83-727: Candy Mountain is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) in Washington that encompasses the slopes surrounding Candy Mountain in Benton County located southwest of Richland along the Columbia River . The viticultural area is the state's 16th AVA formally established on September 24, 2020, by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) , Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted by Dr. Kevin R. Pogue , professor of geology at Whitman College , on behalf of
166-412: A platinum plate which was used as the anode, the cathode being a platinum wire partially submerged into mercury. Electrolysis then gave calcium–mercury and magnesium–mercury amalgams, and distilling off the mercury gave the metal. However, pure calcium cannot be prepared in bulk by this method and a workable commercial process for its production was not found until over a century later. At 3%, calcium
249-434: A "steady state" with respect to calcium input and output. This has important climatological implications, as the marine calcium cycle is closely tied to the carbon cycle . Many calcium compounds are used in food, as pharmaceuticals, and in medicine, among others. For example, calcium and phosphorus are supplemented in foods through the addition of calcium lactate , calcium diphosphate , and tricalcium phosphate . The last
332-423: A dipositive ion with the stable electron configuration of a noble gas , in this case argon . Hence, calcium is almost always divalent in its compounds, which are usually ionic . Hypothetical univalent salts of calcium would be stable with respect to their elements, but not to disproportionation to the divalent salts and calcium metal, because the enthalpy of formation of MX 2 is much higher than those of
415-642: A gas had not been recognised by the ancient Romans. In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier suspected that lime might be an oxide of a fundamental chemical element . In his table of the elements, Lavoisier listed five "salifiable earths" (i.e., ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts ( salis = salt, in Latin): chaux (calcium oxide), magnésie (magnesia, magnesium oxide), baryte (barium sulfate), alumine (alumina, aluminium oxide), and silice (silica, silicon dioxide)). About these "elements", Lavoisier reasoned: We are probably only acquainted as yet with
498-412: A high pressure of oxygen, and there is some evidence for a yellow superoxide Ca(O 2 ) 2 . Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 , is a strong base, though not as strong as the hydroxides of strontium, barium or the alkali metals. All four dihalides of calcium are known. Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ) are particularly abundant minerals. Like strontium and barium, as well as
581-508: A part of the metallic substances existing in nature, as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses, are incapable, hitherto, of being reduced to a metallic state, and consequently, being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds, are confounded with earths. It is extremely probable that barytes, which we have just now arranged with earths, is in this situation; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies. It
664-423: A rather high neutron flux to allow short-lived Ca to capture a neutron. Ca is produced by electron capture in the r-process in type Ia supernovae , where high neutron excess and low enough entropy ensures its survival. Ca and Ca are the first "classically stable" nuclides with a 6-neutron or 8-neutron excess respectively. Although extremely neutron-rich for such a light element, Ca is very stable because it
747-401: A result, when Ca does decay, it does so by double beta decay to Ti instead, being the lightest nuclide known to undergo double beta decay. Ca can also theoretically undergo double beta decay to Ti, but this has never been observed. The most common isotope Ca is also doubly magic and could undergo double electron capture to Ar , but this has likewise never been observed. Calcium is
830-483: A vital role in the physiological and biochemical processes of organisms and cells : in signal transduction pathways where they act as a second messenger ; in neurotransmitter release from neurons ; in contraction of all muscle cell types; as cofactors in many enzymes ; and in fertilization . Calcium ions outside cells are important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes , protein synthesis, and bone formation. Calcium
913-643: A wine is labeled with an AVA, at least 85% of the grapes that make up the wine must have been grown in the AVA, and the wine must be fully finished within the state where the AVA is located. The boundaries of AVAs are defined by the Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), a component of the United States Department of the Treasury . The TTB defines AVAs at the request of wineries and other petitioners . Prior to
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#1732798187502996-401: A wine to be labeled with a state or county appellation, at least 75% of the grapes used to make the wine must have been grown within the boundary of the appellation, and the wine must be fully finished within the state in which the appellation is located. Some states have more stringent rules, such as California , which requires 100% of the grapes used to make the wine be from California and that
1079-472: Is a cosmogenic nuclide , continuously produced through neutron activation of natural Ca. Many other calcium radioisotopes are known, ranging from Ca to Ca. They are all much shorter-lived than Ca, the most stable being Ca (half-life 163 days) and Ca (half-life 4.54 days). Isotopes lighter than Ca usually undergo beta plus decay to isotopes of potassium, and those heavier than Ca usually undergo beta minus decay to isotopes of scandium , though near
1162-438: Is a doubly magic nucleus , having 20 protons and 28 neutrons arranged in closed shells. Its beta decay to Sc is very hindered because of the gross mismatch of nuclear spin : Ca has zero nuclear spin, being even–even , while Sc has spin 6+, so the decay is forbidden by the conservation of angular momentum . While two excited states of Sc are available for decay as well, they are also forbidden due to their high spins. As
1245-497: Is a better conductor by mass than both due to its very low density. While calcium is infeasible as a conductor for most terrestrial applications as it reacts quickly with atmospheric oxygen, its use as such in space has been considered. The chemistry of calcium is that of a typical heavy alkaline earth metal. For example, calcium spontaneously reacts with water more quickly than magnesium and less quickly than strontium to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It also reacts with
1328-533: Is a designated wine grape -growing region in the United States , providing an official appellation for the mutual benefit of wineries and consumers. Winemakers frequently want their consumers to know about the geographic pedigree of their wines, as wines from a particular area can possess distinctive characteristics. Consumers often seek out wines from specific AVAs, and certain wines of particular pedigrees can claim premium prices and loyal customers. If
1411-622: Is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium . It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium . The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate , found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum , anhydrite , fluorite , and apatite are also sources of calcium. The name derives from Latin calx " lime ", which
1494-439: Is a very ductile silvery metal (sometimes described as pale yellow) whose properties are very similar to the heavier elements in its group, strontium , barium , and radium . A calcium atom has twenty electrons, with electron configuration [Ar]4s . Like the other elements placed in group 2 of the periodic table, calcium has two valence electrons in the outermost s-orbital, which are very easily lost in chemical reactions to form
1577-424: Is also used as a polishing agent in toothpaste and in antacids . Calcium lactobionate is a white powder that is used as a suspending agent for pharmaceuticals. In baking, calcium phosphate is used as a leavening agent . Calcium sulfite is used as a bleach in papermaking and as a disinfectant, calcium silicate is used as a reinforcing agent in rubber, and calcium acetate is a component of liming rosin and
1660-421: Is also used to strengthen aluminium alloys used for bearings, for the control of graphitic carbon in cast iron , and to remove bismuth impurities from lead. Calcium metal is found in some drain cleaners, where it functions to generate heat and calcium hydroxide that saponifies the fats and liquefies the proteins (for example, those in hair) that block drains. Besides metallurgy, the reactivity of calcium
1743-452: Is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds, irreducible by any hitherto known process. Calcium, along with its congeners magnesium, strontium, and barium, was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1808. Following the work of Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Magnus Martin af Pontin on electrolysis , Davy isolated calcium and magnesium by putting a mixture of the respective metal oxides with mercury(II) oxide on
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#17327981875021826-505: Is exploited to remove nitrogen from high-purity argon gas and as a getter for oxygen and nitrogen. It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of chromium , zirconium , thorium , vanadium and uranium . It can also be used to store hydrogen gas, as it reacts with hydrogen to form solid calcium hydride , from which the hydrogen can easily be re-extracted. Calcium isotope fractionation during mineral formation has led to several applications of calcium isotopes. In particular,
1909-465: Is less reactive than strontium or barium, the oxide–nitride coating that results in air is stable and lathe machining and other standard metallurgical techniques are suitable for calcium. In the United States and Canada, calcium is instead produced by reducing lime with aluminium at high temperatures. Calcium cycling provides a link between tectonics , climate , and the carbon cycle . In
1992-410: Is located on the southwest-facing slope of Candy Mountain. Within the AVA, elevations range from 640 to 1,320 feet (195–402 m), and slope angles are moderate ranging from 2 to 20 degrees. Gentle slopes facilitate mechanized vineyard maintenance and harvest. A south-facing slope aspect increases the amount per unit area of solar radiation that reaches the surface and promotes photosynthesis in
2075-453: Is more complicated and involves the bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 ) that forms when CO 2 reacts with water at seawater pH : At seawater pH, most of the dissolved CO 2 is immediately converted back into HCO 3 . The reaction results in a net transport of one molecule of CO 2 from the ocean/atmosphere into the lithosphere . The result is that each Ca ion released by chemical weathering ultimately removes one CO 2 molecule from
2158-486: Is not always the case. See map on the right showing the outline of the Paso Robles AVA , California's largest in total area, and the eleven distinct AVAs contained within it. In 2018, the second session of the 115th Congress recognized the contribution of American Viticultural Areas to the economy. The Blunt-Merkley Resolution passed unanimously. It noted that an AVA allows vintners to describe more accurately
2241-458: Is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust , and the third most abundant metal behind aluminium and iron . It is also the fourth most abundant element in the lunar highlands . Sedimentary calcium carbonate deposits pervade the Earth's surface as fossilized remains of past marine life; they occur in two forms, the rhombohedral calcite (more common) and the orthorhombic aragonite (forming in more temperate seas). Minerals of
2324-498: Is the northeastern side of Candy Mountain, which has similar elevations to the proposed AVA but were excluded due to northeasterly slope aspect and steep slope angles of up to 60 degrees. The soils of Candy Mountain are developed from wind-deposited silt ( loess ) and fine sand overlying sediment . The sediment is a mixture of gravel and sand that was derived directly from surging ice-age Missoula Flood waters and also includes silt and fine sand that settled out of suspension when
2407-425: Is the second-most common isotope. The other four natural isotopes, Ca, Ca, Ca, and Ca, are significantly rarer, each comprising less than 1% of all natural calcium. The four lighter isotopes are mainly products of the oxygen-burning and silicon-burning processes, leaving the two heavier ones to be produced via neutron capture processes. Ca is mostly produced in a "hot" s-process , as its formation requires
2490-503: Is used to make metallic soaps and synthetic resins. Calcium is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . Foods rich in calcium include dairy products such as milk and yogurt , cheese , sardines , salmon , soy products, kale , and fortified breakfast cereals . Because of concerns for long-term adverse side effects, including calcification of arteries and kidney stones , both
2573-431: Is very soluble in water, 85% of extracellular calcium is as dicalcium phosphate with a solubility of 2.00 mM , and the hydroxyapatite of bones in an organic matrix is tricalcium phosphate with a solubility of 1000 μM. Calcium is a common constituent of multivitamin dietary supplements , but the composition of calcium complexes in supplements may affect its bioavailability which varies by solubility of
Candy Mountain AVA - Misplaced Pages Continue
2656-589: The Cole Ranch AVA in Mendocino County , California, at only 60 acres (24 ha). The Augusta AVA , which occupies the area around the town of Augusta, Missouri , was the first recognized AVA, gaining the status on June 20, 1980. There are currently 276 AVAs spread across 34 states, with over half (154) in California. An AVA may be located within one or more larger AVAs. For example,
2739-660: The Santa Clara Valley AVA and Livermore Valley AVA are located within the boundaries of the San Francisco Bay AVA , which is itself located within the Central Coast AVA . In such cases, the wine may be labeled with any of the relevant AVAs, but winemakers generally label wines with the most specific AVA allowed for each wine. Smaller AVAs are often perceived to be associated with smaller production and higher quality wines, though this
2822-425: The United States (about 2000 to 4000 tonnes per year). Canada and France are also among the minor producers. In 2005, about 24000 tonnes of calcium were produced; about half of the world's extracted calcium is used by the United States, with about 80% of the output used each year. In Russia and China, Davy's method of electrolysis is still used, but is instead applied to molten calcium chloride . Since calcium
2905-418: The carboxyl groups of glutamic acid or aspartic acid residues; through interacting with phosphorylated serine , tyrosine , or threonine residues; or by being chelated by γ-carboxylated amino acid residues. Trypsin , a digestive enzyme, uses the first method; osteocalcin , a bone matrix protein, uses the third. Some other bone matrix proteins such as osteopontin and bone sialoprotein use both
2988-509: The contraction of muscles , nerve conduction, and the clotting of blood. As a result, intra- and extracellular calcium levels are tightly regulated by the body. Calcium can play this role because the Ca ion forms stable coordination complexes with many organic compounds, especially proteins ; it also forms compounds with a wide range of solubilities, enabling the formation of the skeleton . Calcium ions may be complexed by proteins through binding
3071-475: The flood waters pooled behind downstream topographic restrictions that define Columbia Valley soils. The loess and sediment, in turn, both overlay basalt bedrock . The thickness of the flood-water sediment within the Candy Mountain AVA gradually decreases as one moves up the mountain, and the sediment is not found within the upper 70 feet (21 m) of the appellation. By contrast, the regions to
3154-496: The nuclear drip lines , proton emission and neutron emission begin to be significant decay modes as well. Like other elements, a variety of processes alter the relative abundance of calcium isotopes. The best studied of these processes is the mass-dependent fractionation of calcium isotopes that accompanies the precipitation of calcium minerals such as calcite , aragonite and apatite from solution. Lighter isotopes are preferentially incorporated into these minerals, leaving
3237-455: The oxygen and nitrogen in air to form a mixture of calcium oxide and calcium nitride . When finely divided, it spontaneously burns in air to produce the nitride. Bulk calcium is less reactive: it quickly forms a hydration coating in moist air, but below 30% relative humidity it may be stored indefinitely at room temperature. Besides the simple oxide CaO, calcium peroxide , CaO 2 , can be made by direct oxidation of calcium metal under
3320-424: The 1997 observation by Skulan and DePaolo that calcium minerals are isotopically lighter than the solutions from which the minerals precipitate is the basis of analogous applications in medicine and in paleoceanography. In animals with skeletons mineralized with calcium, the calcium isotopic composition of soft tissues reflects the relative rate of formation and dissolution of skeletal mineral. In humans, changes in
3403-446: The AVA. A copy of the lease was included in the petition as evidence of Mr. Holtan's intent to grow wine grapes. Currently, Kitzke Cellars is the only winery within the AVA, although the petition noted that other Washington wineries source from Candy Mountain grapes. 46°15′N 119°21′W / 46.25°N 119.35°W / 46.25; -119.35 American Viticultural Area An American Viticultural Area ( AVA )
Candy Mountain AVA - Misplaced Pages Continue
3486-416: The Candy Mountain AVA are its soils and topography. Candy Mountain appellation is a segment of a series of four mountains in the area, which includes Red Mountain , Baker Mountain , and Little Badger Mountain , that are collectively referred to as “the rattles” due to their alignment with the larger Rattlesnake Mountain . Topography also distinguishes the Candy Mountain AVA from the surrounding regions which
3569-709: The TTB regulations (27 C.F.R. § 9.12) prescribes the standards for petitions for the establishment or modification of AVAs. Petitions to establish an AVA must include the following: Once a petition is accepted as complete, the TTB may choose to seek public input on the proposal and at its sole discretion may approve the proposed AVA. Before the AVA system, wine appellations of origin in the United States were designated based on state or county boundaries. All of these appellations were grandfathered into federal regulations and may appear on wine labels as designated places of origin in lieu of an AVA, such as Sonoma County . In order for
3652-468: The TTB's creation in 2003, the Treasury’s Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) received and handled petitions for viticultural areas, wine production and labeling. Section 4.25(e)(2) of the regulations (27 C.F.R. § 4.25(e)(2)) outlines the procedure for proposing an AVA and provides that any interested party may petition the TTB to establish a grape-growing region as an AVA. Section 9.12 of
3735-604: The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) set Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for combined dietary and supplemental calcium. From the IOM, people of ages 9–18 years are not to exceed 3 g/day combined intake; for ages 19–50, not to exceed 2.5 g/day; for ages 51 and older, not to exceed 2 g/day. EFSA set the UL for all adults at 2.5 g/day, but decided
3818-567: The absence of steric hindrance , smaller group 2 cations tend to form stronger complexes, but when large polydentate macrocycles are involved the trend is reversed. Though calcium is in the same group as magnesium and organomagnesium compounds are very widely used throughout chemistry, organocalcium compounds are not similarly widespread because they are more difficult to make and more reactive, though they have recently been investigated as possible catalysts . Organocalcium compounds tend to be more similar to organoytterbium compounds due to
3901-488: The alkali metals and the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium , calcium metal dissolves directly in liquid ammonia to give a dark blue solution. Due to the large size of the calcium ion (Ca ), high coordination numbers are common, up to 24 in some intermetallic compounds such as CaZn 13 . Calcium is readily complexed by oxygen chelates such as EDTA and polyphosphates , which are useful in analytic chemistry and removing calcium ions from hard water . In
3984-519: The calcium isotopic composition of urine have been shown to be related to changes in bone mineral balance. When the rate of bone formation exceeds the rate of bone resorption, the Ca/ Ca ratio in soft tissue rises and vice versa. Because of this relationship, calcium isotopic measurements of urine or blood may be useful in the early detection of metabolic bone diseases like osteoporosis . A similar system exists in seawater, where Ca/ Ca tends to rise when
4067-473: The coolest site, ranged from 3.92 to 5.61 degrees. The petitioner stated that the difference of only a few degrees over the course of a growing season can produce dramatic results on the enological characteristics of wine. He further stated that Red Mountain is typically the first grape growing area in Washington State to harvest grapes because of its warmer temperatures. According to the petitioner,
4150-628: The designated area, Candy Mountain is a sub-appellation entirely within the Yakima Valley and the expansive Columbia Valley AVAs adjacent to the eastern boundary of Goose Gap AVA and few miles southeast of Red Mountain AVA. Within the 815 acres (330 ha) minute AVA, there are currently two producing commercial vineyards, Candy Mountain Vineyard and Kitzke Cellars, which cultivate approximately 54 acres (22 ha) with future expansions for 200 acres (81 ha) The distinguishing features of
4233-399: The first and the second. Direct activation of enzymes by binding calcium is common; some other enzymes are activated by noncovalent association with direct calcium-binding enzymes. Calcium also binds to the phospholipid layer of the cell membrane , anchoring proteins associated with the cell surface. As an example of the wide range of solubility of calcium compounds, monocalcium phosphate
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#17327981875024316-747: The first type include limestone , dolomite , marble , chalk , and iceland spar ; aragonite beds make up the Bahamas , the Florida Keys , and the Red Sea basins. Corals , sea shells , and pearls are mostly made up of calcium carbonate. Among the other important minerals of calcium are gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O), anhydrite (CaSO 4 ), fluorite (CaF 2 ), and apatite ([Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 X], X = OH, Cl, or F).gre The major producers of calcium are China (about 10000 to 12000 tonnes per year), Russia (about 6000 to 8000 tonnes per year), and
4399-522: The following industry members with wine businesses within the Candy Mountain appellation: Ramer Holtan, who is developing a commercial wine grape vineyard on Candy Mountain; Premiere Columbia Partners LLC, owners of Candy Mountain Vineyard; and Paul and Vickie Kitzke, owners of Kitzke Cellars. For wines to bear the “Candy Mountain AVA” label, at least 85% of the grapes used for production must be grown in
4482-415: The formation of bone by allowing and enhancing the deposition of calcium ions there, allowing rapid bone turnover without affecting bone mass or mineral content. When plasma calcium levels fall, cell surface receptors are activated and the secretion of parathyroid hormone occurs; it then proceeds to stimulate the entry of calcium into the plasma pool by taking it from targeted kidney, gut, and bone cells, with
4565-432: The grape vines, as well as grape development and maturation. By contrast, the valley floor surrounding both the entire Candy Mountain and the AVA is essentially flat, with slope angles less than 2 degrees, and is susceptible to cold air pooling and the associated frosts and freezes. Additionally, much of the land immediately surrounding the appellation is a valley floor with elevations below 640 feet (195 m). The exception
4648-401: The grapes from being overheated. This constant air movement prevents air settling and frost damage to the grapes. The area has a desert climate with average annual rainfall of 5 inches (130 mm). During the growing season, daytime temperatures average 90 °F (32 °C) with nighttime temperatures dropping below 50 °F (10 °C). Vineyards rely on irrigation to supply water to
4731-432: The hypothetical MX. This occurs because of the much greater lattice energy afforded by the more highly charged Ca cation compared to the hypothetical Ca cation. Calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are always considered to be alkaline earth metals ; the lighter beryllium and magnesium , also in group 2 of the periodic table, are often included as well. Nevertheless, beryllium and magnesium differ significantly from
4814-417: The information for children and adolescents was not sufficient to determine ULs. Calcium is an essential element needed in large quantities. The Ca ion acts as an electrolyte and is vital to the health of the muscular, circulatory, and digestive systems; is indispensable to the building of bone in the form of hydroxyapatite ; and supports synthesis and function of blood cells. For example, it regulates
4897-413: The manufacture of soaps. On the other hand, the metal in pure form has few applications due to its high reactivity; still, in small quantities it is often used as an alloying component in steelmaking, and sometimes, as a calcium–lead alloy, in making automotive batteries. Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body . As electrolytes , calcium ions (Ca ) play
4980-501: The most common isotope of calcium in nature is Ca, which makes up 96.941% of all natural calcium. It is produced in the silicon-burning process from fusion of alpha particles and is the heaviest stable nuclide with equal proton and neutron numbers; its occurrence is also supplemented slowly by the decay of primordial K . Adding another alpha particle leads to unstable Ti, which decays via two successive electron captures to stable Ca; this makes up 2.806% of all natural calcium and
5063-434: The neighbouring group 2 metals. It crystallises in the face-centered cubic arrangement like strontium and barium; above 443 °C (716 K), it changes to a body-centered cubic . Its density of 1.526 g/cm (at 20 °C) is the lowest in its group. Calcium is harder than lead but can be cut with a knife with effort. While calcium is a poorer conductor of electricity than copper or aluminium by volume, it
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#17327981875025146-438: The north, south, and west of the mountain and Candy Mountain are at lower elevations and, therefore, have thicker accumulations of flood sediments in their soils. According to the petition, the soils of the AVA have an effect on viticulture. The soils are fairly loose, which allows for root expansion. The soils also do not have a large water holding capacity, meaning that vineyard owners must monitor soil moisture carefully to ensure
5229-525: The only element with two primordial doubly magic isotopes. The experimental lower limits for the half-lives of Ca and Ca are 5.9 × 10 years and 2.8 × 10 years respectively. Apart from the practically stable Ca, the longest lived radioisotope of calcium is Ca. It decays by electron capture to stable K with a half-life of about 10 years. Its existence in the early Solar System as an extinct radionuclide has been inferred from excesses of K: traces of Ca also still exist today, as it
5312-450: The origin of their wine, while helping vintners to build and enhance the reputation and value of the wines produced. AVAs also allow consumers to attribute a given quality, reputation, or other characteristic to a wine made from grapes grown in an AVA. AVAs also help consumers identify what they purchase. Calcium Calcium is a chemical element ; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal , calcium
5395-419: The other hand increases the compound's solubility, volatility, and kinetic stability. Natural calcium is a mixture of five stable isotopes ( Ca, Ca, Ca, Ca, and Ca) and one isotope with a half-life so long that it is for all practical purposes stable ( Ca , with a half-life of about 4.3 × 10 years). Calcium is the first (lightest) element to have six naturally occurring isotopes. By far
5478-428: The other members of the group in their physical and chemical behavior: they behave more like aluminium and zinc respectively and have some of the weaker metallic character of the post-transition metals , which is why the traditional definition of the term "alkaline earth metal" excludes them. Calcium metal melts at 842 °C and boils at 1494 °C; these values are higher than those for magnesium and strontium,
5561-477: The plaster in the tomb of Tutankhamun . The ancient Romans instead used lime mortars made by heating limestone (CaCO 3 ). The name "calcium" itself derives from the Latin word calx "lime". Vitruvius noted that the lime that resulted was lighter than the original limestone, attributing this to the boiling of the water. In 1755, Joseph Black proved that this was due to the loss of carbon dioxide , which as
5644-408: The rate of removal of Ca by mineral precipitation exceeds the input of new calcium into the ocean. In 1997, Skulan and DePaolo presented the first evidence of change in seawater Ca/ Ca over geologic time, along with a theoretical explanation of these changes. More recent papers have confirmed this observation, demonstrating that seawater Ca concentration is not constant, and that the ocean is never in
5727-407: The salt involved: calcium citrate , malate , and lactate are highly bioavailable, while the oxalate is less. Other calcium preparations include calcium carbonate , calcium citrate malate , and calcium gluconate . The intestine absorbs about one-third of calcium eaten as the free ion , and plasma calcium level is then regulated by the kidneys . Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D promote
5810-421: The similar ionic radii of Yb (102 pm) and Ca (100 pm). Most of these compounds can only be prepared at low temperatures; bulky ligands tend to favor stability. For example, calcium di cyclopentadienyl , Ca(C 5 H 5 ) 2 , must be made by directly reacting calcium metal with mercurocene or cyclopentadiene itself; replacing the C 5 H 5 ligand with the bulkier C 5 (CH 3 ) 5 ligand on
5893-500: The simplest terms, mountain-building exposes calcium-bearing rocks such as basalt and granodiorite to chemical weathering and releases Ca into surface water. These ions are transported to the ocean where they react with dissolved CO 2 to form limestone ( CaCO 3 ), which in turn settles to the sea floor where it is incorporated into new rocks. Dissolved CO 2 , along with carbonate and bicarbonate ions, are termed " dissolved inorganic carbon " (DIC). The actual reaction
5976-464: The soil is thicker do not have the same access to these elements as vines planted within the AVA. Candy Mountain lies 4 miles (6 km) southeast of Red Mountain and borders Goose Gap sharing similar terroir where southwest facing slopes experience warmer temperatures and more sunlight hours than any other part of the Columbia Valley. Like Red Mountain, it also has higher winds relative to
6059-522: The steel and become small and spherical, improving castability, cleanliness and general mechanical properties. Calcium is also used in maintenance-free automotive batteries , in which the use of 0.1% calcium– lead alloys instead of the usual antimony –lead alloys leads to lower water loss and lower self-discharging. Due to the risk of expansion and cracking, aluminium is sometimes also incorporated into these alloys. These lead–calcium alloys are also used in casting, replacing lead–antimony alloys. Calcium
6142-587: The surficial system (atmosphere, ocean, soils and living organisms), storing it in carbonate rocks where it is likely to stay for hundreds of millions of years. The weathering of calcium from rocks thus scrubs CO 2 from the ocean and atmosphere, exerting a strong long-term effect on climate. The largest use of metallic calcium is in steelmaking , due to its strong chemical affinity for oxygen and sulfur . Its oxides and sulfides, once formed, give liquid lime aluminate and sulfide inclusions in steel which float out; on treatment, these inclusions disperse throughout
6225-723: The surrounding area. Temperatures on Red Mountain tend to be hotter during the growing season than those in other areas of the Yakima Valley viticultural area. The nighttime temperatures drop considerably, helping to preserve the acid levels within the grape. To support this observation, the Red Mountain petition submitted temperature data gathered from weather stations in the Washington Public Agriculture Weather System administered by Washington State University . He compared data from
6308-473: The surrounding solution enriched in heavier isotopes at a magnitude of roughly 0.025% per atomic mass unit (amu) at room temperature. Mass-dependent differences in calcium isotope composition are conventionally expressed by the ratio of two isotopes (usually Ca/ Ca) in a sample compared to the same ratio in a standard reference material. Ca/ Ca varies by about 1- 2‰ among organisms on Earth. Calcium compounds were known for millennia, though their chemical makeup
6391-524: The vines allowing viniters to optimize the growth cycle of their grapevines . Within its 815 acres (1.3 sq mi), the minute AVA began with two producing commercial vineyards, Candy Mountain Vineyard and Kitzke Cellars, which cultivated approximately 54 acres (22 ha). Additionally, Mr. Holtan secured long-term leases from the Washington Department of Natural Resources to cultivate additional 200 acres (81 ha) of vineyards in
6474-414: The vines have adequate access to water. Finally, the thin soils allow roots to come into contact with the underlying basalt bedrock, which is composed of calcium -rich feldspars and other minerals that are rich in iron and magnesium , such as pyroxene and olivine . The petition states that these minerals and nutrients are only present in the bedrock, so vines planted in the surrounding regions where
6557-470: The warmer temperatures also help to produce fully mature, ripe grapes with exceptional balance that differ substantially in quality from those of other growing areas in the state. At Benton City, the Yakima River flows past the area and provides a moderating effect on the temperature. Cool air from the northern elevations flowing to the lower river valley moves across the hillside vineyards and keeps
6640-490: The weather stations of Benton City , Sunnyside , Buena , and Gleed , all located in the Yakima Valley viticultural area. The Benton City station is located on Red Mountain within its viticultural area. A comparison of average annual air temperatures for the years 1995 through 1999 shows that the Benton City station consistently had the warmest temperatures. The average temperature difference between Benton City and Gleed,
6723-699: The wine be fully finished within the state. Washington requires 95% of the grapes in a Washington wine be grown in Washington, although notably the Columbia Valley AVA , Columbia Gorge AVA , and Walla Walla Valley AVA are shared with Oregon. AVAs vary widely in size, ranging from the Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA , at more than 19 million acres (29,900 square miles (77,000 km )) across four states ( Illinois , Iowa , Minnesota , and Wisconsin ), to
6806-516: Was not understood until the 17th century. Lime as a building material and as plaster for statues was used as far back as around 7000 BC. The first dated lime kiln dates back to 2500 BC and was found in Khafajah , Mesopotamia . About the same time, dehydrated gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) was being used in the Great Pyramid of Giza . This material would later be used for
6889-470: Was obtained from heating limestone. Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy , who named the element. Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for calcium supplementation , in the paper industry as bleaches, as components in cement and electrical insulators, and in
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