was adopted in 1964. It made unionizing much easier and gave public employees the right to strike. It was during the same year that the Code Civil ('Civil Code') was modified to recognize
5475-619: Was inaugurated on October 14, 1966. Under Drapeau, Montreal was awarded the 1967 International and Universal Exposition ( Expo 67 ), whose construction he oversaw. He was also one of the key politicians responsible for National League of baseball granting Montreal a franchise, the now-defunct Montreal Expos . Another of Drapeau's major projects was obtaining and holding the 1976 Summer Olympics . Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois people Québécois (also known as Quebecers or Quebeckers in English) are people associated with Quebec . The term
5550-534: Was placed on the hard sciences, and there was now work for the Québécois who had previously needed to leave the province in order to find jobs in their preferred fields. For example, the opening of Hydro-Québec meant that skilled engineers needed to be hired. Also during this period the Ministry of Social Affairs was created, which in June 1985 became the Ministry of Health and Social Services , responsible for
5625-486: Was slower in Québec. The level of formal schooling among French-Canadians was quite low: only 13% finished grade 11, as opposed to 36% of English Canadians. One of the most scathing attacks on the educational system was levelled by Brother Jean-Paul Desbiens , writing under the pseudonym of Frère Untel . The publication of his book Les insolences du Frère Untel (1960) quickly sold over 100,000 copies and has come to be recognized as having important impact on
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