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71-525: The name "Carolina bay" is sometimes attributed to the writings of the English explorer John Lawson , who explored North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia during the early 18th century. This attribution, however, is not correct. Lawson described visiting a swamp that contained bay trees , but there is no indication that he wanted to name the swamp with the word "bay". Furthermore, Lawson said that this swamp had steep margins and that he could see mountains to

142-561: A freedman and state legislator from Edgefield County, had been a leader in the United States Colored Troops . He was named to head the commission that drew the new county's boundary lines. He was dubbed "The Black Prince" by local newspapers, including the Edgefield Advertiser. He also led the commission that selected the site of Aiken County's present-day courthouse. Other freedmen who were part of

213-542: A 0.3–1.2 m thick unit of sand and silty sand (lacustrine deposits and paleosols) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of gray clay and sandy clay (with marine shells and burrows) of Pleistocene age. Cores from the adjacent sand rims revealed a 2.6–2.9 m thick unit of silt, sand silt, and silty sand (interpreted as paleosols, shoreline, loess, and eolian deposits) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of gray clay and sandy clay (with marine shells and burrows) of Pleistocene age (the same unit that

284-473: A 1.5–3.2 m thick unit of sand, sandy silt, and silty sand (lacustrine deposits) that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of saprolite (weathered felsic gneiss). These lacustrine deposits yielded a radiocarbon age of ~21,920 years BP. Cores and augers from the adjacent sand rims revealed a 1.5–4.0 m thick unit of muddy sand, sand, and gravel that rests on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of saprolite/weathered felsic gneiss (the same unit that

355-434: A female householder with no husband present, 31.6% were non-families, and 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age was 40.0 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 44,468 and the median income for a family was $ 57,064. Males had a median income of $ 44,436 versus $ 33,207 for females. The per capita income for

426-476: A greater proportion of the vote than Donald Trump in 2016, despite Dole losing decisively to Bill Clinton nationally, and Donald Trump winning the Electoral College 304-227 . The Republican trend runs through the local level as well. While conservative Democrats held most state and local offices well into the 1990s, today there are almost no elected Democrats left above the county level. In 2022,

497-427: A harder substrate that does not show signs of deformation or other disturbance. The composition and the age of this harder substrate varies from location to location. Stratigraphic relations of some Carolina bays with fields of eolian dunes in river valleys suggest that Carolina bays formed episodically during different times at different places. For example: Cores taken within several Carolina bays have revealed

568-621: A household in the county was $ 37,889, and the median income for a family was $ 45,769. Males had a median income of $ 36,743 versus $ 23,810 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 18,772. About 10.60% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.90% of those under age 18 and 12.50% of those age 65 or over. Gary Bunker is the Chairman of the Aiken County Council. The other members and their districts are as follows: Aiken County

639-549: A hundred thousand years ago and have since been episodically modified. Recent work by the U.S. Geological Survey has interpreted the Carolina bays as relict thermokarst lakes that have been modified by eolian and lacustrine processes. Modern thermokarst lakes are common today around Barrow (Alaska), and the long axes of these lakes are oblique to the prevailing wind direction. These lakes develop by thawing of frozen ground, with subsequent modification by wind and waves. Thus,

710-527: A large bay in Georgetown County, South Carolina , was used as a bombing practice range during World War II . It has been drained and is mostly used for tree farming today. Others are used for vegetable or field crops with drainage . A study of bays located on the Delmarva peninsula estimated that 70% had been partially or fully converted to agriculture. In South Carolina, Woods Bay , on

781-488: A living as a private land surveyor . In 1705, he was appointed deputy surveyor for the Lords Proprietor of Carolina. In 1708, he succeeded Edward Moseley to become surveyor-general of the colony, a lucrative position. Lawson played a major role in the founding of two of North Carolina's earliest permanent European settlements: Bath and New Bern . On March 8, 1705, Bath was the first town incorporated in what

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852-506: A sand rim at the margin of this Carolina has yielded an OSL age of ~23,600 years ago. Basal peat bog sediment within this Carolina bay yielded an age of ~8,600 radiocarbon years ago. In a study of several Carolina bays in North Carolina, Gamble et al. (1977) stated that drilling and coring indicated that the bedding and sediments underlying Carolina bays are undisturbed. Studies by Frey, Watts, and Whitehead have also documented that

923-658: A significantly high number of first generation British immigrants who fought for the Patriot cause in the revolutionary war. Both Aiken County and its county seat of Aiken are named after William Aiken (1779–1831), the first president of the South Carolina Railroad Company . Aiken County was organized during the Reconstruction era in 1871 from portions of Barnwell , Edgefield , Lexington , and Orangeburg counties. Prince Rivers ,

994-464: A single core, most radiocarbon dates are typically consistent in terms of their stratigraphic position within a core, and accumulation rates calculated from them only are rarely anomalous. Given the nature of radiocarbon dating, discordant dates occasionally occur even in undisturbed deposits, when multiple samples were dated. The occasional discordant dates by themselves are meaningless as an indicator of disturbance. The intact internal stratigraphy of

1065-510: A stratigraphically consistent series of pollen zones, which increased in age consistently with depth from Holocene Stage to the Wisconsin Stage, back into marine isotope stage 5 Flamingo Bay (Aiken County, South Carolina): A core (C1) taken within this Carolina bay revealed a 0.94 m thick unit of quartz sand that rests on an unconformity (paleosol) above an undisturbed unit of sandy silt and clay of Eocene age. Charcoal samples within

1136-563: A stratigraphy of a few meters of sand and/or mud resting on a unconformity above a harder substrate. Carolina bays for which the stratigraphy has been described in some detail include Lake Mattamuskeet ( Hyde County , North Carolina), Wilson's Bay ( Johnston County , North Carolina), Herndon Bay ( Robeson County , North Carolina), Big Bay (Sumter County, South Carolina), Flamingo Bay ( Aiken County , South Carolina), and Duke's Pond (Tattnall County, Georgia). Lake Mattamuskeet (Hyde County, North Carolina): Cores from within this Carolina bay revealed

1207-711: A very distinct orientation tightly clustered about N25°W. Undrained depressions, circular to oval in shape and exhibiting a wide range of area and depth, are also a feature of the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain in Texas and southwest Louisiana. These depressions vary in size from .25 to 2 mi (0.4 to 3 km) in diameter. Within Harris County, Texas, raised rims, which are about 2 ft (0.6 m) high, partially enclose these depressions. John Lawson (explorer) John Lawson (27 December 1674 – 16 September 1711)

1278-509: Is known definitively about his early life. He appears to have been the only son of Dr. John Lawson (1632–c. 1690) and Isabella Love (c. 1643–c. 1680). Both were from London. The family owned land near Kingston upon Hull , where Lawson may have been educated in his youth. He attended lectures at Gresham College , where the Royal Society often met. His education seems evidenced by his book. His freedom to explore and take charge suggest he

1349-609: Is mostly in the Sandhills region, with the northern parts reaching in the Piedmont and southern parts reaching into the Coastal Plain . In the colonial era the area that is now Aiken County was part of Edgefield and Orangeburgh Districts. The majority of the population were immigrant farmers. Most of whom were from the rural parts of Lincolnshire , England; however, very few were from the town of Lincoln . Virtually all of

1420-400: Is necessary for Canby's Dropwort and many of the other species unique to the environment. Most geologists today interpret the Carolina bays as relict geomorphological features that developed via various eolian and lacustrine processes. Multiple lines of evidence, e.g. radiocarbon dating , optically stimulated luminescence dating, and palynology , indicate that the Carolina bays predate

1491-569: Is water. It is the fourth-largest county in South Carolina by land area. As of the 2020 census , there were 168,808 people, 67,889 households, and 43,932 families residing in the county. At the 2010 census , there were 160,099 people, 64,253 households, and 43,931 families living in the county. The population density was 149.5 inhabitants per square mile (57.7/km ). There were 72,249 housing units at an average density of 67.5 per square mile (26.1/km ). The racial makeup of

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1562-461: The 2000 census , there were 142,552 people, 55,587 households, and 39,411 families living in the county. The population density was 133 inhabitants per square mile (51/km ). There were 61,987 housing units at an average density of 58 per square mile (22/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 71.37% White , 25.56% Black or African American , 0.40% Native American , 0.63% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander, and 1.18% from two or more races. 2.12% of

1633-591: The Neuse River . The Tuscarora released von Graffenried, but they subjected Lawson to ritual torture, typical of warriors, and killed him. Shortly thereafter, tensions between the Tuscarora and their allies and settlers erupted into a bloody conflict known as the Tuscarora War , lasting until the defeat of the Tuscarora in 1715. The colonists gathered their own American Indian allies, especially from among

1704-729: The Neuse River . The government of Queen Anne had invited the Protestant refugees to England for passage to the colonies. They were fleeing extended hardship in their homeland, due to a record cold, and French invasions. Nearly 3000 Palatine Germans were settled in the New York Colony in 1710 as well, and worked in naval stores camps on the Hudson River to pay off their transportation. In September 1711, Lawson and his associate Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg were captured by Tuscarora natives while ascending

1775-696: The Sumter - Florence county line near Olanta , was designated a state park to preserve it as much as possible in its natural state. Also, 66 Bennett's Bay, near Manning , in Clarendon County, South Carolina , is a designated Heritage Preserve. Another bay in Bamberg County, South Carolina is owned by the South Carolina Native Plant Society, which has been developing a 52-acre (210,000 m) preserve called

1846-572: The Yamasee and Cherokee , traditional enemies and competitors of the Tuscarora. Online versions of this work: Aiken County, South Carolina Aiken County ( / ˈ eɪ k ən / ) is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina . As of the 2020 census , its population was 168,808. Its county seat and largest community is Aiken . Aiken County is a part of the Augusta - Richmond County , GA -SC Metropolitan Statistical Area . It

1917-825: The 0.94 m thick unit of quartz sand yielded radiocarbon ages of ~4,500 to 2,500 years BP. A core (P25) taken from adjacent sand rim revealed a 1.85 m thick unit of Quaternary sand that rests on an unconformity (paleosol) above an undisturbed unit of sandy silt and clay of Eocene age (the same unit that was encountered in core C1 from within the Carolina bay). Moore et al. (2012) reported that sediment samples from sand ridges associated with this Carolina bay have yielded five OSL ages of ~15,000 years ago; ~13,100 years ago; ~11,500 years ago; ~9,200 years ago; and ~5,000 years ago. Brooks et al. (2010) reported that sediment samples from sand ridges associated with this Carolina Bay yielded OSL ages of ~108,700 years ago; and ~40,300 years ago. Duke's Pond (Tattnall County, Georgia): A sediment sample from

1988-516: The 1950s, Aiken County (along with the nearby counties of Allendale and Barnwell ) was chosen as the location for storage and production of nuclear materials and various fissile materials, now known as the Savannah River Site . Ellenton, South Carolina was acquired and its buildings demolished for its development of this plant. Its residents and businesses were moved north about eight miles to New Ellenton , and about 5 miles south to

2059-546: The Atlantic Coastal Plain, the orientation of the long axes of Carolina bays varies by 10 to 15 degrees. If the long axes of these Carolina bays, as measured by Johnson (1942), are projected westward, then they generally converge in the area of southeastern Indiana and southwestern Ohio . At the northern end of the distribution of Carolina bays, within the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey ,

2130-544: The Carolina backcountry. Along the way he was guided by American Indians; he took careful note of the vegetation, wildlife and, in particular, the many Native tribes he encountered. He traveled nearly 600 miles through the wilderness, ending his journey near the mouth of the Pamlico River in what was later designated as North Carolina. After his expedition, Lawson settled near the Pamlico River, where he earned

2201-512: The Carolina bay sediments, as indicated by paleosols and pollen zones (e.g. Big Bay) refutes such arguments. As discussed by Gaiser, radiocarbon dates reported from any Carolina bay are minimum dates for their formation. The radiocarbon dates only represent times during which organic matter accumulated and was preserved in Carolina bays. At other times, datable organic matter either might not have been preserved as sediment accumulated within them, or older organic matter might have been destroyed when

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2272-608: The Carolina bays can be readily explained by known terrestrial processes and repeated modification by eolian and lacustrine processes. Also, Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists have found a correspondence in time between when active modification of the rims of Carolina bays most commonly occurred and when adjacent sand dunes were active during the Wisconsin glaciation between 15,000 and 40,000 years (Late Wisconsin) and 70,000 to 80,000 years BP (Early Wisconsin). In addition, Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists have found that

2343-578: The GDP of Aiken County was $ 8.6 billion (approx. $ 48,344 per capita). In chained 2017 dollars , its real GDP was $ 7.1 billion (approx. $ 42,060 per capita). Between 2021 and 2024, the unemployment rate has fluctuated around 3%. As of April 2024 , some of the largest employers in the county include Aiken Regional Medical Center , Bridgestone , Hubbell Incorporated , Kimberly-Clark , Savanah River Nuclear Solutions (SRNS) , Shaw Industries , UPS , and Walmart . The only school district covering sections of

2414-531: The Lisa Matthews Memorial Bay, which is trying to preserve and increase the federally endangered wildflower Oxypolis canbyi (Canby's Dropwort) in the bay. The uplands area surrounding the bay is being restored from a loblolly pine plantation to the original longleaf pine . Included in the longleaf restoration is the restoration of wiregrass ( Aristida beyrichiana ) as a key understory plant. Its flammability aids in periodic burning, which

2485-409: The average orientation of the long axes abruptly shifts by about 112 degrees to N48°E. Farther north, the orientation of the long axes becomes, at best, distinctly bimodal, exhibiting two greatly divergent directions, and, at worst, completely random, lacking any preferred direction. Plate 3 of Rasmussen and Slaughter, which is reproduced as Figure 51 of Kacrovowski, illustrates the disorganized nature of

2556-475: The average trend of the long axes also corresponds with a shift in the average inferred direction of movement of Pleistocene parabolic sand dunes such that their direction of movement is also oblique to the long axes, as is the case in the rest of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Alternative interpretations of Carolina bays that are no longer viewed favorably by most geologists include: Other landform depressions, not widely accepted as Carolina bays, are present within

2627-415: The bays dried out. During times when the water table was below the bottom of a Carolina bay (e.g., possibly during glacial periods when sea level was 130 meters (400 ft) below present), organic matter could have been destroyed by oxidization and weathering. Also, during such times, eolian processes could have eroded any existing sediments at the bottom of Carolina bays. There are some who suggest that

2698-914: The bays' habitats include birds, such as wood storks , herons , egrets , and other migratory waterfowl , mammals such as deer , black bears , raccoons , skunks , and opossums . Other residents include dragonflies , green anoles and green tree frogs . The bays contain trees such as black gum , bald cypress , pond cypress, sweet bay , loblolly bay , red bay , sweet gum , maple , magnolia , pond pine , and shrubs such as fetterbush , clethra , sumac , button bush , zenobia, and gallberry . Plants common in Carolina bays are water lilies , sedges and various grasses . Several carnivorous plants inhabit Carolina bays, including bladderwort , butterwort , pitcher plant , and sundew . Some bays have been greatly modified by human activities including farming , highway building, and construction of housing developments and golf courses . For example, Carvers Bay,

2769-708: The black vote. Between the Hamburg Massacre in July and several days of rioting in September in Ellenton , more than 100 black men were killed by white paramilitary groups in this county. Two white men died in the violence. In the late 19th century, the county became a popular winter refuge for affluent Northerners, who built luxury housing. The county remains popular with horse trainers and professional riders because mild winters allow lengthy training seasons. In

2840-515: The classic area of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, many in groups aligned in a northwest–southeast direction. Generally the southeastern end has a higher rim composed of white sand. According to published papers and monographs, the average trend of the long axes of Carolina Bays varies from N16°W in east-central Georgia to N22°W in southern South Carolina, N39°W in northern South Carolina, N49°W in North Carolina, and N64°W in Virginia. Within this part of

2911-977: The county was $ 24,172. About 13.4% of families and 16.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 23.7% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over. The following is from the 2010 Census Total Population : 160,099 (100.00%) Population by Race American Indian and Alaska native alone 682 (0.43%) Asian alone 1,329 (0.83%) Black or African American alone 39,354 (24.58%) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific native alone 61 (0.04%) Some other race alone 4,126 (2.58%) Two or more races 3,090 (1.93%) White alone 111,457 (69.62%) Population by Hispanic or Latino Origin (of any race) Persons Not of Hispanic or Latino Origin 152,275 (95.11%) Persons of Hispanic or Latino Origin 7,824 (4.89%) Population by Gender Female 82,549 (51.56%) Male 77,550 (48.44%) Population by Age Persons 0 to 4 years 10,046 (6.27%) Persons 5 to 17 years 26,782 (16.73%) Persons 18 to 64 years (98,652) 61.62% Persons 65 years and over 24,619 (15.38%) At

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2982-473: The county was 69.6% white, 24.6% black or African American, 0.8% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 2.6% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.9% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 20.6% were American , 10.0% were English , 9.9% were German , and 8.6% were Irish . Of the 64,253 households, 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 14.4% had

3053-515: The depression depth, size, hydrology , and subsurface. Many are marshy; a few of the larger ones are (or were before drainage) lakes; 14-square-mile (36 km) Lake Waccamaw is an undrained example. Some bays are predominantly open water with large scattered pond cypress , while others are composed of thick, shrubby areas ( pocosins ), with vegetation growing on floating peat mats. The bays are especially rich in biodiversity , including some rare and/or endangered species . Species that thrive in

3124-494: The farm country surrounding these towns. These settlers also settled on lands in between the Savannah River in the west and the towns of Berlin and Jones Crossroads in the east, all arriving in what has since become Aiken County in the 1740s. A numerically smaller but influential migration came to what has since become Aiken County in the form of Presbyterian immigrants of Scottish ancestry who came from County Antrim and

3195-515: The farmers from Lincolnshire came to the colony as indentured servants in the 1730s and 1740s. However, by the 1750s, almost all of the Lincolnshire settlers in what is now Aiken County were living on their own private land, almost exclusively engaging in subsistence agriculture on smallholding farms. Many immigrants also came from the rural eastern half of the English county of Nottinghamshire . Specifically, many indentured servants came from

3266-736: The following units: (1) Drilling depth 0 to 4.5 m = eolian sand sheet that overlies the Carolina bay; (2) Drilling depth 4.5 to 9.0 m = silty sand and sandy mud with abundant organic material; and (3) Drilling depth 9.0 to 10.6 m = sandy clay of Pliocene age (Duplin Formation). Sediment samples from sand rims associated with this Carolina bay have yielded four optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of ~35,700 years ago; ~25,200 years ago; ~11,200 years ago; and ~2,100 years ago. Within cores of undisturbed sediments recovered from Big Bay, North Carolina, Brook and others documented well-defined pollen zones consisting of distinct pollen assemblages. They found

3337-576: The founding of the county were Samuel J. Lee , speaker of the state House and the first black man admitted to the South Carolina Bar ; and Charles D. Hayne , a free man of color from one of Charleston's elite families. Political tensions kept rising in South Carolina during the 1870s, especially around elections. In the months before the 1876 elections, Aiken County was one of the areas to suffer white paramilitary Red Shirts attacks and violence directed against black Republicans to suppress

3408-414: The interpretation of Carolina bays as relict thermokarst lakes implies that frozen ground once extended as far south as the Carolina bays. This interpretation is consistent with the optically stimulated luminescence dates, which suggest that the Carolina bays are relict features that formed when the climate was colder, drier, and windier. Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists state that the features of

3479-545: The northern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain in southern Mississippi and Alabama , where they are known as either Grady ponds or Citronelle ponds . They are also known by a variety of names such as pocks , pock marks , bagols , lacs ronds , and natural ponds. These features in southern Mississippi and Alabama are elliptical to roughly circular in shape. The measurement of the long axes of 200 elliptical Grady / Citronelle ponds in southwestern Baldwin County, Alabama found

3550-521: The northern portion of County Down in Ireland , as well as small numbers from the town of Kesh in County Fermanagh , Ireland . This population referred to themselves as "Ulstermen" and "Irish Presbyterians" but were known in the colonies as "Scots-Irish" settlers, though this was not a term they self-applied. They too arrived in the 1740s. The area that has since become Aiken County had

3621-469: The oldest radiocarbon date from a Carolina bay only indicates the time when the water table rose high enough for a permanent lake or swamp to exist within it. This interpretation, however, may depend upon the nature of the overlying sediment. For example, eolian processes can bury and preserve organic matter, and thus the preservation of organic matter can occur independently of water table behavior. The bays have many different vegetative structures, based on

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3692-471: The orientation is matched by an inferred west to east direction of movement of Pleistocene sand dunes. Northward from northern Georgia to Virginia, the average inferred direction of movement of Pleistocene parabolic sand dunes systematically shifts along with the average orientation of the long axes of Carolina bays as to lie oblique to them. In the Delmarva Peninsula, the 112 degree shift in

3763-567: The orientations of the Carolina bays are consistent with the wind patterns that existed during the Wisconsin glaciation, as reconstructed from the orientations of parabolic dunes in river valleys. Within the Atlantic Coast Plain, the orientation of the long axes of Carolina bays and the inferred direction of movement of adjacent sand dunes, where present, are generally oblique to each other. In southern Georgia and northern Florida,

3834-464: The orientations of the long axes of Carolina bays in Somerset , Wicomico , and Worcester counties, Maryland. At the southern end of their distribution, the Carolina bays in southern Georgia and northern Florida are approximately circular in shape. In this area, they have a weak northerly orientation. Most Carolina bays consist of a few meters of sand and/or mud that rest on an unconformity above

3905-493: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22.0% were of American , 9.7% English , 8.4% German and 7.9% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000 . There were 55,587 households, out of which 33.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.30% were married couples living together, 13.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.10% were non-families. 25.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.20% had someone living alone who

3976-428: The publication (without quotation marks, and with a capital "B" for the word "Bays"). Carolina bays are present in the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain from New York to north Florida. In Maryland, they are called Maryland basins . Within the Delmarva Peninsula , they and other coastal ponds are also called Delmarva bays . Carolina bays vary in size from one to several thousand acres. About 500,000 of them are present in

4047-498: The sediments filling Carolina bays are generally undisturbed. Several cores have found that the sediments that fill Carolina bays have distinct and conformably layers or beds. The dating of the sand rims of a number of Carolina bays by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques has yielded ages ranging from ~109,000 to ~2,000 years ago, but most ages from the sand rims range from ~40,000 to ~11,000 years ago. Radiocarbon dates have been obtained from organic matter collected from

4118-485: The start of the Holocene . Fossil pollen recovered from cores of undisturbed sediment taken from various Carolina bays in North Carolina by Frey, Watts, and Whitehead document the presence of full glacial pollen zones within the sediments filling some Carolina bays. The range of dates can be interpreted that Carolina bays were either created episodically over the last tens of thousands of years or were created at time over

4189-405: The town of Darlington, South Carolina . Glenn put quotation marks around the word "bay" but did not use the phrase "Carolina bay". A subsequent publication by F.   A.   Melton and William Schriever (1933) used the phrase "The Carolina Bays" (with quotation marks around the word "Bays"). Later, G. R. MacCarthy (1937) published a paper titled "The Carolina Bays", using this phrase throughout

4260-479: The town of Jackson just outside the entrance to the Savannah River Site, Developed during Cold War tensions, the facility is scheduled for decommissioning of various parts of the site. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,080.17 square miles (2,797.6 km ), of which 1,070.69 square miles (2,773.1 km ) is land and 9.48 square miles (24.6 km ) (0.88%)

4331-487: The towns of Newark-on-Trent , Winthorpe , Coddington , Balderton , Kelham and Farndon . A third group of English farmers settled in the colony, mostly arriving not as individual indentured servants but as entire family units, coming from the Derbyshire Dales region of the English county of Derbyshire ; these settlers primarily originated in the three towns of Ashbourne , Bakewell and Matlock as well as

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4402-637: The undisturbed sediments filling Carolina bays by Bliley and Burney, Mixon and Pilkey, Thom, and Kaczorowski. Some radiocarbon dates obtained from organic matter within undisturbed sediments are greater than 14,000 BP radiocarbon in age. The radiocarbon dates range from 27,700 ±2,600 to 440 ± 50 radiocarbon years BP. Some cores have contained organic matter that was too old for dating by radiocarbon methods, resulting in "greater than" dates. For example, samples from some Carolina bays have been dated at greater than 38,000 to 49,550 radiocarbon years BP. In cases where multiple radiocarbon dates have been determined from

4473-481: The west from the vicinity of the swamp. Thus, it seems more likely that this swamp was an inter-dune depression among the Carolina Sandhills , rather than a Carolina bay. Nevertheless, bay trees are present in some Carolina bays. The earliest scientific description of Carolina bays is by L. C. Glenn (1895), who used the term "bay" (which he described as "lake-like expanses") to refer to these features near

4544-458: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.20% under the age of 18, 8.80% from 18 to 24, 28.90% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 12.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.20 males. The median income for

4615-652: Was an English explorer, naturalist and writer. He played an important role in exploring the frontier regions of the Carolinas , publicising his expeditions in a book. He founded two settlements in North Carolina , Bath and New Bern , both located on rivers in the coastal plain. He was murdered by the Tuscarora people which led to the outbreak of the Tuscarora War . John Lawson was born in England . Little

4686-627: Was an instant success. Several editions were published, including translations into German and French . The resulting publicity attracted many immigrant settlers to the colony of North Carolina. While in London, Lawson represented the colony before the government in a boundary dispute with Virginia . He also organized a group of Germans from the Electorate of the Palatinate to settle in Carolina, returning with them in 1710 to found New Bern on

4757-439: Was encountered in cores from within the Carolina bay). Charcoal and wood from a western sand rim (closer to the bay) yielded radiocarbon ages of ~5,760 and 1,270 years before present (BP). Organic sediment and charcoal from an eastern sand rim (farther from the bay) yielded radiocarbon ages ranging from ~7,750 to 2,780 years BP. Wilson's Bay (Johnston County, North Carolina): Cores and augers from within this Carolina bay revealed

4828-791: Was encountered in cores from within the Carolina bay). Organic material within the bay yielded an age of ~21,920 radiocarbon years BP. Herndon Bay (Robeson County, North Carolina): Cores drilled into four different sand ridges associated with this Carolina bay revealed that the sand ridges are composed of 2.5–4.5 m thick accumulations of fine to coarse sand that rest on an unconformity above an undisturbed unit of black mud of Cretaceous age (Black Creek Formation). Sediment samples from sand rims associated with this Carolina bay have yielded three optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of ~36,700 years ago; ~29,600 years ago; and ~27,200 years ago. Big Bay (Big Bay, Sumter County, South Carolina): A core (drill hole D1/2) drilled within this Carolina bay went through

4899-482: Was one of the first counties in South Carolina to break away from a "Solid South" voting pattern. It has gone Republican in every presidential election since 1956. It even rejected southern Democrats such as Lyndon Johnson of Texas , Jimmy Carter of Georgia , Bill Clinton of Arkansas or Al Gore of Tennessee . Carter is the last Democrat to manage even 40 percent of the county's vote. However, it has trended more liberal in recent years, giving Bob Dole in 1996

4970-406: Was to become North Carolina. Part of the incorporated land was owned by Lawson. He became one of the first town commissioners. Later he became clerk of the court and public register for Bath County . In 1709, Lawson returned to London to oversee the publication of his book, A New Voyage to Carolina , in which he described the native inhabitants and the natural environment of the region. The book

5041-684: Was well placed in society. After an acquaintance in London assured him that "Carolina was the best country", Lawson as a young man sailed for England's North American colonies, arriving in Charleston, South Carolina on August 15, 1700. Beginning December 28, 1700, Lawson participated in a small expedition out of Charleston in the Carolina Colony to the interior. They traveled up the Santee River by canoe, and then on foot, to explore

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