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82-578: Candler Building may refer to several United States buildings named for Asa Griggs Candler (1851–1929) of Atlanta, who purchased the recipe for Coca-Cola from its creator, founded the Coca-Cola Company and developed a huge international business; these include: Candler Building (Atlanta) Candler Building (New York City) Candler Building (Baltimore) , Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Maryland Western Auto Building , Kansas City, first known as

164-530: A brownish color, and lack the pungent taste. See also Erythroxylum coca , and Erythroxylum novogranatense spp. Ypadú is an unrefined, unconcentrated powder made from coca leaves and the ash of various other plants. Although coca leaf chewing is common only among the indigenous populations, the consumption of coca tea ( Mate de coca ) is common among all sectors of society in the Andean countries, especially due to their high elevations from sea level, and

246-535: A decree recognizing the drug as essential to the well-being of the Andean Indians but urging missionaries to end its religious use. The Spanish are believed to have effectively encouraged use of coca by an increasing majority of the population to increase their labor output and tolerance for starvation, but it is not clear that this was planned deliberately. Andean people first started chewing coca leaf (Ertyhroxylum) and its popularity has been spread throughout

328-423: A deep green colour on the upper surface, and a grey-green on the lower surface, and have a strong tea -like aroma. When chewed, they produce a pleasurable numbness in the mouth, and have a pleasant, pungent taste. They are traditionally chewed with lime or some other reagent such as bicarbonate of soda to increase the release of the active ingredients from the leaf. Older species have a camphoraceous smell and

410-451: A graphical written language, but used the quipu , a fiber recording device. Spanish documents make it clear that coca was one of the most important elements of Inca culture. Coca was used in Inca feasts and religious rituals, among many other things. It was a driving factor in the labor efforts that Inca kings asked of their citizens, and also used to barter for other goods. Coca was vital to

492-574: A half to upwards of forty years, but only the new fresh growth is harvested. They are considered ready for plucking when they break on being bent. The first and most abundant harvest is in March after the rainy season, the second is at the end of June, and the third in October or November. The green leaves ( matu ) are spread in thin layers on coarse woollen cloths and dried in the sun; they are then packed in sacks, which must be kept dry in order to preserve

574-399: A height of 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft). The branches are curved, and the leaves are thin, opaque, oval, and taper at the extremities. A marked characteristic of the leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf. The flowers are small, and disposed in clusters on short stalks;

656-597: A major company. Prominent among civic leaders of Atlanta, Candler was elected and served as the 41st mayor of the city , from 1916 to 1919. Candler Field, the site of the present-day Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport , was named after him, as is Candler Park in Atlanta. As head of Coca-Cola, he built the Candler Building in Atlanta, as well as one in Kansas City (which became known as

738-457: A method to help recovering cocaine addicts to wean off the drug. Traces of coca leaves found in northern Peru dates the communal chewing of coca with lime (the alkaline mineral, not the citrus fruit ) 8,000 years back. Other evidence of coca traces have been found in mummies dating 3,000 years back in northern Chile. Beginning with the Valdivian culture, c.  3000 BC , there

820-415: A method to withdraw the lime from the coca plant using containers with sticks and have been able to indicate whether the coca leaves were either chewed historically even though many coca leaves haven't been discovered by archaeologists. There have been numerous effects that have been noted from the coca leaf as they are milder and more concentrated compared to pure cocaine. When Andean people began to first use

902-416: A mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue. Absorption of coca from the leaf is less rapid than nasal application of purified forms of the alkaloid (almost all of the coca alkaloid is absorbed within 20 minutes of nasal application, while it takes 2–12 hours after ingestion of the raw leaf for alkaline concentrations to peak. ). When the raw leaf is consumed in tea, between 59 and 90% of

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984-578: A mixture of coca and llama fat and predict the future based on the appearance of the flame. After the Spanish invasion and colonization of the Inca Empire, the use of coca was restricted and appropriated by the Spaniards. By many historical accounts, the Spaniards tried to eradicate the coca leaf from Inca life. The Spaniards enslaved Inca people and tried to prevent them from having "the luxury" of

1066-464: A number of these medical applications. Raw coca leaves, chewed or consumed as tea or mate de coca, are rich in nutritional properties. Specifically, the coca plant contains essential minerals (calcium, potassium, phosphorus), vitamins ( B1 , B2 , C , and E ) and nutrients such as protein and fiber. Coca has also been a vital part of the religious cosmology of the Andean peoples of Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and northwest Argentina from

1148-514: A protein produced by the glyphosate-resistant soybean, suggesting Bolivana negra was either created in a lab by a different technique or bred in the field. Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes (the Yungas ), or the highlands depending on the species grown. Coca production begins in the valleys and upper jungle regions of the Andean region, where

1230-413: A quid (acullico) held between the mouth and gums. Doing so may cause a tingling and numbing sensation in the mouth, in similar fashion to the formerly ubiquitous dental anaesthetic novocaine (as both cocaine and novocaine belong to the amino ester class of local anesthetics ). Chewing coca leaves is most common in indigenous communities across the central Andean region, particularly in places like

1312-656: A significant role in spiritual, economic, social and political dimensions for numerous indigenous cultures in the Andes and the Western Amazon arising from the use of the leaves as drugs and mild, daily stimulant. The plant is grown as a cash crop in the Argentine Northwest , Bolivia , Alto Rio Negro Territory in Brazil , Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , and Peru , even in areas where its cultivation

1394-451: A special device called poporo . The poporo is the mark of manhood; it is regarded by men as a good companion that means "food", "woman", "memory", and "meditation". When a boy is ready to be married, his mother initiates him in the use of the coca. This act of initiation is carefully supervised by the Mamo, a traditional priest-teacher-leader. Fresh samples of the dried leaves, uncurled, are

1476-652: A speech in January 2008 that he chews coca every day, and that his "hook up" is Bolivian president Evo Morales. Chávez reportedly said "I chew coca every day in the morning... and look how I am" before showing his biceps to his audience, the Venezuelan National Assembly . On the other hand, the Colombian government has recently moved in the opposite direction. For years, Bogotá has allowed indigenous coca farmers to sell coca products, promoting

1558-460: A wide variety of health benefits. The original version of Coca-Cola was among these. These products became illegal in most countries outside of South America in the early 20th century, after the addictive nature of cocaine was widely recognized. In 1859, Albert Niemann of the University of Göttingen became the first person to isolate the chief alkaloid of coca, which he named "cocaine". In

1640-495: Is a relatively new form of coca that is resistant to a herbicide called glyphosate . Glyphosate is a key ingredient in the multibillion-dollar aerial coca eradication campaign undertaken by the government of Colombia with U.S. financial and military backing known as Plan Colombia . The herbicide resistance of this strain has at least two possible explanations: that a " peer-to-peer " network of coca farmers used selective breeding to enhance this trait through tireless effort, or

1722-492: Is an unbroken record of coca leaf consumption by succeeding cultural groups on the coast of Ecuador until European arrival as shown in their ceramic sculpture and abundant caleros or lime pots. Lime containers found in the north coast of Peru date around 2000 BC as evidenced by the findings at Huaca Prieta and the Jetetepeque river valley. Extensive archaeological evidence for the chewing of coca leaves dates back at least to

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1804-506: Is derived from it to be drought tolerant, and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense was further derived from Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense in a linear series. In addition, E. coca var. ipadu was separately derived from E. coca var. coca when plants were taken into the Amazon basin. Genetic evidence (Johnson et al. in 2005, Emche et al. in 2011, and Islam 2011 ) does not support this linear evolution. None of

1886-535: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Asa Griggs Candler Asa Griggs Candler Sr. (December 30, 1851 – March 12, 1929) was an American business tycoon and politician who in 1888 purchased the Coca-Cola recipe for $ 238.98 from chemist John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia . Candler founded The Coca-Cola Company in 1892 and developed it as

1968-450: Is generally legal in the countries – such as Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Argentine Northwest – where traditional use is established, although cultivation is often restricted in an attempt to control the production of cocaine. In the case of Argentina, it is legal only in some northwest provinces where the practice is so common that the state has accepted it. The prohibition of the use of the coca leaf except for medical or scientific purposes

2050-500: Is in "Pomona", the fifth book of Abraham Cowley 's posthumously published Latin work, Plantarum libri sex (1668; translated as Six Books of Plants in 1689). In the series of Aubrey–Maturin novels by Patrick O'Brian , set during the Napoleonic wars, Dr. Stephen Maturin, a naval physician, naturalist, and British intelligence agent discovers the use of coca leaves on a mission to Peru, and makes regular use of them in several of

2132-674: Is not cocaine. During his speech to the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 19, 2006, he held a coca leaf in his hand to demonstrate its innocuity. Alan García , former president of Peru, has recommended its use in salads and other edible preparations. A Peruvian-based company has announced plans to market a modern version of Vin Mariani , which will be available in both natural and de-cocainized varieties. In Venezuela, former president Hugo Chávez said in

2214-402: Is possible that Amazonian coca was produced by yet a third independent domestication event from Erythroxylum gracilipes . Thus, different early-Holocene peoples in different areas of South America independently transformed Erythroxylum gracilipes plants into quotidian stimulant and medicinal crops now collectively called coca. Also known as supercoca or la millionaria , Boliviana negra

2296-505: Is unlawful. There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico , by using seeds imported from South America, as an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine . It also plays a fundamental role in many traditional Amazonian and Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. The cocaine alkaloid content of dry Erythroxylum coca var. coca leaves

2378-501: Is used industrially in the cosmetics and food industries. A decocainized extract of coca leaf is one of the flavoring ingredients in Coca-Cola . Before the criminalization of cocaine, however, the extract was not decocainized, and hence Coca-Cola's original formula did indeed include cocaine. Coca tea is produced industrially from coca leaves in South America by a number of companies, including Enaco S.A. (National Company of

2460-588: Is well documented wherever local native populations have cultivated the plant. For example, the Tayronas of Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta would chew the plant before engaging in extended meditation and prayer. In Bolivia bags of coca leaves are sold in local markets and by street vendors. The activity of chewing coca is called mambear , chacchar or acullicar , borrowed from Quechua , coquear (Northwest Argentina), or in Bolivia, picchar , derived from

2542-536: Is widely held to be beneficial to health, mood, and energy. Coca leaf is sold packaged into teabags in most grocery stores in the region, and establishments that cater to tourists generally feature coca tea. Coca tea is legal in Colombia , Peru , Bolivia , Argentina , and Ecuador . In the Andes commercially manufactured coca teas, granola bars, cookies, hard candies, etc. are available in most stores and supermarkets, including upscale suburban supermarkets. Coca

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2624-529: Is with a tiny quantity of ilucta (a preparation of the ashes of the quinoa plant) added to the coca leaves; it softens their astringent flavor and activates the alkaloids . Other names for this basifying substance are llipta in Peru and the Spanish word lejía , bleach in English. The consumer carefully uses a wooden stick (formerly often a spatula of precious metal) to transfer an alkaline component into

2706-688: The Arabian Peninsula , Tobacco in North America and Australia , and Areca nut in South/Southeast Asia & the Pacific Basin. Tobacco leaves were also traditionally chewed in the same way in North America (modern chewing tobacco is typically heavily processed). Khat chewing also has a history as a social custom dating back thousands of years analogous to the use of coca leaves. One option for chewing coca

2788-470: The Aymara language . The Spanish masticar is also frequently used, along with the slang term "bolear," derived from the word "bola" or ball of coca pouched in the cheek while chewing. Typical coca consumption varies between 20 and 60 grams per day, and contemporary methods are believed to be unchanged from ancient times. Coca is kept in a woven pouch ( chuspa or huallqui ). A few leaves are chosen to form

2870-609: The Candler Hospital in Savannah, Georgia . Candler had paid to relocate Emory University from Oxford, Georgia , to Atlanta. Asa Candler suffered a stroke in 1926 and never recovered. He died on March 12, 1929, at Wesley Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia . He is buried at Westview Cemetery on the west side of Atlanta. The Candler Field Museum in Williamson, Georgia , has been established to commemorate

2952-578: The La Paz area of Bolivia is a product known as lejía dulce ( sweet lye ), which is made from quinoa ashes mixed with aniseed and cane sugar, forming a soft black putty with a sweet and pleasing flavor. In some places, baking soda is used under the name bico . In the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia, coca is consumed by the Kogi , Arhuaco , and Wiwa by using

3034-736: The Western Auto Building ), a Candler Building in New York City , and one in what is now known as the Inner Harbor area of Baltimore, Maryland . Asa Griggs Candler was born on December 30, 1851, in Villa Rica, Georgia . His parents were Martha and Samuel Charles Candler, a merchant and property owner. His parents raised eleven children, including Asa and his brother Warren Akin Candler . Samuel Charles Candler

3116-587: The pre-Inca period through to the present. Coca leaves play a crucial part in offerings to the apus (mountains), Inti (the sun), or Pachamama (the earth). Coca leaves are also often read in a form of divination analogous to reading tea leaves in other cultures. As one example of the many traditional beliefs about coca, it is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore , if masticated (chewed) and thrown upon them (see Cocamama in Inca mythology ). In addition, coca use in shamanic rituals

3198-468: The 6th century AD Moche period, and the subsequent Inca period, based on mummies found with a supply of coca leaves, pottery depicting the characteristic cheek bulge of a coca chewer, spatulas for extracting alkali and figured bags for coca leaves and lime made from precious metals, and gold representations of coca in special gardens of the Inca in Cuzco . Coca chewing may originally have been limited to

3280-536: The Aztecs, the Inca participated in sacrifices as well. It is clear that the Incas had a strong belief in the divinity of the coca leaf as there is now evidence that both the living and the dead were subjected to coca use. They even sent their sacrifices off to their death with a sacrificial bag of coca leaves. The coca leaf affected all stages of life for the Inca. Coca was also used in divination as ritual priests would burn

3362-625: The British in India), but with the exception of the Japanese in Formosa , these were relatively unsuccessful. In recent times (2006), the governments of several South American countries, such as Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela, have defended and championed the traditional use of coca, as well as the modern uses of the leaf and its extracts in household products such as teas and toothpaste. The coca plant

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3444-783: The City of Atlanta for what became Candler Park . That year he also sold the Central Bank and Trust. Several Candler buildings were constructed as the Coca-Cola Company expanded in the early 20th century: — acting Mayor Coca Different early- Holocene peoples in different areas of South America independently transformed Erythroxylum gracilipes plants into quotidian stimulant and medicinal crops now collectively called Coca. Archaeobotanical evidence show that Coca crops have been grown for well over 8,000 years in South America. They have had and still have

3526-612: The Coca), a government enterprise in Peru. Coca leaves are also found in a brand of herbal liqueur called "Agwa de Bolivia" (grown in Bolivia and de-cocainized in Amsterdam), and a natural flavouring ingredient in Red Bull Cola , that was launched in March 2008. Coca has figured more prominently in the politics of Bolivia and Peru in the early 21st century. President Morales asserted that " la coca no es cocaína "—the coca leaf

3608-644: The Coca-Cola Building or the Candler Building Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Candler Building . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candler_Building&oldid=922090410 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3690-463: The Coca-Cola Company. The following year, he trademarked the brand and distributed the first dividends to the company's shareholders. By 1895, the company was distributing Coca-Cola nationwide in the United States. It first started exporting in 1899, to Cuba . Exports to Europe started two years later. He also developed the famous "$ 1 contract" where he sold the rights to bottle Coca-Cola in

3772-459: The Inca Empire, the Spaniards had direct access to the Inca. They had insight to their everyday lives, and it is through their lens that we learn about religion in the Inca Empire . While the indigenous author Pedro Cieza de León wrote about the effects coca had on the Inca, multiple Spanish men wrote about the importance of coca in their spirituality. For example Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa , Father Bernabé Cobo , and Juan de Ulloa Mogollón noted how

3854-399: The Inca civilization and its culture. The Incas valued coca so much that they colonized tropical rain forests to the north and east of their capital in Cuzco so that they could increase and control their supply. The Incas colonized more humid regions because coca cannot grow above 2600 meters in elevation (coca is not frost-resistant). One of the most common uses of coca during the reign of

3936-436: The Inca was in the context of mit'a labor, a labor tax required of all able-bodied men in the Inca empire, and also in military service. Pedro Cieza de León wrote that the indigenous people of the Andes always seemed to have coca in their mouths. Mit'a laborers, soldiers, and others chewed coca to alleviate hunger and thirst while they were working and fighting. The results of this are evident in monumental construction and

4018-561: The Incas would leave coca leaves at important locations throughout the empire. They considered coca to be the highest form of plant offering that the Incas made. The Incas would put coca leaves in the mouths of mummies, which were a sacred part of Inca culture. Mummies of Inca emperors were regarded for their wisdom and often consulted for important matters long after the body had deteriorated. Not only did many Inca mummies have coca leaves in their mouths, but they also carried coca leaves in bags. These are believed to be Inca sacrifices, and like

4100-638: The Las Vegas Culture in Ecuador, the Huaca Prieta site in Peru, and the Nanchoc valley in Peru – where leaf fragments and lime "cal" additives have been dated to over 8,000 years before present. An initial theory of the origin and evolution of the cocas by Plowman and Bohm suggested that Erythroxylum coca var. coca is ancestral, while Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense

4182-537: The Northern and Central Andes, making its way down to Southern Central America, including areas like Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. The coca leaf itself includes the active cocaine alkaloid which may be released through chewing or consumed in a powder-like form. This powder is usually extracted and made from burnt plant ashes, limestone or granite, and seashells. Andean people living in Central America have used

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4264-458: The US for only one dollar. At first, the company advertised Coca-Cola as a drink that relieved mental and physical fatigue, and cured headaches. In 1903, Candler decided to remove the cocaine component from the coca leaves before mixing them with the drink, and to sell the extracted cocaine to pharmaceutical companies. In 1911, the company reached an annual advertising budget of $ 1 million. In 1915,

4346-610: The bottling company Root Glass Co. created the iconic Coca-Cola bottle. In 1916, after Candler was elected mayor of Atlanta, he ended his day-to-day management of the Coca-Cola Company. In 1917, the Coca-Cola company agreed to reduce by 50% the amount of caffeine in the drink. In 1919 Candler gave most of the stock in The Coca-Cola Company to his children. They sold their shares to a consortium of investors led by Ernest Woodruff . In 1906 Candler completed what

4428-493: The city budget and coordinated rebuilding efforts after the Great Atlanta fire of 1917 destroyed 1,500 homes. He also made large personal loans in order to develop the water and sewage facilities of the city of Atlanta, in order to provide the infrastructure necessary to a modern city. Candler was also a philanthropist , endowing numerous schools and universities (he gave a total of $ 7 million to Emory University , ) and

4510-475: The coca alkaloid is absorbed. Coca users ingest between 60 and 80 milligrams of cocaine each time they chew the leaves according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The coca leaf, when consumed in its natural form, does not induce a physiological or psychological dependence, nor does abstinence after long-term use produce symptoms typical to substance addiction. Due to its alkaloid content and non-addictive properties, coca has been suggested as

4592-485: The coca leaf, they noticed that it could produce a "high" and can be very addictive compared to tobacco if consumed in large quantities. Many Andean and Inca civilizations used to chew the coca leaf instead of consuming it as it provided a better "high" experience. Because of its strong addiction and high, the Incas only allowed this substance within honorary celebrations and rituals. Workers dealing with rigorous tasks such as long-distance travels, and more were allowed to take

4674-509: The coca leaf. Although the Spaniards noticed the state-controlled storage facilities that the Inca had built to distribute to its workers, they were still ignorant to plant spirit, divinity of coca, and the Incan admittance of the former. "This is my blood, this is my body" remembrance now was overshadowed by gates of behavior meeting efforts of worker control and service within work to spread concepts within outreach to support divinity and rights of

4756-559: The corolla is composed of five yellowish-white petals , the anthers are heart-shaped, and the pistil consists of three carpels united to form a three-chambered ovary. The flowers mature into red berries . The leaves are sometimes eaten by the larvae of the moth Eloria noyesi . There are two species of coca crops, each with two varieties: All four of the cultivated cocas were domesticated from Erythroxylum gracilipes in pre-Columbian times, with significant archaeological sites reaching from Colombia to northern Chile, including

4838-669: The countries of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia are host to more than 98 percent of the global land area planted with coca. In the early 19th century, coca was cultivated in what is today the Dominican Republic (see Mayorasgo de Koka ). In 2014, coca plantations were discovered in Mexico , and in 2020 in Honduras , which could have major implications for the illegal cultivation of the plant. The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots ( almacigas ) sheltered from

4920-495: The divine to exist in the divine's works. Not only that, enslaved Inca people were not capable of enduring the arduous labour the Spaniards made them do without using coca. Even though Spaniards were trying to push Catholicism onto the Inca, which did not allow them to eat before the Eucharist (the Spaniards thought coca to be food), they allowed them to continue to use coca to endure the labor associated with slavery. After seeing

5002-581: The early 20th century, the Dutch colony of Java became a leading exporter of coca leaf. By 1912 shipments to Amsterdam, where the leaves were processed into cocaine, reached 1000 tons, overtaking the Peruvian export market. Apart from the years of the First World War, Java remained a greater exporter of coca than Peru until the end of the 1920s. Other colonial powers also tried to grow coca (including

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5084-503: The eastern Andes before its introduction to the Inca. As the plant was viewed as having a divine origin, its cultivation became subject to a state monopoly and its use restricted to nobles and a few favored classes (court orators, couriers, favored public workers, and the army) by the rule of the Topa Inca (1471–1493). As the Incan empire declined, the leaf became more widely available. After some deliberation, Philip II of Spain issued

5166-477: The effects and powers of the coca plant, many Spaniards saw another opportunity and started growing and selling coca themselves. Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It is considered particularly effective against altitude sickness . It also is used as an anesthetic and analgesic to alleviate the pain of headache, rheumatism , wounds and sores, etc. Before stronger anaesthetics were available, it also

5248-571: The enterprise as one of the few successful commercial opportunities available to recognized tribes like the Nasa , who have grown it for years and regard it as sacred. In December 2005, the Paeces – a Tierradentro ( Cauca ) indigenous community – started to produce a carbonated soft drink called " Coca Sek ". The production method belongs to the resguardos of Calderas (Inzá) and takes about 150 kg (331 lb) of coca per 3,000 produced bottles. The drink

5330-652: The four coca varieties are found in the wild, despite prior speculation by Plowman that wild populations of E. coca var. coca occur in the Huánuco and San Martín provinces of Peru. Recent phylogenetic evidence shows the closest wild relatives of the coca crops are Erythroxylum gracilipes Peyr. and Erythroxylum cataractarum Spruce ex. Peyr, and dense sampling of these species along with the coca crops from throughout their geographic ranges supports independent origins of domestication of Erythroxylum novogranatense and Erythroxylum coca from ancestor Erythroxylum gracilipes . It

5412-496: The highlands of Argentina, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru, where the cultivation and consumption of coca is a part of the national culture, similar to chicha . It also serves as a powerful symbol of indigenous cultural and religious identity, amongst a diversity of indigenous nations throughout South America. Chewing plants for medicinal mostly stimulating effects has a long history throughout the world: Khat in East Africa &

5494-476: The later novels in the series. Coca leaf is the raw material for the manufacture of the drug cocaine, a powerful stimulant and anaesthetic extracted chemically from large quantities of coca leaves. Today, since it has mostly been replaced as a medical anaesthetic by synthetic analogues such as procaine , cocaine is best known as an illegal recreational drug . The cultivation, sale, and possession of unprocessed coca leaf (but not of any processed form of cocaine)

5576-584: The original Candler Field, the first Atlanta airport. Callan Castle , the Candler home in Inman Park , built from 1902 to 1904, still stands as a private home. Candler's later mansion, built in 1916 at 1500 Ponce de Leon Avenue, Druid Hills , was later adapted for use as the John Chrysostom Melkite Greek Catholic Church . In 1922, he donated over 50 acres (200,000 m ) of his Druid Hills holdings to

5658-500: The plant was genetically modified in a laboratory. In 1996, a patented glyphosate-resistant soybean was marketed by Monsanto Company , suggesting that it would be possible to genetically modify coca in an analogous manner. Spraying Boliviana negra with glyphosate would serve to strengthen its growth by eliminating the non-resistant weeds surrounding it. Joshua Davis, in the Wired article cited below, found no evidence of CP4 EPSPS,

5740-459: The quality of the leaves. The pharmacologically active ingredient of coca is the cocaine alkaloid, which has a concentration of about 0.3 to 1.5%, averaging 0.8%, in fresh leaves. Besides cocaine, the coca leaf contains a number of other alkaloids, including methylecgonine cinnamate , benzoylecgonine , truxilline , hydroxytropacocaine , tropacocaine , ecgonine , cuscohygrine , dihydrocuscohygrine , and hygrine . When chewed, coca acts as

5822-433: The quid without touching his flesh with the corrosive substance. The alkali component, usually kept in a gourd ( ishcupuro or poporo ), can be made by burning limestone to form unslaked quicklime , burning quinoa stalks, or the bark from certain trees, and may be called llipta , tocra or mambe depending on its composition. Many of these materials are salty in flavor, but there are variations. The most common base in

5904-426: The substance as it eased their hardships along the way. There is little history before Andean people and the Incas to indicate if coca was restricted before these times and what instances it was initially used in. Sometimes coca leaves from the plant were used as offerings in rituals. Due to the nature of politics and religion in the Inca Empire, wealthy inhabitants handed out coca leaves during ritual ceremonies. Coca

5986-476: The successful expansion of the Inca empire through conquest. By chewing coca, laborers and soldiers were able to work harder and for longer periods. Some historians believe that coca and chicha (fermented corn beer) made it possible for the Incas to move large stones in order to create architectural masterpieces, especially ones of monolithic construction such as Sacsayhuamán . Due to the Spanish conquest of

6068-443: The sun, and the young plants when at 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in) in height are placed in final planting holes ( aspi ), or if the ground is level, in furrows ( uachos ) in carefully weeded soil. The plants thrive best in hot, damp and humid locations, such as the clearings of forests; but the leaves most preferred are obtained in drier areas, on the hillsides. The leaves are gathered from plants varying in age from one and

6150-519: Was a member of the legislature of South Carolina , and fought in the Creek War of 1836 . Candler's children are: A druggist in 1888, Asa Griggs Candler met John Stith Pemberton and was intrigued by a sweet, carbonated drink he had developed. Candler bought the Coca-Cola recipe from Pemberton, for an amount rumored to be $ 2,300. The drink was derived from brewed coca leaves, as well as caffeine , carbonated water, and sugar. In 1892, he founded

6232-415: Was also the inspiration for Bolivia's Coca Museum . While many historians are in agreement that coca was a contributing factor to the daily life of the Inca , there are many different theories as to how this civilization came to adopt it as one of its staple crops and as a valued commodity. The Incas were able to accomplish significant things while stimulated by the effects of coca. The Incas did not have

6314-470: Was established by the United Nations in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs . The coca leaf is listed on Schedule I of the 1961 Single Convention together with cocaine and heroin. The Convention determined that "The Parties shall so far as possible enforce the uprooting of all coca bushes which grow wild. They shall destroy the coca bushes if illegally cultivated" (Article 26), and that, "Coca leaf chewing must be abolished within twenty-five years from

6396-470: Was first introduced to Europe in the 16th century, but did not become popular until the mid-19th century, with the publication of an influential paper by Dr. Paolo Mantegazza praising its stimulating effects on cognition. This led to the invention of coca wine and the first production of pure cocaine. Coca wine (of which Vin Mariani was the best-known brand) and other coca-containing preparations were widely sold as patent medicines and tonics, with claims of

6478-411: Was measured ranging from 0.23% to 0.96%. Coca-Cola used coca leaf extract in its products from 1885 until about 1903, when it began using decocainized leaf extract. Extraction of cocaine from coca requires several solvents and a chemical process known as an acid–base extraction , which can fairly easily extract the alkaloids from the plant. The coca plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to

6560-567: Was never sold widely in Colombia and efforts to do so ended in May 2007 when it was abruptly banned by the Colombian government. Coca Colla is an energy drink which is produced in Bolivia with the use of coca extract as its base. It was launched on the Bolivian markets in La Paz , Santa Cruz , and Cochabamba in mid-April 2010. Probably the earliest reference to coca in English literature

6642-574: Was then Atlanta's tallest building, the Candler Building . It had intricately carved decorations and was 17 stories tall. It still stands at Peachtree and Auburn streets and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , significant for its architectural detail and role as a company symbol. In 1912 the Candler Building in New York opened. In 1916, Candler was elected mayor of Atlanta (taking office in 1917). As mayor he balanced

6724-530: Was used for broken bones, childbirth, and during trepanning operations on the skull. The high calcium content in coca explains why people used it for bone fractures. Because coca constricts blood vessels, it also serves to oppose bleeding, and coca seeds were used for nosebleeds . Indigenous use of coca has also been reported as a treatment for malaria , ulcers , asthma , to improve digestion , to guard against bowel laxity, as an aphrodisiac , and credited with improving longevity . Modern studies have supported

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