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69-528: Savoy is a historical country in western Europe, heart of the Savoyard state. Savoy or The Savoy may also refer to: Savoy Savoy emerged as the feudal County of Savoy ruled by the House of Savoy during the 11th to 14th centuries. The original territory, also known as "ducal Savoy" or "Savoy proper", is largely co-terminous with the modern French Savoie and Haute-Savoie départements , but

138-667: A 99.8% vote in favour of joining France, there were allegations of vote-rigging , notably by the British government, which opposed continental expansion by its traditional French enemy. The correspondent of The Times in Savoy who was in Bonneville on 22 April called the vote "the lowest and most immoral farce(s) which was ever played in the history of nations". He finished his letter with those words: I leave you to draw your own conclusions from this trip, which will show clearly what

207-486: A French sphere and a North Italian one. At the time of the Renaissance, Savoy showed only modest development. Its towns were few and small. Savoy derived its subsistence from agriculture. The geographic location of Savoy was also of military importance. During the interminable wars between France and Spain over the control of northern Italy, Savoy was important to France because it provided access to Italy. Savoy

276-552: A buffer state on France's southeastern border. The French Second Republic first attempted to annex Savoy in 1848. A corps of 1,500 was dispatched from Lyon and invaded Savoy on 3 April, occupying Chambéry (capital city) and proclaiming the annexation to France. On learning about the invasion countrymen rushed to Chambéry. The corps were chased away by the local population. Five Frenchmen were killed and 800 captured. On 21 July 1858 in Plombières-les-Bains , Vosges ,

345-468: A conspiracy against Charles and managed to persuade Otto V of Bavaria to join. After the repeal of the estate contract by margrave Otto, in early July 1371, Charles IV declared hostilities and invaded Margraviate of Brandenburg ; after two years of conflict, in 1373 Brandenburg became part of the Czech lands . This was when he gave the order to measure his new territory, its villages, people, and income. This

414-529: A peace between the Swabian League of Cities and some nobles in 1378. After dividing his lands between his three sons and his nephews, he died in November 1378 at Prague , where he was buried, and where a statue was erected to his memory in 1848. Charles IV suffered from gout (metabolic arthritis), a painful disease quite common in that time. The reign of Charles IV was characterized by

483-590: A string of possessions intended to link Bohemia with the Luxemburg territories in the Rhineland. The Bohemian estates, however, were not willing to support Charles in these ventures. When Charles sought to codify Bohemian law in the Maiestas Carolina of 1355, he met with sharp resistance. After that point, Charles found it expedient to scale back his efforts at centralization. In 1354, Charles crossed

552-639: A transformation in the nature of the Empire and is remembered as the Golden Age of Bohemia. He promulgated the Golden Bull of 1356 whereby the succession to the imperial title was laid down, which held for the next four centuries. He also organized the states of the empire into peace-keeping confederations . In these, the Imperial cities figured prominently. The Swabian Landfriede confederation of 1370

621-692: Is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. In the 1996 local elections, the Savoy Regional Movement received 19,434 votes; it received 4,849 in the 1998 regional elections. A new non-party organisation, La Région Savoie, j’y crois ! ( I believe in the Savoy Region! ), was founded in 1998. The organisation campaigns for the replacement of the Savoie and Haute-Savoie departments with a regional government, separate from

690-603: The Grandes Chroniques de France . Castles built or established by Charles IV: Imperial genealogists invented early House of Luxembourg forefathers for Charles IV, extending back to Noah via Jupiter and Saturn . Charles was married four times. His first wife was Blanche of Valois (1316–1348), daughter of Charles , Count of Valois , and a half-sister of King Philip VI of France . They had three children: He secondly married Anna of Bavaria , (1329–1353), daughter of Rudolf II, Count Palatine of

759-573: The Alps without an army, received the Lombard crown in St. Ambrose Basilica , Milan , on 6 January 1355, and was crowned emperor at Rome by a cardinal on April 5 of the same year. His sole object appears to have been to obtain the Imperial crown in peace, in accordance with a promise previously made to Pope Clement. He only remained in the city for a few hours, in spite of the expressed wishes of

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828-618: The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region , with greater devolved powers . A very marginal separatist movement has also appeared in Savoy within the past twenty years, most prominently represented by the Ligue Savoisienne , founded in 1994. In the March 1998 regional elections, 1 seat (out of 23) was won by Patrice Abeille, leader of the Ligue, which won a total of 17,865 votes across the two departments. In 2004, Waiting for Freedom in Savoy

897-565: The Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles . Beginning in the 11th century, the gradual rise to power of the House of Savoy is reflected in the increasing territory of their County of Savoy between 1003 and 1416. The County of Savoy was detached de jure from the Kingdom of Arles by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1361. It acquired the County of Nice in 1388, and in 1401 added the County of Geneva ,

966-769: The New Town ( Nové Město ). In 1348, he founded the Charles University in Prague , which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe . This served as a training ground for bureaucrats and lawyers. Soon Prague emerged as the intellectual and cultural center of Central Europe. Having made good use of the difficulties of his opponents, Charles was again elected in Frankfurt on 17 June 1349 and re-crowned at Aachen on 25 July 1349. He

1035-528: The cathedral of Saint Vitus by Peter Parler were also built under his patronage. Finally, the first flowering of manuscript painting in Prague dates from Charles's reign. In the present Czech Republic , he is still regarded as Pater Patriae ( father of the country or otec vlasti ), a title first coined by Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio at his funeral. Charles also had strong ties to Nuremberg , staying within its city walls 52 times and thereby strengthening its reputation amongst German cities. Charles

1104-577: The county of Luxembourg into a duchy for another, Wenceslaus , he was unremitting in his efforts to secure other territories as compensation and to strengthen the Bohemian monarchy. To this end he purchased part of the Upper Palatinate in 1353, and in 1367 annexed Lower Lusatia to Bohemia and bought numerous estates in various parts of Germany. On the death of Meinhard, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count of Tyrol , in 1363, Upper Bavaria

1173-702: The crusader states of Prussia and Livonia . In 2005 Charles IV ranked the first in the TV show Největší Čech , the Czech spin-off of the BBC Greatest Britons show . Prague became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire during the reign of Charles IV. The name of the royal founder and patron remains on many monuments and institutions, for example Charles University , Charles Bridge , Charles Square . High Gothic Prague Castle and part of

1242-715: The Bavarian. Worse still, Charles backed the wrong side in the Hundred Years' War , losing his father and many of his best knights at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346, with Charles himself escaping from the field wounded. Civil war in Germany was prevented, however, when Louis IV died on 11 October 1347, after suffering a stroke during a bear hunt. In January 1349, partisans from the House of Wittelsbach attempted to secure

1311-719: The Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty in Prague . His maternal grandfather was the Bohemian King Wenceslaus II . He chose the name Charles at his confirmation in honor of his uncle, King Charles IV of France , at whose court he was resident for seven years. Charles received French education and was literate and fluent in five languages: Latin , Czech , German , French , and Italian . In 1331, he gained some experience of warfare in Italy with his father. At

1380-492: The Centenary. In that, they are infinitely right. Yesterday another term that was used: annexation. Looking at it more closely it was wrong! Can we say annexation when we talk about a decision which was approved by 130,889 voters over 135,449? [...]. Savoy was not annexed [...] but actually incorporated freely and by the will of its inhabitants. A former French deputy, P. Taponnier, spoke of the annexation: In late March 1860,

1449-486: The Holy Roman Empire. Several aspects of his legacy remain a contentious matter though. The image of Charles as a wise, pious, peace-loving king (partly constructed by Charles himself) has proved influential until this day, supported by several artistic or scholarly projects produced during Charles's reign or afterwards. Charles was born to John of Bohemia of the Luxembourg dynasty and Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia of

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1518-560: The House of Savoy, which was to become the ruling dynasty of Italy . In modern France, Savoy is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Following its annexation to France in 1860, the territory of Savoy was divided administratively into two separate departments , Savoie and Haute-Savoie . The traditional capital remains Chambéry (in Italian : Ciamberì from the Latin : Camberia), on

1587-675: The Kingdom of Sardinia in the First Restoration of 1814 following Napoleon's abdication; approximately one-third of Savoy, including the two most important cities of Chambéry and Annecy, remained in France. Following Napoleon's brief return to power during the Hundred Days and subsequent defeat at Waterloo, the remaining one-third of Savoy was restored to the Kingdom of Sardinia at the Congress of Vienna to strengthen Sardinia as

1656-567: The Opposition with having given up the game; there was too great force used against them. As for the result of the vote, therefore, no one need trouble himself about it; it will be just as brilliant as that in Nice. The only danger is lest the Savoy authorities in their zeal should fare as some of the French did in the vote of 1852, finding to their surprise rather more votes than voters inscribed on

1725-475: The Přemyslid line included two saints. He was the eldest son and heir of John of Bohemia , King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg , who died at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346. His mother, Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia , was the sister of Wenceslaus III , King of Bohemia and Poland, the last of the male Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia . Charles inherited the County of Luxembourg from his father and

1794-453: The Rhine ; they had one son: His third wife was Anna von Schweidnitz , (1339–1362), daughter of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica and Katharina of Anjou (daughter of Charles I Robert, King of Hungary ), by whom he had three children: His fourth wife was Elizabeth of Pomerania , (1345 or 1347 – 1393), daughter of Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania and Elisabeth of Poland who was

1863-633: The Roman people. Having virtually abandoned all the Imperial rights in Italy, the emperor re-crossed the Alps, pursued by the scornful words of Petrarch, but laden with considerable wealth. On his return, Charles was occupied with the administration of the Empire, then just recovering from the Black Death , and in 1356, he promulgated the famous Golden Bull to regulate the election of the king. Having given Moravia to one brother, John Henry , and erected

1932-533: The Spanish Succession , Savoy was technically subsumed into the Kingdom of Sicily , then (after that island was traded to Austria for Sardinia ) the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1720. While the heads of the House of Savoy were known as the Kings of Sardinia, Turin remained their capital. Savoy was occupied by French revolutionary forces between 1792 and 1815. The entire region was first created to form

2001-606: The annexation instrument was the Treaty of Turin and not the plebiscite, whose main purpose was to demonstrate favorable public opinion in Savoy for the annexation after the signature of the treaty. In an interview for the newspaper Le Dauphiné Libéré , Sylvain Milbach, a historian at the University of Savoy , qualifies the vote as Napoleonic, but also argues that a completely free and fair vote would not have dramatically changed

2070-468: The annexation treaty, France officially ended the military neutrality of the parts of the country of Savoy that had originally been agreed to at the Congress of Vienna , and also eliminated the free trade zone – both treaty articles having been broken unofficially in World War I . France was condemned in 1932 by the international court for noncompliance with the measures of the Treaty of Turin regarding

2139-584: The annexation. This was part of a secret agreement ( the Plombières Agreement ) brokered between the French emperor Napoleon III and the Count Camillo of Cavour (Prime Minister of Sardinia at that time) that allowed the final steps in the process of unification of Italy . Victor Emmanuel's dynasty, the House of Savoy, retained its Italian lands of Piedmont and Liguria and became the ruling dynasty of Italy . In 1919, contrary to

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2208-546: The annexation. Daniel Rops of the French Academy justified the new title with these words: Savoy has begun to solemnize the feasts in 1960, commemorating the centenary of its incorporation ( rattachement ) to France. It is on purpose that the word incorporation ( rattachement ) is highlighted here: the Savoyards attach great value to it, and it is the only one they have resolved to use in the official terminology of

2277-484: The area of Geneva except for the city proper, which was ruled by its prince-bishop , nominally under the duke's rule: the bishops of Geneva , by unspoken agreement, came from the House of Savoy until 1533. On 19 February 1416 Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor , made the County of Savoy an independent duchy , with Amadeus VIII as the first duke. Straddling the Alps, Savoy lay within two competing spheres of influence,

2346-486: The beginning of 1333, Charles went to Lucca ( Tuscany ) to consolidate his rule there. In an effort to defend the city, Charles founded the nearby fortress and the town of Montecarlo (Charles' Mountain). From 1333, he administered the lands of the Bohemian Crown due to his father's frequent absence and deteriorating eyesight. In 1334, Charles was named Margrave of Moravia , the traditional title for heirs to

2415-468: The betrothal ceremony of Savoy to France took place in Tuileries Palace [...], a ceremony which was a pact of love and fidelity [...] it is with free consent that she [Savoy] gave itself to France by a solemn plebiscite of which our leaders can ignore neither the terms nor the commitments. [...] May the bells of our cities [...] in Savoy vibrate in unison to glorify, in this magnificent Centenary,

2484-502: The daughter of King Casimir III of Poland . They had six children: Charles had one illegitimate son, William, born in 1362 to an unknown woman. He was raised in Brabant and seems to have joined his father at the time of the latter's trip to France in 1377. He was acknowledged by his father, who sought a papal dispensation for him to marry within the fourth degree. It is unknown if he ever married. He served his Bohemian relatives as

2553-545: The death of Lothair I in 855, Middle Francia was divided into Lotharingia north of the Alps, Italy south of the Alps , and the parts of Burgundy in the Western Alps, inherited by Charles of Provence . This latter territory comprised what would become known as Savoy and Provence . For a short time, this province fell to the Arabs. From the 10th to 14th century, parts of what would ultimately become Savoy remained within

2622-479: The département of Mont-Blanc . In 1798, it was then divided between the departments of Mont-Blanc and Léman (French name of Lake Geneva). In 1801, Savoy officially left the Holy Roman Empire . On 13 September 1793 the combined forces of Savoy, Piedmont and Aosta Valley fought against and lost to the occupying French forces at the Battle of Méribel (Sallanches). Two-thirds of Savoy was restored to

2691-543: The economic and intellectual development of Bohemia, where he founded the university in 1348 and encouraged the early humanists . He corresponded with Petrarch and invited him to visit the royal residence in Prague, whilst the Italian hoped – to no avail – to see Charles move his residence to Rome and reawaken tradition of the Roman Empire . Charles's sister Bona married the eldest son of Philip VI of France ,

2760-464: The election of Günther von Schwarzburg as king, but he attracted few supporters and was defeated by Charles at the siege of Eltville in May. Thereafter, Charles faced no direct threat to his claim to the Imperial throne. Charles initially worked to secure his power base. Bohemia had remained untouched by the plague. Prague became his capital, and he rebuilt the city on the model of Paris, establishing

2829-559: The future John II of France , in 1335. Thus, Charles was the maternal uncle of Charles V of France , who solicited his relative's advice at Metz in 1356 during the Parisian Revolt . This family connection was celebrated publicly when Charles made a solemn visit to his nephew in 1378, just months before his death. A detailed account of the occasion, enriched by many splendid miniatures, can be found in Charles V's copy of

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2898-594: The historical expansion of Savoyard territories, as the Duchy of Savoy (1416–1860) included parts of what is now western Italy and southwestern Switzerland . The current border between France and Italy is due to the Plombières Agreement of 1858, which in preparation for the unification of Italy ceded western Savoy to France, while the eastern territories in Piedmont and Liguria were retained by

2967-466: The indefectible commitment of Savoy to France. The Savoyards did not feel Italian. Besides, they spoke French. This explains why in 1858–1859 when rumours ran of the Plombières secret agreement, where Napoleon III and Cavour decided of the fate of Savoy, the Savoyards themselves took the initiative to ask for the incorporation ( rattachement ). [...] Incorporation, not annexation [...] The incorporation

3036-500: The list. In his letter to the ambassador of Vienna Lord Augustus Loftus, the then– Foreign Secretary , Lord John Russell , said, "Voting in Savoy and Nice a farce ... we are neither entertained or edified". The annexation was promulgated on 14 June 1860. On 23 August 1860 and 7 March 1861, two agreements were signed between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia to settle the remaining issues concerning

3105-471: The outcome, as the majority of Savoyards wished to become French. This is today the official stance of the General Council of Savoie . Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV ( Czech : Karel IV. ; German : Karl IV. ; Latin : Carolus IV ; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378 ), also known as Charles of Luxembourg , born Wenceslaus ( Czech : Václav , German : Wenzel ),

3174-490: The poet Petrarch and the citizens of Florence also implored his presence. Turning a deaf ear to these entreaties, Charles kept Cola in prison for a year, and then handed him as a prisoner to Clement at Avignon . Outside Prague, Charles attempted to expand the Bohemian crown lands, using his imperial authority to acquire fiefs in Silesia , the Upper Palatinate , and Franconia . The latter regions comprised "New Bohemia",

3243-499: The pope in 1347. Confirming the papacy in the possession of vast territories, he promised to annul the acts of Louis against Clement, to take no part in Italian affairs, and to defend and protect the church. Charles IV was in a very weak position in Germany. Owing to the terms of his election, he was derisively referred to as a "Priests' King" ( Pfaffenkönig ). Many bishops and nearly all of the Imperial cities remained loyal to Louis

3312-631: The prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , met in secret with Napoleon III to secure French military support against the Austrian Empire during the conflicts associated with the Italian unification . During the discussion, Cavour promised that Sardinia would cede the County of Nice and Duchy of Savoy to the Second French Empire . Though this was a secret arrangement, it quickly became widely known. The treaty annexing Nice and Savoy to France

3381-408: The provinces of Savoy and Nice. In 1960, the term annexation having acquired negative connotations in France, particularly after Germany's 1871 annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, the annexation was renamed Rattachement de la Savoie à la France (Incorporation of Savoy to France). It was the latter term which was used by the French authorities during the festivities celebrating the 100th anniversary of

3450-433: The rivers Leysse and Albane , hosting the castle of the House of Savoy and the Savoyard senate . The state included six districts: The County and Duchy of Savoy incorporated Turin and other territories in Piedmont , a region in northwestern Italy that borders Savoy, which were also possessions of the House of Savoy. The capital of the Duchy remained at the traditional Savoyard capital of Chambéry until 1563, when it

3519-430: The same occasion he was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles . His second journey to Italy took place in 1368 when he had a meeting with Pope Urban V at Viterbo , was besieged in his palace at Siena , and left the country before the end of 1369. During his later years, the emperor took little part in German affairs beyond securing the election of his son Wenceslaus as king of the Romans in 1376, and negotiating

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3588-457: The southern part of Maxima Sequanorum . According to the Chronica Gallica of 452 , the Burgundians were settled in the territory of Sapaudia in 443, after the Burgundian defeat by Flavius Aetius . By the 8th century, the territory that would later become known as Savoy was part of Francia , and at the division of Francia at the Treaty of Verdun in 843, it became part of the short-lived kingdom of Middle Francia . After only 12 years, at

3657-520: The throne. Two years later, he assumed the government of Tyrol on behalf of his brother, John Henry , and was soon actively involved in a struggle for the possession of this county. On 11 July 1346, in consequence of an alliance between his father and Pope Clement VI , relentless enemy of the emperor Louis IV , Charles was elected as Roman king in opposition to Louis by some of the prince-electors at Rhens . As he had previously promised to be subservient to Clement, he made extensive concessions to

3726-432: The tiny Savoyard separatist movement, much attention has been focused on questioning the validity of the 1860 annexation. The Ligue Savoisienne, for example, rejects the Treaty of Turin and subsequent plebiscite as null and void, arguing that the plebiscite did not meet the standards of a free and fair vote. Today, historians generally acknowledge that the plebiscite of 1860 did feature irregularities, but they also affirm that

3795-424: The treaty was already signed, a plebiscite was held on 22–23 April. Employing universal male suffrage, voters in the ceded provinces were offered the option of voting "Yes" to approve the treaty and join France or voting "No" and rejecting the treaty. Voters were not permitted the options of either joining Switzerland , remaining with Italy , or regaining its independence, were the source of some opposition. With

3864-402: The vote was in this part of Savoy. The vote was the bitterest irony ever made on popular suffrage. The ballot-box in the hands of those very authorities who issued the proclamations; no control possible; even travellers suspected and dogged lest they should pry into the matter; all opposition put down by intimidation, and all liberty of action completely taken away. One can really scarcely reproach

3933-453: Was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378. He was elected King of Germany ( King of the Romans ) in 1346 and became King of Bohemia (as Charles I ) that same year. He was a member of the House of Luxembourg from his father's side and the Bohemian House of Přemyslid from his mother's side; he emphasized the latter due to his lifelong affinity for the Bohemian side of his inheritance, and also because his direct ancestors in

4002-512: Was an act of free will, in the logical order of geography and history [...]. Since the mid-20th century, regionalist movements have appeared in Savoy much as in other historic provinces of France. The Mouvement Région Savoie (Savoy Regional Movement) was founded in December 1971 as a 'movement' (rather than a traditional political party) in favour of regional autonomy. Unlike other historic provinces, including Normandy and Brittany , Savoy does not currently have its own region within France and

4071-467: Was claimed by the sons of the emperor Louis IV, and Tyrol by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria . Both claims were admitted by Charles on the understanding that if these families died out both territories should pass to the House of Luxembourg . At about the same time, he was promised the succession to the Margravate of Brandenburg , which he actually obtained for his son Wenceslaus in 1373. Casimir III of Poland and Louis I of Hungary entered

4140-411: Was crowned King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor. With his coronation as King of Burgundy in 1365, he became the personal ruler of all the kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire . Having played a key part in the political and cultural history of the Kingdom of Bohemia , he remains a popular historical figure in the Czech Republic . The Golden Bull of 1356 marked a structural change in the politics of

4209-403: Was elected king of the Kingdom of Bohemia . On 2 September 1347, Charles was crowned King of Bohemia. On 11 July 1346 , the prince-electors chose him as King of the Romans ( rex Romanorum ) in opposition to Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor . Charles was crowned on 26 November 1346 in Bonn . After his opponent died, he was re-elected in 1349 and crowned King of the Romans. In 1355, he

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4278-405: Was founded to promote the peaceful separatist cause to young people. According to surveys conducted in 2000, between 41% and 55% of the population were in favour of the proposal for a separate Savoy region. Towards the end of 2005, Hervé Gaymard called for Savoie to be given special status, similar to a French region, under his proposed "Conseil des Pays de Savoie". In recent years, sparked by

4347-400: Was important to Spain because it served as a buffer between France and the Spanish held lands in Italy. In 1563 Emmanuel Philibert moved the capital from Chambéry to Turin , which was less vulnerable to French interference. Vaud was annexed by Bern in 1536, and Savoy officially ceded Vaud to Bern in the Treaty of Lausanne of 30 October 1564. In 1714, as a consequence of the War of

4416-445: Was made up almost entirely of Imperial Cities . At the same time, the leagues were organized and led by the crown and its agents. As with the electors, the cities that served in these leagues were given privileges to aid in their efforts to keep the peace. He assured his dominance over the eastern borders of the Empire through succession treaties with the Habsburgs and the purchase of Brandenburg. He also claimed imperial lordship over

4485-430: Was moved to Turin. The region was occupied by the Allobroges , a Gallic people that the Roman Republic subdued in 121 BC. The name Savoy stems from the Late Latin Sapaudia , referring to a fir , or upland, forest. The word is likely ultimately from Gaulish – sapin itself is a blend of Gaulish sappos (fir tree) and Latin pinus (pine tree). It is first recorded in Ammianus Marcellinus (354), to describe

4554-486: Was recorded in the Landbuch of Charles IV , which was finished in 1375. Many villages were mentioned for the first time in this book, so it can provide information on how old they are. He also gained a considerable portion of Silesian territory, partly by inheritance through his third wife, Anna von Schweidnitz , daughter of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica and Catherine of Hungary . In 1365, Charles visited Pope Urban V at Avignon and undertook to escort him to Rome; on

4623-448: Was signed in Turin on 24 March 1860 ( Treaty of Turin ). In the northern provinces of the Chablais and Faucigny, there was some support for annexation to neighboring Switzerland, with which the northern provinces had longstanding economic ties. To help reduce the attractiveness of Switzerland, the French government conceded a Free-Trade Zone that maintained the longstanding duty-free relationship of northern Savoyard communes to Geneva. After

4692-469: Was soon the undisputed ruler of the Empire. Gifts or promises had won the support of the Rhenish and Swabian towns; a marriage alliance secured the friendship of the Habsburgs; and an alliance with Rudolf II of Bavaria , Count Palatine of the Rhine , was obtained when Charles, who had become a widower in 1348, married Rudolph's daughter Anna . In 1350, the king was visited at Prague by the Roman tribune Cola di Rienzo , who urged him to go to Italy, where

4761-455: Was the patron of the Nuremberg Frauenkirche , built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely Peter Parler ), where the imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. Charles's imperial policy was focused on the dynastic sphere and abandoned the lofty ideal of the Empire as a universal monarchy of Christendom . In 1353, he granted the Duchy of Luxembourg to his half-brother, Wenceslaus . He concentrated his energies chiefly on

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