Canudos is a municipality in the northeast region of Bahia , Brazil . The original town, since flooded by the Cocorobó Dam , was the scene of violent clashes between peasants and republican police in the 1890s.
27-492: The municipality contains part of the Raso da Catarina ecoregion. The town of Canudos was founded in the racially diverse Bahia state of northeastern Brazil in 1893 by Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel, an itinerant preacher from Ceara . Mendes Maciel had been wandering through the backroads and lesser-inhabited areas of the country from the 1870s onwards, followed by a band of loyal supporters. As his following swelled, he took on
54-468: A leather exporting business. As a community, Canudos operated somewhat like a religious commune, with Antônio Conselheiro as the principal member and director. Canudos was a heavily religious settlement, under the sway of Antonio's fanaticism, but despite his fanaticism he did not assume any official position of authority. The settlement practiced common ownership, abolished the official currency, negated Brazilian national laws and participated collectively in
81-457: A vida a uma criancinha (...) é o maior dos barbarismos e dos crimes que o homem pode praticar." ("I saw and witnessed the sacrifice of all those poor people (...) and I say with all sincerity: in Canudos almost all the prisoners were beheaded (...) To take the life of a little child (...) is the greatest of cruelties and crimes man can commit.") Today the area is submerged by water, the result of
108-416: A young Army lieutenant . On August 15, 1909, finding about his wife's affair, da Cunha went to Assis' house to kill him. He shot Assis and his brother Dinorah, failing to kill either. Assis shot da Cunha when Euclides had already left his house, and the writer was killed. According to Hecht's account, there was doubt whether Dilermando murdered a fleeing man who had run out of bullets, or whether Euclides still
135-554: Is a sandstone plateau, much eroded, that is extremely dry for most of the year. Vegetation includes low bushes, often thorny, cacti and bromeliads . The core of the Raso da Caterina roughly corresponds to a rectangle bounded by the São Francisco River to the north, BR-110 to the east, Vaza-Barris River to the south and BR-116 to the west. It contains the communities of Cocorobó in the southwest and Paulo Afonso in
162-464: Is denser and less spiny than caatinga on crystalline soils. The War of Canudos , led by the religious preacher Antônio Conselheiro , caused a confrontation between peasants and republican troops. Between 1896 and 1897 about 30,000 people died in the slaughter. Many of the relics of that time are now submerged by the Cocorobó Dam . Later the outlaw " Lampião " (Virgulino Ferreira), also known as
189-644: Is one of eight ecoregions of the caatinga domain in the Tucano-Jatobá sedimentary basin. It is in the east-central portion of the area, characterized by a markedly seasonal climate that has severe for drought ten to eleven months of the year. The Köppen climate classification is mostly Bsh, with very irregular rainfall, high temperatures and strong evaporation. The vegetation is caatinga , including highly-branched bushes, often thorny, 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) high, cacti and bromeliads. Full-size trees are rare. The vegetation
216-681: The Cocorobó Dam project in the 1970s, which blocked the Vaza-Barris River and flooded the old city. At low water the ruins of the church that was once the village's centrepiece can occasionally be seen. Once a year, in October, a mass is held to commemorate those lost in what is known today as the War of Canudos . The municipality of Nova Canudos was built nearby, at latitude 09º53'48" South and longitude 39º01'35" West, and currently has around 13,000 inhabitants. The story of Canudos
243-679: The Instituto Histórico e Geográfico , the Historical and Geographic Institute In 1904, Da Cunha was employed on a joint Brazilian-Peruvian expedition to determine a border between the countries. This expedition travelled down the Purus River, which was heavily exploited by rubber tappers. During this time, Da Cunha produced his essay "Os Caucheros" which provides an architype for the "cauchero" or rubber tapper. According to historian Susanna B. Hecht , who wrote The Scramble for
270-498: The "King of Cangaço ", found shelter in the region. The region is considered a priority areas for conservation, sustainable use and sharing of the benefits of biodiversity in the Caatinga Ecological Corridor , established in 2006. Conservation units in the region include: Euclides da Cunha Euclides da Cunha ( Portuguese: [ewˈklidʒiʒ dɐ ˈkũɲɐ] , January 20, 1866 – August 15, 1909)
297-839: The Amazon and the Lost Paradise of Euclides Da Cunha , Carlos Scharff , a successful rubber baron on the Purus River, was "the model for the Caucho King in Da Cunha's essay Os Caucheiros". In 1909 Da Cunha was admitted as chairman and professor of Logic at the Colégio Pedro II , a public secondary school in Rio. Euclides da Cunha married Ana Emília Ribeiro, daughter of major Sólon Ribeiro , in 1890. The couple had five children. Ana Emília had an affair with Dilermando de Assis,
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#1732794624532324-693: The Army in 1896 in order to dedicate himself to studying civil engineering . In 1897 he accompanied the Army in the Campanha de Canudos , against a rebellious group of peasants under the leadership of Antonio Conselheiro . Between 7 August and 1 October, he was in the Sertão ("backland"), as war correspondent for the O Estado de S. Paulo newspaper. In 1903 he was elected to the Academia Brasileira de Letras (Brazilian Academy of Letters) and
351-481: The Raso da Catarina Ecoregion comprises portions of the states of Pernambuco and Bahia in a long and narrow north-south strip in the central-eastern part of the biome. It covers 30,800 square kilometres (11,900 sq mi) defined by the natural geomorphological limits of the Tucano-Jatoba sedimentary basin. It has deep soils, excessively drained, acidic and very low fertility. In Bahia it includes parts of
378-651: The character of The Journalist in Mario Vargas Llosa 's The War of the End of the World . Euclides da Cunha was born January 20, 1866, in Cantagalo , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , where he lived until he was three years old. His grandparents were of Portuguese origin. He attended in 1885 Escola Politécnica , and after he attended Escola Militar da Praia Vermelha , a military school in Rio, beginning in 1886. He
405-421: The management of the town. Canudos was in essence a reaction against the contemporary Brazilian nation. Neither the local nor national government supported the settlement in Canudos. The local government of Bahia felt pressure from landowners to take action against the settlement because of labor shortages caused by migration. The Brazilian national government wanted a military expedition sent to destroy Canudos in
432-411: The municipalities of Canudos, Cícero Dantas , Chorrochó , Euclides da Cunha , Glória , Jeremoabo, Macururé, Paulo Afonso, Ribeira do Pombal , Rodelas , Santa Brígida and Uauá . The region is located in the driest part of the state of Bahia , classified as a transition zone between the arid and semi-arid regions. Temperatures range from 15 to 43 °C (59 to 109 °F). The Raso da Catarina
459-629: The name Antônio Conselheiro ( Antônio the Counselor ) and increasingly began to trouble the local authorities, who saw him as a Monarchist and thus a threat to their legitimacy. In 1893, following a protest over taxation and a violent melee with the police forces in Masseté, Conselheiro and his band settled on an abandoned farm called Canudos, so called because a plant, canudo-de-pita (scientific name Ipomoea carnea , its popular name referring to its hollow tubes, used for manufacturing smoking pipes)
486-401: The name of liberalism and progress. In the words of one historian, "The mere existence of autonomous movements not subject to state control was antithetical to the national interest. Canudos stood for such autonomy, and therefore had to be destroyed." The first three invasions were amply defeated by the villagers. However, in 1897, a considerably larger fourth invasion force managed to overwhelm
513-532: The northeast, and holds the Serra Branca in the south. It has an area of about 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi), and covers parts of the municipalities of Paulo Afonso, Jeremoabo , Canudos and Macururé . The core Raso da Caterina is a sandstone plateau that dates back to the Cretaceous . The landscape has many canyons and rocks carved by erosion into huge obelisks. In a broader sense
540-507: The novel " The First Garment " (1975) by a Georgian writer Guram Dochanashvili . The municipality contains the 1,321 hectares (3,260 acres) Canudos State Park , created in 1986 to commemorate the War of Canudos. 9°57′50″S 39°09′50″W / 9.964°S 39.164°W / -9.964; -39.164 Raso da Catarina The Raso da Catarina is an ecoregion in the caatinga biome of Bahia and Pernambuco , Brazil. It
567-477: The village. Their success was in part helped by the death, from dysentery , of Antônio Conselheiro, during the early stages of the siege . The Brazilian army showed no mercy, brutally massacring the survivors and destroying the entire village. An academic, Alvim Horcades, would thus describe the massacre: "Eu vi e assisti a sacrificar-se todos aqueles miseráveis (...) e com sinceridade o digo: em Canudos foram degolados quase todos os prisioneiros (...) Arrancar-se
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#1732794624532594-588: Was a Brazilian journalist , sociologist and engineer . His most important work is Os Sertões ( Rebellion in the Backlands ), a non-fictional account of the military expeditions promoted by the Brazilian government against the rebellious village of Canudos , known as the War of Canudos . This book was a favorite of Robert Lowell , who ranked it above Tolstoy . Jorge Luis Borges also commented on it in his short story " Three Versions of Judas ". The book
621-4079: Was a threat to Dilermando (which would make the murder self-defense.) The jury decided for the latter scenario and acquitted Dilermando. Da Cunha was 43 years old. 1 ( Adelino Fontoura ): Luís Murat ► Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay ► Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins ► Bernardo Élis ► Evandro Lins e Silva ► Ana Maria Machado 2 ( Álvares de Azevedo ): Coelho Neto ► João Neves da Fontoura ► João Guimarães Rosa ► Mário Palmério ► Tarcísio Padilha ► Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca 3 ( Artur de Oliveira ): Filinto de Almeida ► Roberto Simonsen ► Aníbal Freire da Fonseca ► Herberto Sales ► Carlos Heitor Cony ► Joaquim Falcão 4 ( Basílio da Gama ): Aluísio Azevedo ► Alcides Maia ► Viana Moog ► Carlos Nejar 5 ( Bernardo Guimarães ): Raimundo Correia ► Oswaldo Cruz ► Aloísio de Castro ► Cândido Mota Filho ► Rachel de Queiroz ► José Murilo de Carvalho ► Ailton Krenak 6 ( Casimiro de Abreu ): Teixeira de Melo ► Artur Jaceguai ► Goulart de Andrade ► Barbosa Lima Sobrinho ► Raimundo Faoro ► Cícero Sandroni 7 ( Castro Alves ): Valentim Magalhães ► Euclides da Cunha ► Afrânio Peixoto ► Afonso Pena Júnior ► Hermes Lima ► Pontes de Miranda ► Diná Silveira de Queirós ► Sérgio Correia da Costa ► Nelson Pereira dos Santos ► Cacá Diegues 8 ( Cláudio Manuel da Costa ): Alberto de Oliveira ► Oliveira Viana ► Austregésilo de Athayde ► Antônio Calado ► Antônio Olinto ► Cleonice Berardinelli ► Ricardo Cavaliere 9 ( Gonçalves de Magalhães ): Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo ► Marques Rebelo ► Carlos Chagas Filho ► Alberto da Costa e Silva ► Lilia Moritz Schwarcz 10 ( Evaristo da Veiga ): Rui Barbosa ► Laudelino Freire ► Osvaldo Orico ► Orígenes Lessa ► Lêdo Ivo ► Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira 11 ( Fagundes Varela ): Lúcio de Mendonça ► Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa ► Eduardo Ramos ► João Luís Alves ► Adelmar Tavares ► Deolindo Couto ► Darcy Ribeiro ► Celso Furtado ► Hélio Jaguaribe ► Ignácio de Loyola Brandão 12 ( França Júnior ): Urbano Duarte de Oliveira ► Antônio Augusto de Lima ► Vítor Viana ► José Carlos de Macedo Soares ► Abgar Renault ► Lucas Moreira Neves ► Alfredo Bosi ► Paulo Niemeyer Filho 13 ( Francisco Otaviano ): Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay ► Francisco de Castro ► Martins Júnior ► Sousa Bandeira ► Hélio Lobo ► Augusto Meyer ► Francisco de Assis Barbosa ► Sérgio Paulo Rouanet ► Ruy Castro 14 ( Franklin Távora ): Clóvis Beviláqua ► Antônio Carneiro Leão ► Fernando de Azevedo ► Miguel Reale ► Celso Lafer 15 ( Gonçalves Dias ): Olavo Bilac ► Amadeu Amaral ► Guilherme de Almeida ► Odilo Costa Filho ► Marcos Barbosa ► Fernando Bastos de Ávila ► Marco Lucchesi 16 ( Gregório de Matos ): Araripe Júnior ► Félix Pacheco ► Pedro Calmon ► Lygia Fagundes Telles ► Jorge Caldeira 17 ( Hipólito da Costa ): Sílvio Romero ► Osório Duque-Estrada ► Edgar Roquette-Pinto ► Álvaro Lins ► Antônio Houaiss ► Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco ► Fernanda Montenegro 18 ( João Francisco Lisboa ): José Veríssimo ► Barão Homem de Melo ► Alberto Faria ► Luís Carlos ► Pereira da Silva ► Peregrino Júnior ► Arnaldo Niskier 19 ( Joaquim Caetano ): Alcindo Guanabara ► Silvério Gomes Pimenta ► Gustavo Barroso ► Silva Melo ► Américo Jacobina Lacombe ► Marcos Almir Madeira ► Antônio Carlos Secchin 20 ( Joaquim Manuel de Macedo ): Salvador de Mendonça ► Emílio de Meneses ► Humberto de Campos ► Múcio Leão ► Aurélio de Lira Tavares ► Murilo Melo Filho ► Gilberto Gil 21 ( Joaquim Serra ): José do Patrocínio ► Mário de Alencar ► Olegário Mariano ► Álvaro Moreira ► Adonias Filho ► Dias Gomes ► Roberto Campos ► Paulo Coelho 22 ( José Bonifácio
648-514: Was common in the region. The place was named Belo Monte (Beautiful Mount) by Antonio Conselheiro, but the old name, Arraial de Canudos , prevailed. Over the years people from across Bahia, including landless farmers , former slaves , indigenous people and cangaceiros flocked to join him, and within a few years the fledgling settlement numbered 30,000 people (which made it the second largest urban center in Bahia behind Salvador) and had developed
675-679: Was expelled from the military school in 1888, due to his participation in an act of protest during a visit of the Brazilian War Minister, Tomás Coelho [ pt ] , who was a member of the last Conservative cabinet of the Brazilian Empire . He was readmitted to the Escola Militar in 1889. He was admitted to the Brazilian War School ( Escola de Guerra ) in 1891 . He was discharged from
702-469: Was told by war correspondent Euclides da Cunha in the book Os Sertões (1901; translated into English as Rebellion in the Backlands , 1944), which helped inspire and provide material for the novel The War of the End of the World by Peruvian Nobel Laureate Mario Vargas Llosa (1981). The conflict was also described at length by Peter Robb in "A Death in Brazil" (2004). In fictional form it appears in
729-575: Was translated into English by Samuel Putnam and published by the University of Chicago Press in 1944. It remains in print. He was heavily influenced by Naturalism and its Darwinian proponents. Os Sertões characterised the coast of Brazil as a chain of civilisations while the interior remained more primitive. He occupied the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1903 until his death in 1909. He served as inspiration for
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