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65-715: This First Nation's language is Dakota (a Siouan dialect) and they are affiliated with the Great Buffalo Nation Dakota. The community has a high level of cultural and language retention and has very strong ties to other nearby Dakota First Nations, such as the Birdtail Sioux First Nation , Dakota Plains First Nation , and Sioux Valley First Nation . The main reserve is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Pipestone , in whose southeastern portion it lies. The reserve

130-433: A the háza his-house Péternek a háza of-Peter the his-house Possessive determiners are used in combination with a noun, playing the role of a determiner or attributive adjective . In English and some other languages, the use of such a word implies the definite article . For example, my car implies the car that belongs to me or is used by me ; it is not correct to precede possessives with an article (*

195-807: A case ending (see below , and further at English possessive ). In languages that have a genitive case, the genitive form of a noun may sometimes be used as a possessive (as in German Karls Haus "Karl's house"). Languages such as Japanese and Chinese form possessive constructions with nouns using possessive particles, in the same way as described for pronouns above. An example from Japanese is: neko cat no PTCL iro color neko no iro cat PTCL color "the cat's color" In other languages, noun possessives must be formed periphrastically , as in French la plume de ma tante ("my aunt's pen", literally "the pen of my aunt"). In Hungarian ,

260-451: A variety of terminologies for each): Some languages, including English, also have possessive forms derived from nouns or nominal phrases , such as Jane's , the cows' and nobody else's . These can be used in the same two ways as the pronoun-derived forms: Jane's office or that one is Jane's . Possessives are sometimes regarded as a grammatical case (the possessive case ), although they are also sometimes considered to represent

325-473: A comparative table of the various writing systems conceived over time for the Dakota languages, cf. the specific section of the article Sioux language . Dakota has five oral vowels, /a e i o u/ , and three nasal vowels, /ã ĩ ũ/ . In respect to phonology, Eastern and Western Dakota differ particularly in consonant clusters. The table below gives the possible consonant clusters and shows the differences between

390-465: A concept. Abstract intransitive ; (wa-) Does not specify an object and is further generalized as a concept. Abstract possessive ; (wa- + -ki; & wa- + hd-) Specifies that the action is upon one’s own, and is further generalized as a concept. Abstract transitive ; (wa-) Requires an object, and is further generalized as a concept. Auxiliary ; Follows an unconjugated verb and modifies it. Benefactive ; Dative 2; (-kíči-) An action that

455-605: A dual Dakota/Lakota program, offering an Associate of Science degree in Dakhótiyapi. The Cankdeska Cikana Community College on the Spirit Lake reservation offers a Dakota Language Certification. A Dakota-English Dictionary by Stephen Return Riggs is a historic resource for referencing dialect and historic documents. The accuracy of the work is disputed, as Riggs left provisions in the English copy untranslated in

520-468: A noun, signifies the different parts of one's self. For example, the possessive natural article pronoun mi- , which means "my," can be added to nouns such as "eye," in miíšta , or "words," in mióie; for inalienable objects such as one's body or intellectual property, and in some cases for possessive form of relative terms such as "my little brother," misúŋ, or "my daughter," mičhúŋkši. (However most relative terms are in their base form possessive; or use

585-464: A set of possessive pronouns . For example, the English personal pronouns I , you , he , she , it , we and they correspond to the possessive determiners my , your , his , her , its , our and their and also to the (substantive) possessive pronouns mine , yours , his , hers , its (rare), ours and theirs . In some instances there is no difference in form between the determiner and

650-457: A similar way, as in háza ("his/her house"), formed from ház ("house"). In Hungarian this affix can also be used when the possessor is represented by a full noun, as described in the next section. Pronouns other than personal pronouns, if they have possessive forms, are likely to form them in a similar way to nouns (see below). In English, for example, possessive forms derived from other pronouns include one's , somebody's and nobody's . There

715-651: Is a Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ , commonly known in English as the Sioux. Dakota is closely related to and mutually intelligible with the Lakota language . It is definitely endangered, with only around 290 fluent speakers left out of an ethnic population of almost 250,000. Dakota, similar to many Native American languages, is a mainly polysynthetic language , meaning that different morphemes in

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780-432: Is a word or grammatical construction indicating a relationship of possession in a broad sense. This can include strict ownership , or a number of other types of relation to a greater or lesser degree analogous to it. Most European languages feature possessive forms associated with personal pronouns , like the English my , mine , your , yours , his and so on. There are two main ways in which these can be used (and

845-446: Is commonly called reduplication. Examples are as such; waštéšte "good things", p’op’ó "it is very foggy", and šigšíčA "bad things, ugly things" In order to show possession in Dakota, a possessive pronoun may be prefixed whichever noun is being possessed. Two forms of possessive nouns occur, the natural class and the artificial or alienable class. Natural class pronouns express possession that cannot be alienated, and when prefixed to

910-450: Is done in kind to one another. Reflexive ; (-ič’i- & -ihd-) An action done to or for one's self. Stative ; A verb describing a state of being. Transitive ; An action that requires an object or subject. In the Dakota language, affixes are used to change the meaning of words by attaching to the root word. Affixes can be added to both nouns and verbs, and they come in the form of prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are added to

975-467: Is done using the ending -'s , as in Jane's , heaven's , the boy's , those young men's , or sometimes just an apostrophe, as in workers', Jesus', the soldiers'. Note that the ending can be added at the end of a noun phrase even when the phrase does not end with its head noun, as in the king of England's ; this property inclines many linguists towards the view that the ending is a clitic rather than

1040-544: Is for someone else’s benefit or on their behalf. Causative ; (-ye, -ya & -yaŋ) An action that causes something or someone to change state or action. Dative 1; (-ki- & -khi-) An action that indicates an object or recipient. Ditransitive ; An action that requires two objects, whether the actor and another or two items. Intransitive ; An action that doesn’t need an object. Possessive ; (-ki-, & -hd-) An action that targets one's own. Reciprocal ; (-kičhi- +/- -pi) An action between two parties that

1105-519: Is generally limited to such adverbs as more , less , or as much ... as ( comparative ) or mostly ( superlative ), for example in This is more my team than your team and This is mostly my team . Substantive possessive pronouns are used on their own and cannot be used to describe a noun, playing the role of noun phrases , so mine may stand for "my cat", "my sister", "my things", etc. In some languages these may require articles or other determiners, as

1170-575: Is however a distinct form whose for the possessive of the interrogative and relative pronoun who ; other languages may have similarly functioning words, such as the Russian чей chey ("whose?"). Another possessive found in Russian and other Slavic languages is the reflexive possessive, corresponding to the general reflexive pronoun ; the Russian form is свой svoj (meaning "one's (own)", "my (own)", etc.). In some languages, possessives can be formed from nouns or nominal phrases . In English, this

1235-621: Is in fact lexically closer to the Lakota language than it is to Santee-Sisseton. The following table gives some examples: Yankton-Yanktonai has the same three ablaut grades as Lakota (a, e, iŋ), while in Santee-Sisseton there are only two (a, e). This significantly impacts word forms, especially in fast speech and it is another reason why Yankton-Yanktonai has better mutual intelligibility with Lakota than with Santee-Sisseton. Some examples: There are other grammatical differences between

1300-653: Is located in the unceded territory of the Dakota people in Treaty 2 . Canupawakpa, like all Dakota reserves in Canada, are not signatories to Treaties with Canada. Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation 49°37′17″N 100°56′07″W  /  49.6215°N 100.9352°W  / 49.6215; -100.9352 This Manitoba location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dakota language The Dakota language ( Dakota : Dakhód'iapi or Dakȟótiyapi ), also referred to as Dakhóta ,

1365-421: Is something other than the default the implied in the usual possessive determiner. The terminology used for possessive words and phrases is not consistent among all grammarians and linguists . What some authors refer to as possessives , others may call genitives , and vice versa. Nowadays, however, the term genitive is most commonly used in relation to languages with a developed case system (in which

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1430-647: Is the possessive particle. Similarly in Mandarin Chinese , "my" or "mine" is wǒ de , where wǒ means "I" and de is the possessive particle. An alternative to the pronominal possessive determiner, found in some languages, including Finnish and Hungarian , is the possessive affix , usually a suffix, attached to the noun denoting the thing possessed. For example, in Finnish the suffix -ni means "my", producing forms such as taloni ("my house"), from talo ("house"). Hungarian possessive suffixes are used in

1495-655: Is the work of Dr. Clifford Canku as well as Michael Simon. The Dakhóta Iápi Okhódakičhiye worked with Dakota language speakers, teachers, and linguists to create their Speak Dakota! textbooks, which are a fully illustrated series that is linguistically and pedagogically consistent. In 2023, the group released a free Dakota language app called, Dakhód Iápi Wičhóie Wówapi , containing more than 28,000 words and 40,000 audio files to aid in pronunciation. Possessive A possessive or ktetic form ( abbreviated POS or POSS ; from Latin : possessivus ; Ancient Greek : κτητικός , romanized :  ktētikós )

1560-729: The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community funded a Dakota language training program called Voices of Our Ancestors, which provided four tribal communities with the resources to immerse 20 students in 40 hours a week of language. The tribal colleges which participated were Cankdeska Cikana Community College in North Dakota, Fort Peck Community College in Montana, the Nebraska Indian Community College Santee campus and

1625-643: The Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate college was established. They maintain a Dakota studies program, with Dakota language specialist trainings. The college has a dictionary and other materials available on their website, created through grants at their Kaksiza Caŋhdeṡka Center. These books and materials are hand crafted with the hard work and dedication of elder speakers of the Lake Traverse reservation community, with regular weekly meetings to create curriculum or work with learners; President Azure at

1690-478: The genitive case , or are not assigned to any case, depending on which language is being considered. On the other hand, some languages, such as the Cariban languages , can be said to have a possessed case , used to indicate the other party (the thing possessed) in a possession relationship. A similar feature found in some languages is the possessive affix , usually a suffix, added to the (possessed) noun to indicate

1755-459: The "genitive case" often has a wider range of functions than merely forming possessives), while in languages like English, such words are usually called possessives rather than genitives. A given language may have distinct genitive and possessive forms, as in the example of Russian given above. (The English possessive in -'s is sometimes called the Saxon genitive ; this alludes to its derivation from

1820-586: The Dakota Language Program collaborated to develop the Dakota Language House Living Learning Community in hopes of it becoming a full-immersion Dakota program. It is an opportunity for students to live with others who are speaking, or learning to speak, Dakota. Dakota language instructor Šišóka Dúta ( Sisithunwan-Wahpethunwan Dakhota ) noted, "To speak the language is to literally breathe life into

1885-523: The Dakota version and sometimes revised the meaning of Dakota words to fit a Eurocentric viewpoint. Dakota Prisoner of War Letters is a great historic resource as it highlights fluently written Dakota language letters from the time of the Camp Kearney prison camp located in Davenport, IA, in 1863–1866. These letters are to relatives back home or to their closest representative they could find. It

1950-412: The English possessive determiner my , as well as the forms le mien , la mienne , les mien(ne)s corresponding to English possessive pronoun mine . Since personal pronouns may also agree in number and gender with their own antecedent or referent , the possessive forms may consequently show agreement with either the "possessor" or the "possessed", or both. In French (and most other Romance languages )

2015-417: The French le mien etc. In English, the -'s possessives formed from nouns or noun phrases can be used in the same way; the president's may stand for "the president's office", "the president's policies", etc., as determined by the context. A related use is that of the predicative expression , as in sentences like the book is mine . Here mine may be considered to be a predicate adjective (like red in

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2080-731: The Sisseton Wahpeton College in South Dakota. The Fort Peck Culture Department create the Yanktonai Dakota Vocab Builder in the same year. In 2018, the Lower Sioux Indian Community launched their Dakota immersion Head Start and also maintains online language classes to support the learning of their children and their families. The Dakota Wicohan program on Lower Sioux works with older youth to immerse them in

2145-498: The beginning of a word, infixes inside of the word, and suffixes are added to the end of a word. For example, the verb wóyakA means "to tell a story" in Dakota. By adding the infixed " -ki- ", the word becomes wókiyakA , which means "to tell someone". On the other hand, by adding the suffix " -pi ," the word becomes " wóyakapi ", which can mean "a story, a narrative" or "they are all telling stories". Dakota being an agglutinative language means that affixes are added to

2210-410: The book is red ) rather than a pronoun; in English, however, the same possessive form is used. Other languages may use differing forms; for example French may use ...est à moi for "...is mine". A particular use of possessive pronouns and noun forms in English is that illustrated in phrases like a friend of mine and that coat of Fred's , used to form possessive expressions when the desired determiner

2275-458: The causative suffix -yA .) Meanwhile, artificial possessive pronouns are used to signify property and possessions that can be transferred or traded. For example, the artificial pronoun tha- , which may become thi- , and tho- , is equivalent to the verb tháwa , "his or hers," can be prefixed onto nouns such as "bow," in thinázipe , and "friend," in thakhódaku . Dakota is mainly a subject-object-verb (SOV) language, where nouns, whether they are

2340-429: The construction Mária háza is used ("Maria's house", literally "Maria her house", where the final -a in háza is the possessive suffix meaning "her"). The possessor noun can carry an additional dative marker, in which case an article appears before the noun. For example, "Peter's house" may be translated either as: Péter Peter háza his-house Péter háza Peter his-house Péternek of-Peter

2405-608: The dialects. The University of Minnesota was the first American University to establish a Dakota language class in their American Indian studies department. In 1966 a small group petitioned the University's administration to "establish links between the University and Minnesota's eleven federally-recognized tribes to develop recruitment and retention efforts for American Indian students, and to create courses on issues of importance to American Indian communities". In 2022, University of Minnesota's American Indian Studies Department and

2470-599: The dialects: The two dialects also differ in the diminutive suffix ( -daŋ, -da in Santee, and -na in Yankton-Yanktonai and in Sisseton) and in a number of other phonetic issues that are harder to categorize. The following table gives examples of words that differ in their phonology. There are also numerous lexical differences between the two Dakota dialects as well as between the sub-dialects. Yankton-Yanktonai

2535-442: The first, the second, and the third. Person is indicated through the addition (first and second person) or subtraction (third person, the verb is used in its simplest form) of personal pronoun affixes. There are two forms of tense in the language, the aorist (as verbs, adjectives, and other nouns, sometimes called the indefinite) and the future . In order to express the future tense, the suffixes kta or kte are placed after

2600-493: The form of affixes can be combined to form a single word. Nouns in Dakota can be broken down into two classes, primitive and derivative. Primitive nouns are nouns whose origin cannot be deduced from any other word (for example makhá or earth, phéta or fire, and até or father), while derivative nouns are nouns that are formed in various ways from words of other grammatical categories. Primitive nouns stand on their own and are separate from other words. Derivative nouns, on

2665-452: The gender (and number and case) of the thing possessed. In languages that have a genitive case , the possessive forms corresponding to pronouns may or may not resemble the genitive of those pronouns. For example, in Russian , the genitive of я ja "I" is меня menya ("of me"), whereas the corresponding possessive is мой moy ("my, mine", in masculine singular nominative form). In German

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2730-495: The genitive case that existed in Old English . It may also be called the prenominal genitive ; this also applies to analogous forms in languages such as German.) Words like the English my and your have traditionally been called possessive adjectives . However, modern linguists note that they behave more like determiners rather than true adjectives (see examples in the § Syntax section above), and thus prefer

2795-491: The language and culture. Dakota Wicohan offers curriculum on Dakota values, language and customs through their website. In North Dakota, there are state and tribal colleges teaching Dakota. The University of North Dakota has an Indigenous Language Education program up through a Bachelor of Science degree. Sitting Bull College , which serves the Standing Rock Indian Reservation maintains

2860-428: The language because you're using the air to speak language, and so, in a metaphorical but in the literal way. So by speaking the language, we're breathing life into it and that's actually a phrase in our language". The University's classes currently include classes on teaching Dakota, alongside Dakota Linguistics, for years one through four. In 2023, the University introduced a Dakota language major program. In 1979,

2925-576: The my car ) or other definite determiner such as a demonstrative (* this my car ), although they can combine with quantifiers in the same ways that the can ( all my cars , my three cars , etc.; see English determiners ). This is not the case in all languages; for example in Italian the possessive is usually preceded by another determiner such as an article, as in la mia macchina ("my car", literally "the my car") or quel tuo libro ("that book of yours", literally "that your book"). Some languages place

2990-418: The nouns, both subject and object, are always placed at the beginning of the clause. Dakota has two major dialects with two sub-dialects each: The two dialects differ phonologically, grammatically, and to a large extent, also lexically. They are mutually intelligible to a high extent, although Western Dakota appears lexically closer to the Lakota language with which it has high mutual intelligibility. For

3055-443: The other hand, are formed by the addition of affixes to words in other grammatical categories. Verbs in Dakota can appropriate, through agglutination and synthesis, many of the pronominal , prepositional , and adverbial or modal affixes of the language. There are many verbal roots, all of which are only used once certain causative prefixes are added, forming participles . Like in English, Dakota verbs also have three persons ,

3120-523: The possessive after the noun, as in Norwegian boka mi ("my book"). Here again the equivalent of the definite article – in this case the definite ending -a on the noun bok – is used in addition to the possessive. However, the forms min bok or mi bok , where the noun bok is in the indefinite form, are equally correct. Possessive determiners may be modified with an adverb , as adjectives are, although not as freely or as commonly. Such modification

3185-428: The possessive is a subset of genitive. For example, the genitive construction "speed of the car " is equivalent to the possessive form " the car's speed". However, the genitive construction "pack of dogs " is not the same as the possessive form " dogs' pack" (though it is the same as "dog pack", which is not possessive). The personal pronouns of many languages correspond to both a set of possessive determiners and

3250-497: The possessor, as in the Finnish taloni ("my house"), where talo means "house" and the suffix -ni means "my". The concepts of possessive forms and genitive forms are sometimes conflated, although they are not exactly the same. The genitive form, which does not exist in modern English as a productive inflection outside of pronouns ( see below ), represents an of relationship, which may or may not be possessive; in other words,

3315-422: The prefix a- meaning "upon" AkáȟpA + -kiči + -čhiyA = Akáȟpekičičhiye . Overall, affixes in the Dakota language play an important role in creating new words and adding nuances to the meaning of existing words. They allow speakers to express complex ideas in a concise and efficient manner. Infixoids are morphemes that can occur either as infixes , circumfixes , or transfixes depending on

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3380-560: The previous. This contrasts with standard Dutch and English, where the form of the possessives ( zijn , haar; his , her , its ) indicates the grammatical or natural gender of the possessor, but does not depend on properties of the possessed. Additionally, German and several Dutch dialects additionally inflect their possessives, thus giving agreement with both possessor and possessed; German has sein and ihr meaning "his" and "her" respectively, but these inflect to give (for example) feminine forms like seine and ihre , depending on

3445-469: The pronoun; examples include the English his (and its ), and informal Finnish meidän (meaning either "our" or "ours"). In some languages, possessive determiners are subject to agreement with the noun they modify and possessive pronouns may be subject to agreement with their antecedent , in gender , number and case . For example, French has mon , ma , mes , respectively the masculine singular, feminine singular and plural forms corresponding to

3510-453: The root word without changing the form of the root word. This can result in long, complex words that can convey a lot of information in a single word. For example, the Dakota word akáȟpekičičhiyA , means "to cover up something for one; to pass by a matter, forgive, or cancel". This word is made up of the root word kaȟpÁ (meaning "to cover, knock down or take something down"), the suffix - kičičhiyA meaning "to or for, (causative)", and

3575-526: The specific context and meaning of the word being used. Locatives Abstract and indefinite object markers A duplifix is a morpheme that is a morphological process in which the root or part of a word (or even the whole word) is repeated exactly or with a slight change. Unlike other types of affixes, duplifixes can emphasize or intensify the meaning of the word rather than change its grammatical function, or can be used to indicate plurality or repetition, or to modify adjectives or verbs for emphasis. This

3640-419: The subject or object, always come before the verb. And when two nouns are used in the same clause, where one is the subject and the other is the object, the subject is most usually placed first. Verbs are also usually placed after adjectives that are used to qualify either the subject or the object and adverbs that qualify the verb. When additional words are used within a clause that are not either nouns or verbs,

3705-627: The term possessive determiner . In some other languages, however, the equivalent words behave more like true adjectives (compare the Italian example above, for instance). While for most authors the term possessive pronoun is reserved (as in this article) for possessives like mine and yours that do not qualify an explicit noun, the term is sometimes taken also to include all possessive forms that correspond to pronouns even though they behave as determiners. Some authors who classify both sets of words as possessive pronouns or genitive pronouns apply

3770-459: The terms dependent/independent, weak/strong or adjectival/substantival to refer, respectively, to my , your , etc. and mine , yours , etc. Thus my is termed a dependent (or weak or adjectival ) possessive pronoun , while mine is an independent (or strong or substantival ) possessive pronoun . According to the OED , the first reference to possessive pronouns is found in 1530;

3835-467: The third-person singular possessives do not indicate the gender of the possessor, instead they agree with the possessed ( son , sa and ses can all mean "his", "her" or "its"). In Spanish the number is always indicated but the gender is only indicated for possessive pronouns, not possessive determiners; mi padre, mi madre, mis hermanos, mis hermanas (my father, my mother, my brothers, my sisters), but mío, mía, míos, mías when used as "mine" to refer to

3900-677: The time said, "Many of our graduates are now out in the community and k-12 schools teaching what they learned and how they learned it, and are continuing to succeed in language revitalization". They also have an online Dakota/English dictionary. The University of Minnesota and the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate College are working together to create the Dakota Language Audio Journal, which will be the first publicly available language journal, featuring recordings of conversations and stories. In 2017,

3965-597: The two sets of forms are quite similar (for example, the genitive of ich "I" is meiner , the corresponding possessive pronoun is also meiner in the masculine singular nominative, and the possessive determiner is mein with various endings). Some languages have no distinct possessive determiners as such, instead using a pronoun together with a possessive particle – a grammatical particle used to indicate possession. For example, in Japanese , "my" or "mine" can be expressed as watashi no , where watashi means "I" and no

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4030-459: The verb eyÁ "to say something" uses the same affix in an infixed position, so if you want to say "she says to you", you would add the same affix ki- as an infix instead, with ni- 2sT resulting in " eníčiye " ( ni- + ki- + eyÁ ). Similarly, the affix -uŋ- which can mean "you and I" (1d), and is shared with -uŋ-...-pi "we all, us all" (1p), can be found in both positions of prefix and infix, depending on

4095-406: The verb in use. The verb iyáyA "to leave or pass by" in 1s ibdábde (I leave), while in 1d uŋkíyaye (you and I leave). The same affix in the verb máni "to walk" is infixed as 1d maúŋni . This phenomenon of affixes functioning as both prefixes and infixes in Dakota language is an example of the complex morphological structure of the language, and it requires careful attention to

4160-407: The verb, much in contrast to expressing the aorist tense, which requires no marking, but is instead derived from the context of what is being said. Source: Abstract benefactive ; (wa- + -kíči-) An action that is for someone else's benefit and is further generalized as a concept. Abstract causative ; (wa- + -yA) An action that causes something to change state or action and is generalized as

4225-431: The word they are attached to. In the case of Dakota language, some affixes can function as both a prefix and an infix, depending on the specific instance of the word. For example, the Dakota verb " dá " means "to ask for something". If you want to say "I ask for something from you", you add the affixes ki- to indicate dative 1 case (to someone), and čhi- 1s-2s (I to you) resulting in " čhičída ". However,

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