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85-650: They were originally founded as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia , the forerunner of the Kingdom of Italy . During the process of Italian unification , the Carabinieri were appointed as the "First Force" of the new national military organization. Although the Carabinieri assisted in the suppression of opposition during the rule of Benito Mussolini , they were also responsible for his downfall and many units were disbanded during World War II by Nazi Germany , which resulted in large numbers of Carabinieri joining

170-401: A bicorne . During the 1980s Giorgio Armani designed the new more modern uniforms. The modern Carabinieri Force uniform is coloured in black for every seasonal version, with small variations on weather basis (coat or wind jacket), and is composed of: The uniform is accompanied by accessories such as: There are differences for season, duties, rank and location. For instance, in the summer

255-679: A personal union which was formally referred to as the "States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia", such as in the documents of the Congress of Vienna. The Perfect Fusion ( Fusione perfetta ) was the 1847 act of the Savoyard King Charles Albert of Sardinia which abolished the administrative differences between the mainland states and the island of Sardinia, in a fashion similar to the Nueva Planta decrees between

340-409: A British police officer seconded as Director of Public Safety and Director of Security. The Carabinieri, as a military and police force, have various uniforms for different functions. For each type of uniform there are seasonal variants and (except for service, combat and historical) versions for men and women. How, when and why they are to be worn is dictated by the "R-11 "Regulation on Uniforms for

425-459: A capital at Chambéry (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of Asti and Alessandria , and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat . The County of Savoy was elevated to a duchy in 1416, and Duke Emmanuel Philibert moved the seat to Turin in 1563. The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of

510-723: A liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving Italian unification . The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the Crimean War , allied with the Ottoman Empire , Britain , and France , and fighting against Russia . In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against Austria , the Austro-Sardinian War . Napoleon III did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of

595-691: A new militant incarnation of the Fascist party. Due to the role the Carabinieri had played in the downfall of Mussolini, and since one of the few units which fought the German occupation of Rome were the Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade regiments and the II Carabinieri cadet battalion, the Germans did not view the Carabinieri as loyal to the fascist cause. They disarmed the force and began

680-800: A part of the Sardinian region. In 1792, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the other states of the Savoy crown joined the War of the First Coalition against the French First Republic , but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796) , giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On 6 December 1798 General Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for

765-783: A suicide bombing on their base in Nasiriyah , near Basra in southern Iraq, in the largest Italian military loss of life in a single action since the Second World War . One of the previous projects included training and assisting the Afghan National Security Forces, the Afghan National Police, and the Afghan National Civil Order Police. In Iraq, Carabinieri have trained 13,000 police officers; during

850-519: A trusted and prestigious law enforcement institution in Italy. The first official account of the use of this term to refer to the Carabinieri dates back to June 24, 1864. Inspired by the French gendarmerie , the corps was created by King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia with the aim of providing the Savoyard state of the Kingdom of Sardinia with a police corps. Previously, police duties were managed by

935-422: Is an elite unit founded in 1990 to deal with organised crime ( Mafia and others), subversive activities, terrorism and more complex types of crime. An anti-crime section is found in every city and district public prosecutor's office. Special Tasks Departments are outside the ordinary organisational framework and are used for special missions: Corazzieri ( Cuirassiers ) are an elite corps and honour guard of

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1020-712: The Carabinieri Mobile Units Division , the Carabinieri Specialist Units Division and the ROS . The Carabinieri Specialist Units Division is the Carabinieri formation, established in 2001, dedicated to the performance of specialist police activities and the support to the Territorial Organizations. The Division directs, controls, and coordinates its own units, which carry out tasks related to

1105-678: The Crown of Aragon and then of the burgeoning Spanish Empire . With the 1720 Treaty of The Hague , the island of Sardinia and its title of kingdom were ceded by the Habsburg and Bourbon claimants to the Spanish throne to the Duke of Savoy , Victor Amadeus II . The Savoyards united it with their historical possessions on the Italian peninsula, and the kingdom came to be progressively identified with

1190-525: The Crown of Castile and the realms of the Crown of Aragon between 1707 and 1716 and the Acts of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1800. In 1848, King Charles Albert granted the Statuto Albertino , which functioned as the constitution of the state. The Statute was proclaimed only because of concern at the revolutionary insurrection agitating Italy in 1848. At the time, Charles Albert

1275-593: The Dragoni di Sardegna Corps, created in 1726 and composed of volunteers. After French soldiers had occupied Turin at the end of the 18th century and later abandoned it to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Royal Carabinieri Corps was instituted under the Royal Patents of 13 July 1814. The name is derived from the French word carabinier , meaning " soldier armed with a carbine ." The new force

1360-594: The Gruppo di Intervento Speciale special forces group, the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania" , and the 7th "Trentino-Alto Adige" and 13th "Friuli-Venezia Giulia" regiments, which, together with the Multinational Specialized Unit , are mainly engaged in international missions. The Gruppo di Intervento Speciale in one of the six Italian special forces . The ROS ( Raggruppamento Operativo Speciale or Special Operational Group)

1445-628: The Italian resistance movement . In 2000, they were separated from the Army to become a separate branch of the Italian Armed Forces . Carabinieri have policing powers that can be exercised at any time and in any part of the country, and they are always permitted to carry their assigned weapon as personal equipment ( Beretta 92FS pistols). The Carabinieri are often referred to as "La Benemerita" (The Reputable or The Meritorious) as they are

1530-468: The Karst Plateau to the east. The Italians, under the overall command of General Luigi Cadorna , found themselves repeatedly repulsed in harsh fighting. The role of the Carabinieri was to act as barrier troops , setting up machine gun posts to control the rear of the attacking regiments and prevent desertion. During Fascist Italy (1922–1943) under Benito Mussolini , the Carabinieri were one of

1615-481: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino , both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy to Napoleon, who in turn then ceded

1700-482: The Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy , so ratifying the annexations of all other Apennine states, plus Sicily, to the Kingdom of Sardinia. The institutions and laws of the kingdom were quickly extended to all of Italy, abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont became the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, remained

1785-514: The Perfect Fusion act of 1847, which created a unitary kingdom. Due to the fact that Piedmont was the seat of power and prominent part of the entity, the state is also referred to as Sardinia - Piedmont or Piedmont-Sardinia and sometimes erroneously as the Kingdom of Piedmont . Before becoming a possession of the House of Savoy, the medieval Kingdom of Sardinia had been part of

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1870-686: The Perfect Fusion of 1847, an act of King Charles Albert of Sardinia which abolished the administrative differences between the mainland states and the island of Sardinia, creating a unitary kingdom. During the 3rd century BC, the Allobroges settled down in the region between the Rhône and the Alps . This region, named Allobrigia and later "Sapaudia" in Latin, was integrated to the Roman Empire . In

1955-774: The President of the Italian Republic , located in the Quirinal Palace . They are distinguished by their uniforms and height (the minimum height for admission is 1.9 m or 6 ft 3 in). They have almost no other everyday duties, although they may be seen patrolling occasionally. Other departments are in service to constitutional bodies such as, the Presidency of the Republic, the Senate, Parliament,

2040-571: The Sardinian scudo , the coins that had been in use on the island throughout the period. Before 1847, only the island of Sardinia proper was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia , while the other mainland possessions (principally the Duchy of Savoy , Principality of Piedmont , County of Nice , Duchy of Genoa and others) were held by the Savoys in their own right, hence forming a composite monarchy and

2125-583: The Treaty of Stupinigi , the Kingdom of Sardinia extended its protectorate over the Principality of Monaco . In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Victor Emmanuel I (1802–21), Charles Felix (1821–31) and Charles Albert (1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero , which restored the reactionary Ferdinand VII to

2210-520: The Treaty of Turin (1816) transferred Carouge and adjacent areas to the newly-created Swiss Canton of Geneva . In 1847–48, through an act of Union analogous to the one between Great Britain and Ireland , the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system with their capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the Statuto Albertino . By the time of the Crimean War in 1853,

2295-842: The War of the Spanish Succession . By the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan , while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria ), received the Spanish Netherlands , the Kingdom of Naples , Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance , Victor Amadeus II , Duke of Savoy and Prince of Piedmont (and now King of Sicily too), had to agree to yield Sicily to

2380-504: The fascist government of Benito Mussolini (who ruled with the tacit approval of King Victor Emmanuel III ), the Statute lasted mostly unaltered in the structure until the implementation of the republican constitution in 1948, which superseded several primary features of the document, with specific regard to those of monarchical nature. The head of state was the King of Sardinia , while

2465-720: The 5th century, the region of Savoy was ceded by the Western Roman Empire to the Burgundians and became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy . Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celto- Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi . They later submitted to the Romans ( c.  220 BC ), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia ( Ivrea ). After

2550-719: The Allied forces. In the fascist Social Republic in the North, the regime organized the National Republican Guard (composed of Carabinieri, former officers from the Italian African Police , Guardia di Finanza and customs police), to employ it as a military police and rapid-deployment anti-guerrilla force. GNR was later joined (but not taken over) by the Black Brigades , which represented

2635-526: The Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the Treaty of The Hague of 17 February 1720. Because the Kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily. Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took

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2720-573: The Carabinieri Arma " published by the Carabinieri General Command in 1988. The uniforms of the Carabinieri are divided into: Those of service, representation and GUI/GUE are a derivation of the ordinary. Originally, the Carabinieri were issued a distinctive uniform in black with silver braid around the collar and cuffs, edges trimmed in scarlet and epaulettes in silver. The mounted division had white fringes, and

2805-481: The Carabinieri Corps' military duties include "contributing to national defence, participating in military operations in Italy and abroad, executing military police functions and ensuring the security of Italian diplomatic and consular representations". As a national police force, it "carries out public order and security policing, as well as investigative activities on its own initiative or at the request of

2890-691: The Carabinieri took part before World War I are: For its contributions during the First World War, the Corps was awarded its first Gold Medal of Military Valor In World War II, Carabinieri fought in the following battles: From 1943 to 1945, the Carabinieri were accountable to the Control Commission of the Allied Military Government (AMGOT). Their reorganization and reform was organized by Colonel Arthur Young ,

2975-682: The Carabinieri were part of the Italian Army . On 31 March 2000, they were separated to become the fourth branch of the Italian Armed Forces. Interpol summarizes this force (part of the Ministry of Defence) as having a "nationwide remit for crime investigations. It also serves as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action." According to Europol (the EU's law enforcement agency),

3060-442: The ISIS destruction of historic sites, Italy dispatched troops from the Carabinieri's Command to protect cultural heritage. At the Sea Island Conference of the G8 in 2004, Carabinieri were given a mandate to establish a Centre of Excellence for Stability Police Units to spearhead the development of training and doctrinal standards for civilian police units attached to international peacekeeping missions. The State Forestry Corps

3145-405: The Italian capital until 1865, when the capital was moved to Florence . But many revolts exploded throughout the peninsula, especially in southern Italy, and on the island of Sicily, because of the perceived unfair treatment of the south by the Piedmontese ruling class. The House of Savoy ruled Italy until 1946, when Italy was declared a republic by referendum . Major progress in the economy

3230-403: The Italian occupation force of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy on 25 July 1943, on the orders of the king, Mussolini was arrested by the Carabinieri as he left the king's private residence in Rome and subsequently imprisoned on Campo Imperatore by Carabinieri forces. After the armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces on 3 September 1943 and

3315-573: The Judiciary, the prime minister and the National Council of Economy and Labour. Carabinieri also perform military police and security duties for the Ministry of Defence, military high commands, the offices of the military judiciary and allied military organisations in Italy and abroad. They also have personnel attached to the Department of Public Security in various departments, as well as anti-Mafia and anti-drug investigative task forces. Carabinieri officers are charged with surveillance and security at Italian embassies and consulates abroad, performing

3400-419: The Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done through the Treaty of Turin , which also called for referendums to confirm the annexation. Subsequently, somewhat controversial referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France. In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in

3485-412: The Savoyards had built the kingdom into a strong power. There followed the annexation of Lombardy (1859), the central Italian states and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1860), Venetia (1866), and the Papal States (1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic, cultural and political extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy , and its capital

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3570-430: The Savoyards of recognizing the Sardinian's rights and representaion in government caused the Sardinian Vespers (also known as the "Three years of revolution") started by sa dii de s'aciappa ("the day of the pursuit and capture"), commemorated today as Sa die de sa Sardigna , when people in Cagliari started chasing any Piedmontese functionaries they could find and expelled them from the island. Thus, Sardinia became

3655-439: The Spanish throne. Victor Emanuel I disbanded the entire Napoleonic Code and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Sardinia. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the Statuto Albertino , was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848 under liberal pressure. In

3740-484: The core of the institution; it contains 80 percent of the force and is organized hierarchically in five inter-regional commands, 19 regional commands and 102 provincial commands, 504 Company Commands and 4,672 Station Commands and lieutenancies. The territorial organization includes four heliborne units: Outside the territorial organisation, the Specialist and Mobile Units Command Palidoro ( Comando delle Unità Mobili e Specializzate "Palidoro" , based in Rome) controls

3825-447: The country's split into the fascist Italian Social Republic in the north and the Kingdom of Italy in the south, the Carabinieri split into two groups. In the Kingdom of Italy, the Carabinieri Command for Liberated Italy was founded in Bari, mobilizing new units for the Italian war of liberation. These units were attached to the Italian Liberation Corps and the six Italian Combat Groups of the Italian Co-Belligerent Army , fighting with

3910-479: The country, with 7,000 personnel. Its missions are preventing production and distribution of illicit agri-foodstuffs, environmental and biodiversity protection, prevention of poaching, and suppression of all criminal organizations that, with their activity, affect the environment. In the Unit, there are also 29 NOEs ( Nucleo Operativo Ecologico ), teams highly specialized in complex investigations in environmental matters against organized crime. The main battles in which

3995-399: The deportation of 8,000 officers to Germany for forced labour on 6 October 1943; the Italian Colonial Police took over their jobs. Subsequently, large numbers of Carabinieri joined the Italian resistance movement to fight German and Italian fascists. Nonetheless, some 45,000 officers remained on the job and as of March 1944, this group was the only national security force in Italy. After

4080-425: The fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths (5th century), Byzantines , Lombards (6th century), and the Franks (773). At the time, what is known today as Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire , was subdivided into several marks and counties. In 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main segment of Savoy , with

4165-480: The first European country to have engaged in a revolution of its own, the episode not being the result of a foreign military importation like in most of Europe. In 1814, the Crown of Savoy enlarged its territories with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa , now a duchy, and it served as a buffer state against France. This was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna , which returned the region of Savoy to its borders after it had been annexed by France in 1792. By

4250-446: The flag of a naval power. This posed the problem that the same flag was already in use by the Knights of Malta . Because of this, the Savoyards modified their flag for use as a naval ensign in various ways, adding the letters FERT in the four cantons, or adding a blue border, or using a blue flag with the Savoy cross in one canton. Eventually, King Charles Albert of Savoy adopted the "revolutionary" Italian tricolor , surmounted by

4335-409: The force. It directly supervises the Directors of Administration, Health, Engineering, the motor pool and the Veterinary Commission. On the Deputy Chiefs of Staff depend the National Center for Recruitment and Selection, the Administration National Center and the Legislation Office. The Carabinieri are organised on a territorial basis for law-enforcement missions. The territorial organization represents

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4420-430: The four-button jacket and white shirt and tie are replaced with a short-sleeved blue shirt. Depending on the weather conditions, the uniform can be worn with a waterproof coat (or beaver cloth for officers) and an anorak. Inside the military installations, the jacket can be removed or replaced with the "V-neck" sweater. In 2020 new 'bomber-style jackets', with appropriate logos were introduced which can be worn instead of

4505-414: The four-button jacket. The white cross belt is still worn on top and either a roll-neck base layer or a white shirt and tie is worn underneath. Kingdom of Sardinia (1720%E2%80%931861) The Kingdom of Sardinia denotes the Savoyard state from 1720 until 1861, which united the island of Sardinia with the mainland possessions of the House of Savoy . Before 1847, only the island of Sardinia proper

4590-418: The head of the government was the Prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia . The Royal Sardinian Army and the Royal Sardinian Navy functioned as the military of Kingdom of Sardinia until they became the Royal Italian Army on 4 May 1861 and the Regia Marina on 17 March 1861. When the Duchy of Savoy acquired the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 and the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, the flag of Savoy became

4675-412: The infantry had light blue. Their headgear was a distinctive bicorne , popularly called the lucerna (in use only for historical uniform and ceremonies). They still use a version of the historic uniform today for ceremonies. The uniform that the Gendarmerie wore in 1814 consisted of a turquoise fabric buttoned suit with a blue collar and padded gloves. Since 1822, some small changes have been made to

4760-443: The island of Sardinia itself. The Savoys themselves referred to their possessions as a whole as " the States of the King of Sardinia " ( Italian : "gli Stati del Re di Sardegna"). Today, historians use the term Savoyard state to indicate this entity, which is an example of composite monarchy where many different and distinct territories are united in a personal union by having the same ruler. The situation changed with

4845-415: The island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia, having defeated the armies of the French expedition to Sardinia without the royal army's help, stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war. The refusal by

4930-549: The judicial authorities". Europol also states that the force is "supplemented by the Specialized Carabinieri Commands, responsible for safeguarding the primary interests of the community: from the protection of the environment, health, work and national cultural heritage, to the observance of community and agri-food regulations, to the suppression of forgery [of] currency". In recent years Carabinieri units have been dispatched on peacekeeping missions, including Kosovo , Afghanistan , and Iraq . In 2003, 12 Carabinieri were killed in

5015-428: The monarchy. While the capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of its viceroys had always been de jure Cagliari , it was the Piedmontese city of Turin , the capital of Savoy since the mid 16th century, which was the de facto seat of power. This situation would be conferred official status with the Perfect Fusion of 1847, when all the kingdom's governmental institutions would be centralized in Turin. When

5100-457: The name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , which was the largest of the states in the region, stretching from Abruzzo and Naples on the peninsula to Messina and Palermo on Sicily. He then marched to Gaeta in the central peninsula. Cavour was satisfied with the unification, while Garibaldi, who was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister, wanted to conquer Rome as well. Garibaldi

5185-405: The nation and participating in military operations abroad. It supports public order and territorial control in urban areas, and contributes to the operations of civil authorities in terms of public safety. 1st Mobile Brigade, whose headquarters is located in Rome and includes six Regiments and four Battalions mainly employed in public order tasks. 2nd Mobile Brigade headquartered in Livorno includes

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5270-399: The official title of Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem , as the House of Savoy still claimed the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem , although both had long been under Ottoman rule. In 1767–1769, Charles Emmanuel III annexed the Maddalena archipelago in the Strait of Bonifacio from the Republic of Genoa and claimed it as part of Sardinia. Since then the archipelago has been

5355-472: The peninsular domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by Napoleonic France , the king of Sardinia temporarily resided on the island for the first time in Sardinia's history under Savoyard rule. The Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its peninsular possessions and augmented them with Liguria, taken from the Republic of Genoa . Following Geneva 's accession to Switzerland ,

5440-470: The peninsular states, which included, besides Savoy and Aosta , dynastic possessions like the Principality of Piedmont and the County of Nice, over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively. Under Savoyard rule, the kingdom's government, ruling class, cultural models and center of population were entirely situated in the peninsula. The island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to

5525-411: The police forces entrusted with suppressing opposition in Italy. During the same period, while part of the Italian African Police (mainly in the late 1930s), they were involved in atrocities in colonial Italian East Africa during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War . During World War II , they fought in their function as military police against the Allied forces, and against Yugoslav Partisans as part of

5610-441: The protection of Italian artistic heritage, to the currency protection, to the protection of Italian embassies abroad, to the health protection, to the labour policing, to Bank of Italy needs, to the Carabinieri forensics police services. In addition, the Division provides Carabinieri air support. The Carabinieri Mobile Units Division is located in Rome and has two brigades tasked with mass manoeuvres during emergencies, defending

5695-438: The same services entrusted to the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group in United States diplomatic and consular offices. Together with the Polizia di Stato and the Guardia di Finanza , the Carabinieri is also responsible for border control . The specialized Comando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale, e agroalimentare has its headquarters in Rome, and 15 regional commands and approximately 700 Station Commands around

5780-454: The same year the island of Sardinia, a Piedmontese dependency for more than a century, lost its own residual autonomy to the peninsula through the so-called Perfect fusion issued by Charles Albert; as a result, the kingdom's fundamental institutions were deeply transformed, assuming the shape of a constitutional and centralized monarchy on the French model; under the same pressure, Charles Albert declared war on Austria . After initial success,

5865-471: The sovereign, and since 1946 for the President of the Republic. The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased, and on 24 January 1861, the Carabinieri were appointed the "First Force" of the new national military organization. In May 1915, Italian troops marched to encompass South Tyrol , a territory of their former allies Austria-Hungary , in the Italian front . The defenders had sufficient time to prepare strong fortifications there, and at

5950-434: The territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid "embarrassing" the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept this arrangement. On 5 March 1860, Parma, Piacenza , Tuscany , Modena , and Romagna voted in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon, who feared a strong Savoyard state on his south-eastern border and he insisted that if

6035-417: The uniform. Officials and Marshals had silver swords and sabres, both in a black leather scabbard . At the beginning of the 20th Century, the rules of the dress code were reinforced because of World War I . Troopers had three different types of uniforms: the Complete uniform , the Ordinary uniform , and the Effort uniform . The Carabinieri's uniform at that time was made of a green-grey cloth material, and

6120-654: The war the Carabinieri counted at least 2735 fallen and 6500 wounded, out of approximately 14,000 who had joined the Resistance in northern and central Italy. In Yugoslavia, the Carabinieri formed a battalion of the Italian 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" , which fought alongside the Yugoslav partisans against the Wehrmacht and the Croatian Ustaše . The battalion lost over 80% of its members in combat and

6205-542: The war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by Marshal Radetzky at the Battle of Custozza (1848) . Like all the various duchies and city-states on the Apennine peninsula and associated islands, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability under alternating governments. After a short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on 23 March 1849 in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II . In 1852,

6290-411: The whole of their possessions. In reality, the Savoys ruled not a unitary state, but a complex array of different entities and titles with different institutional, cultural, and legal backgrounds. These included for example the Duchy of Savoy , Duchy of Aosta , Principality of Piedmont , and County of Nice , which were distinct and not juridically part of the Kingdom of Sardinia , which included only

6375-544: Was achieved during the government of Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour . Cavour believed that economic progress had to precede political change, and stressed the advantages of railroad construction in the peninsula. He was a strong supporter of transportation by steam engine , sponsoring the building of many railroads and canals. Between 1838 and 1842 Cavour began several initiatives in attempts to solve economic problems in his area. He experimented with different agricultural techniques on his estate, such as growing sugar beets , and

6460-528: Was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor to commemorate the fallen. One notable act of heroism in this era came from Vice Brigadiere Salvo D'Acquisto , who was executed by Nazi Germany in Palidoro (near Rome ) during World War II. D'Acquisto exchanged his life for the lives of citizens due to be executed in retaliation for the killing of a German soldier; instead, he claimed responsibility and

6545-528: Was disappointed in this development, as well as in the loss of his home province, Nice, to France. He also failed to fulfill the promises that had gained him popular and military support by the Sicilians: that the new nation would be a republic, not a kingdom, and that the Sicilians would see great economic gains after unification. The former did not come to pass until 1946. On 17 March 1861, law no. 4671 of

6630-705: Was dissolved on 31 December 2016 and personnel with forestry police function were militarized and absorbed by the Carabinieri. The corps is headed by the Comando , consisting of the Comandante Generale (a General ), the Vice-Comandante Generale (a Lieutenant General ) and the Chief of Staff, all located in Rome . The Chief of Staff directs, coordinates and supervises all activities of

6715-488: Was divided into divisions on the scale of one division for each province. The divisions were further divided into companies and subdivided into lieutenancies, which commanded and coordinated the local police stations and were distributed throughout the national territory in direct contact with the public. In 1868, the Cuirassiers Regiment or Corazzieri was formed, initially as a cavalry escort of honour for

6800-456: Was eventually moved first to Florence and then to Rome . The Savoy-led Kingdom of Sardinia was thus the legal predecessor of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day Italian Republic . The Kingdom of Sardinia was the title with the highest rank among the territories possessed by the House of Savoy , and hence this title was and still is used often to indicate

6885-715: Was executed for the offence. The Carabinieri were in the forefront of many internal conflicts in Italy in the late 20th century, such as the Years of Lead (against the Red Brigades ) and the Second Mafia War (against the Corleonesi Mafia ). They participated, and lost men, in events such as the Peteano massacre in 1972, Circonvallazione massacre in 1982, and the murder of Emanuele Basile . Until 2000,

6970-658: Was one of the first Italian landowners to use chemical fertilizers. He also founded the Piedmontese Agricultural Society. The currency in use in Savoy was the Piedmontese scudo . During the Napoleonic era , it was replaced in general circulation by the French franc . In 1816, after regaining their peninsular domains, the scudo was replaced by the Sardinian lira , which in 1821 also replaced

7055-455: Was only following the example of other Italian rulers, but his Statute was the only constitution to survive the repression that followed the First War of Independence (1848–49). The Statute remained the basis of the legal system after Italian unification was achieved in 1860 and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy. Even though it suffered deep modifications, especially during

7140-409: Was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia , while the other mainland possessions (principally the Duchy of Savoy , Principality of Piedmont , County of Nice , Duchy of Genoa and others) were held by the Savoys in their own right, hence forming a composite monarchy and a personal union which was formally referred to as the " States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia ". This situation was changed by

7225-471: Was used by all soldiers. For historical and ceremonial use, the Carabinieri uniform consists of a distinctive black uniform made of silver braids around the collar and cuffs, edges trimmed in scarlet and epaulettes in silver. The fringes of the mounted division are white, and the infantry has light blue. The headgear used is the traditional two-pointed hat for Carabinieri, known as the Lucerna, also called

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