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63-633: Casablanca is Morocco's chief port, with the Port of Casablanca being one of the largest artificial ports in Africa , and the third-largest port in North Africa , after Tanger-Med (40 km (25 mi) east of Tangier ) and Port Said . Casablanca also hosts the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy . Casablanca is a significant financial centre , ranking 54th globally in

126-617: A diminutive or, in Chinese , adding the word " cursor " ( 标 ), making shǔbiāo "mouse cursor" ( simplified Chinese : 鼠标 ; traditional Chinese : 鼠標 ; pinyin : shǔbiāo ). Another example is the Spanish word ratón that means both the animal and the computer mouse. The common English phrase " flea market " is a loan translation of the French marché aux puces ("market with fleas"). At least 22 other languages calque

189-800: A massacre of working class Moroccans, carried out by Senegalese Tirailleurs in the service of the French colonial army , was instigated just as Sultan Muhammed V was due to make a speech in Tangier appealing for independence. Riots in Casablanca took place from 7–8 December 1952, in response to the assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist Farhat Hached by La Main Rouge —the clandestine militant wing of French intelligence . Then, on 25 December 1953 (Christmas Day), Muhammad Zarqtuni orchestrated

252-600: A military fortress in 1515, and were eventually expelled by the Moroccan Saadi Dynasti in 1530. The foundation of the current port started during the reign of Sidi Mohammed Bin Abdellah, the Alawi Sultan of Morocco in the 18th century. It is this Sultan who named it Addar Al Beida, or Casablanca. In the 19th century, the area's population began to grow as Casablanca became a major supplier of wool to

315-824: A verb , “to calque” means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For instance, the English word skyscraper has been calqued in dozens of other languages, combining words for "sky" and "scrape" in each language, as for example Wolkenkratzer in German, arranha-céu in Portuguese, grattacielo in Italian, gökdelen in Turkish, and matenrou(摩天楼) in Japanese. Calquing

378-476: A bombing of Casablanca's Central Market in response to the forced exile of Sultan Muhammad V and the royal family on 20 August ( Eid al-Adha ) of that year. Morocco gained independence from France in 1956. The post-independence era witnessed significant urban transformations and socio-economic shifts, particularly in neighborhoods like Hay Mohammadi, which were deeply impacted by neoliberal policies and state-led urban redevelopment projects. On 4–7 January 1961,

441-580: A dozen deaths while the UNFP reported more than 1,000. King Hassan II blamed the events on teachers and parents, and declared in a speech to the nation on 30 March 1965: "There is no greater danger to the State than a so-called intellectual. It would have been better if you were all illiterate." On 6 June 1981, the Casablanca Bread Riots took place, which were sparked by a sharp increase in

504-786: A policy of "asymmetrical neutrality" in favour of the Germans. French colonists in Morocco generally supported Pétain, while Moroccans tended to favour de Gaulle and the Allies . Operation Torch , which started on 8 November 1942, was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African campaign of World War II . The Western Task Force, composed of American units led by Major General George S. Patton and Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt , carried out

567-699: A practice known as interpretatio germanica : the Latin "Day of Mercury ", Mercurii dies (later mercredi in modern French ), was borrowed into Late Proto-Germanic as the "Day of Wōđanaz " ( Wodanesdag ), which became Wōdnesdæg in Old English , then "Wednesday" in Modern English. Since at least 1894, according to the Trésor de la langue française informatisé , the French term calque has been used in its linguistic sense, namely in

630-567: A publication by Louis Duvau: Un autre phénomène d'hybridation est la création dans une langue d'un mot nouveau, dérivé ou composé à l'aide d'éléments existant déja dans cette langue, et ne se distinguant en rien par l'aspect extérieur des mots plus anciens, mais qui, en fait, n'est que le calque d'un mot existant dans la langue maternelle de celui qui s'essaye à un parler nouveau. [...] nous voulons rappeler seulement deux ou trois exemples de ces calques d'expressions, parmi les plus certains et les plus frappants. Another phenomenon of hybridization

693-651: A quarry in Roches Noires , passing through the sacred Sidi Belyout graveyard. In resistance to this and the measures of the 1906 Treaty of Algeciras, tribesmen of the Chaouia attacked the locomotive, killing 9 Compagnie Marocaine laborers—3 French, 3 Italians, and 3 Spanish. In response, the French bombarded the city in August 1907 with multiple gunboats and landed troops inside the town, causing severe damage and killing between 600 and 3,000 Moroccans. Estimates for

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756-415: A similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery. One system classifies calques into five groups. This terminology is not universal: Some linguists refer to a phonological calque , in which the pronunciation of

819-460: A word is imitated in the other language. For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word 雷达 ( pinyin : léidá ), which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder". Partial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of a compound but not others. For example, the name of the Irish digital television service Saorview is a partial calque of that of

882-588: Is Oum Rabia , 70 km (43.50 mi) to the south-east. Casablanca has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). The cool Canary Current off the Atlantic coast moderates temperature variation, which results in a climate remarkably similar to that of coastal Los Angeles , with similar temperature ranges. The city has an annual average of 72 days with significant precipitation, which amounts to 412 mm (16.2 in) per year. The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in

945-463: Is a significant financial centre , ranking 54th globally in the September 2023 Global Financial Centres Index rankings, between Brussels and Rome . The Casablanca Stock Exchange is Africa's third-largest in terms of market capitalization , as of December 2022. Port of Casablanca The Port of Casablanca ( Arabic : ميناء الدار البيضاء , French : Port de Casablanca ) refers to

1008-541: Is considered the locomotive of the development of the Moroccan economy . It attracts 32% of the country's production units and 56% of industrial labor . The region uses 30% of the national electricity production. With MAD 93 billion, the region contributes to 44% of the industrial production of the kingdom. About 33% of national industrial exports, MAD 27 billion, comes from the Grand Casablanca; 30% of

1071-425: Is distinct from phono-semantic matching : while calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching—i.e., of retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word by matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language. Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases,

1134-403: Is one of 12 major African cities ( Abidjan , Alexandria , Algiers , Cape Town , Casablanca, Dakar , Dar es Salaam , Durban , Lagos , Lomé , Luanda and Maputo ) which would be the most severely affected by future sea level rise . It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$ 65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$ 86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by

1197-444: Is the creation in a language of a new word, derived or composed with the help of elements already existing in that language, and which is not distinguished in any way by the external aspect of the older words, but which, in fact, is only the copy ( calque ) of a word existing in the mother tongue of the one who tries out a new language. [...] we want to recall only two or three examples of these copies ( calques ) of expressions, among

1260-638: Is the main industrial zone in the country. Before the 15th century, the settlement at what is now Casablanca had been called Anfa , rendered in European sources variously as El-Anfa, Anafa or Anaffa, Anafe, Anife, Anafee, Nafe, and Nafee. Ibn Khaldun ascribed the name to the Anfaça , a branch of the Auréba  [ ar ] tribe of the Maghreb , though the sociologist André Adam refuted this claim due to

1323-724: Is today Casablanca was founded and settled by Berbers by the seventh century BC. It was used as a port by the Phoenicians, then the Romans. In his book Description of Africa , Leo Africanus refers to ancient Casablanca as " Anfa ", a great city founded in the Berber kingdom of Barghawata in 744 AD. He believed Anfa was the most "prosperous city on the Atlantic Coast because of its fertile land." Barghawata rose as an independent state around this time, and continued until it

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1386-714: The Anfa Conference (also called the Casablanca Conference ) in January 1943. Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt discussed the progress of the war. Also in attendance were the Free France generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud , though they played minor roles and didn't participate in the military planning. It was at this conference that the Allies adopted

1449-496: The French conquest and arrival of French colonialists in the town—at first as administrators within a sovereign sultanate, in 1912. The Moroccan administration of the time entrusted to the Compagnie Marocaine the construction of a small port whose water surface to be sheltered does not exceed 10 hectares. The work started in 1906, consisted of the construction of two small piers out of grip of share and others of

1512-655: The National Union of Popular Forces -affiliated National Union of Moroccan Students, which spread to cities around the country and devolved into riots, started on 22 March 1965, in front of Lycée Mohammed V in Casablanca. The protests started as a peaceful march to demand the right to public higher education for Morocco, but expanded to include concerns of labourers, the unemployed, and other marginalized segments of society, and devolved into vandalism and rioting. The riots were violently repressed by security forces with tanks and armoured vehicles; Moroccan authorities reported

1575-548: The 1860s, around 5,000 residents were there, and the population grew to around 10,000 by the late 1880s. Casablanca remained a modestly sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of the French conquest and arrival of French colonialists in 1906. By 1921, this rose to 110,000, largely through the development of shanty towns . The Treaty of Algeciras of 1906 formalized French preeminence in Morocco and included three measures that directly impacted Casablanca: that French officers would control operations at

1638-465: The 1950s until the 1980s. Many other works are ongoing since 2013, ordered by the Marsa-Maroc. A new cruise terminal with a capacity of 450.000 passengers was commissioned in 2022. Calque In linguistics , a calque ( / k æ l k / ) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation . When used as

1701-525: The French expression directly or indirectly through another language. The word loanword is a calque of the German noun Lehnwort . In contrast, the term calque is a loanword, from the French noun calque ("tracing, imitation, close copy"). Another example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation is of the English word " skyscraper ", a kenning -like term which may be calqued using

1764-557: The Mediterranean coast of Africa in terms of capacity—went into service in 2007. The Port of Casablanca's initial capacity was 3.5 million shipment containers. Casablanca's port handles more than 21,3 million tons of traffic annually, which is to say 38% of Moroccan traffic, and carries out a sales turnover of more than 894 Million Moroccan Dirhams . With an extent of 605 hectares and extending to more than 8 kilometers in length. It can accommodate and treat more than 35 ships at

1827-502: The Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca. One of the most important exports of Casablanca is phosphate. Other industries include fishing, fish canning, sawmills, furniture production, building materials, glass, textiles, electronics, leather work, processed food, spirits, soft drinks, and cigarettes. The Casablanca and Mohammedia seaports activity represent 50% of the international commercial flows of Morocco. Almost

1890-436: The September 2023 Global Financial Centres Index rankings, between Brussels and Rome . The Casablanca Stock Exchange is Africa's third-largest in terms of market capitalization , as of December 2022. Major Moroccan companies and many of the largest American and European companies operating in the country have their headquarters and main industrial facilities in Casablanca. Recent industrial statistics show that Casablanca

1953-476: The UK service " Freeview ", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include " liverwurst " (< German Leberwurst ) and " apple strudel " (< German Apfelstrudel ). The " computer mouse " was named in English for its resemblance to the animal . Many other languages use their word for "mouse" for the "computer mouse", sometimes using

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2016-461: The absence of the third syllable. Nahum Slouschz gave a Hebrew etymology, citing the Lexicon of Gesenius : anâphâh (a type of bird) or anaph (face, figure), though Adam refuted this arguing that even a Judaized population would still have spoken Tamazight . Adam also refuted an Arabic etymology, أنف ( anf , "nose"), as the city predated the linguistic Arabization of the country, and

2079-515: The booming textile industry in Britain and shipping traffic increased. The British, in return, began importing gunpowder tea , a key ingredient in Morocco's national drink, mint tea . By the 1860s, there were around 4,000 residents, and the population grew to around 9,000 by the late 1880s . Casablanca remained a modestly sized port, with a population reaching around 12,000 within a few years of

2142-575: The city after its destruction in the earthquake of 1755 , it was renamed " ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ " ( الدار البيضاء The White House ), though in vernacular use it was pronounced " Dar al-Baiḍā " ( دار البيضاء literally House of the White, although in Moroccan Arabic vernacular it retains the original sense of The White House ). The origins of the name "Casablanca" are unclear, although several theories have been suggested. André Adam mentions

2205-466: The city are 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) and −2.7 °C (27.1 °F), respectively. The highest amount of rainfall recorded in a single day is 178 mm (7.0 in) on 30 November 2010. A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 , a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100,

2268-505: The city hosted an ensemble of progressive African leaders during the Casablanca Conference of 1961 . Among those received by King Muhammad V were Gamal Abd An-Nasser , Kwame Nkrumah , Modibo Keïta , and Ahmed Sékou Touré , Ferhat Abbas . Casablanca was a major departure point for Jews leaving Morocco through Operation Yachin , an operation conducted by Mossad to secretly migrate Moroccan Jews to Israel between November 1961 and spring 1964. The 1965 student protests organized by

2331-534: The city, especially the city center near la Fontaine, desiring more significant political reforms. On 1 November 2023, Casablanca along with Ouarzazate joined UNESCO's Creative Cities Network . Casablanca is located on the Atlantic coast of the Chaouia Plains, which have historically been the breadbasket of Morocco. Apart from the Atlantic coast, the Bouskoura forest is the only natural attraction in

2394-554: The city. The forest was planted in the 20th century and consists mostly of eucalyptus , palm , and pine trees. It is located halfway to the city's international airport. The only watercourse in Casablanca is oued Bouskoura , a small seasonal creek that until 1912 reached the Atlantic Ocean near the actual port. Most of oued Bouskoura's bed has been covered due to urbanization and only the part south of El Jadida road can now be seen. The closest permanent river to Casablanca

2457-425: The climate of Casablanca in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Tripoli, Libya . The annual temperature would increase by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 1.6 °C (2.9 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would actually decrease by 0.2 °C (0.36 °F). Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report , Casablanca

2520-462: The collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in Casablanca 's harbours and which handle Casablanca's shipping . The port is located near Hassan II Mosque . The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in Morocco and in the world, though it was eclipsed when Tangiers-Med —a cargo port 40 km east of Tangiers and the largest on

2583-453: The customs office and seize revenue as collateral for loans given by France, that the French holding company La Compagnie Marocaine would develop the port of Casablanca , and that a French-and-Spanish-trained police force would be assembled to patrol the port. To build the port's breakwater, narrow-gauge track was laid in June 1907 for a small Decauville locomotive to connect the port to

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2646-420: The demands of women's rights activists. On 16 May 2003, 33 civilians were killed and more than 100 people were injured when Casablanca was hit by a multiple suicide bomb attack carried out by Moroccans and claimed by some to have been linked to al-Qaeda . Twelve suicide bombers struck five locations in the city. Another series of suicide bombings struck the city in early 2007. These events illustrated some of

2709-493: The doctrine of "unconditional surrender", meaning that the Axis powers would be fought until their defeat. Roosevelt also met privately with Sultan Muhammad V and expressed his support for Moroccan independence after the war. This became a turning point, as Moroccan nationalists were emboldened to openly seek complete independence. During the 1940s and 1950s, Casablanca was a major centre of anti-French rioting. On 7 April 1947,

2772-503: The entire Casablanca waterfront is under development, mainly the construction of huge entertainment centres between the port and Hassan II Mosque, the Anfa Resort project near the business, entertainment and living centre of Megarama, the shopping and entertainment complex of Morocco Mall , as well as a complete renovation of the coastal walkway. The Sindbad park was also renewed with rides, games and entertainment services. Casablanca

2835-624: The help of Spaniards from the nearby emporium. The town was called ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ (الدار البيضاء), the Arabic translation of the Portuguese Casa Branca . In the 19th century, the area's population began to grow as it became a major supplier of wool to the booming textile industry in Britain and shipping traffic increased (the British, in return, began importing gunpowder tea , used in Morocco's national drink, mint tea ). By

2898-734: The invasions of Mehdia , Fedhala , and Asfi . American forces captured Casablanca from Vichy control when France surrendered 11 November 1942, but the Naval Battle of Casablanca continued until American forces sank German submarine U-173 on 16 November. Casablanca was the site of the Berrechid Airfield, a large American air base used as the staging area for all American aircraft for the European Theatre of Operations during World War II. The airfield has since become Mohammed V International Airport . Casablanca hosted

2961-433: The legal status of women in the country. About 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time). Although the counter-demonstration attracted half a million participants, the movement for change started in 2000 was influential on King Mohammed VI , and he enacted a new mudawana , or family law, in early 2004, meeting some of

3024-491: The legend of the Sufi saint and merchant Allal al-Qairawani , who supposedly came from Tunisia and settled in Casablanca with his wife Lalla al-Baiḍāʾ ( لالة البيضاء White Lady ). The villagers of Mediouna would reportedly provision themselves at "Dar al-Baiḍāʾ" ( دار البيضاء House of the White ). In fact, on a low hill slightly inland above the ruins of Anfa and just to the west of today's city centre, it appears there

3087-649: The persistent challenges the city faces in addressing poverty and integrating disadvantaged neighborhoods and populations. One initiative to improve conditions in the city's disadvantaged neighborhoods was the creation of the Sidi Moumen Cultural Center . As calls for reform spread through the Arab world in 2011, Moroccans joined in, but concessions by the ruler led to acceptance. However, in December, thousands of people demonstrated in several parts of

3150-610: The population of Casablanca. A 1937-1938 typhoid fever outbreak was exploited by colonial authorities to justify the appropriation of urban spaces in Casablanca. Moroccans residing in informal housing were cleared out of the center and displaced, notably to Carrières Centrales . After Philippe Pétain of France signed the armistice with the Nazis , he ordered French troops in France's colonial empire to defend French territory against any aggressors— Allied or otherwise—applying

3213-696: The price of necessities such as butter, sugar, wheat flour, and cooking oil following a period of severe drought. Hassan II appointed the French-trained interior minister Driss Basri as hardliner, who would later become a symbol of the Years of Lead , with quelling the protests. The government stated that 66 people were killed and 100 were injured, while opposition leaders put the number of dead at 637, saying that many of these were killed by police and army gunfire. In March 2000, more than 60 women's groups organized demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to

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3276-476: The same time. The port is managed by Marsa Maroc , the successor of ODEP (Office D'Exploitation des Ports), a publicly owned establishment which has the principal role of ensuring the management of passengers, goods and ships passing through the Moroccan ports. Before being invaded by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Casablanca used to be known as Anfa . The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build

3339-513: The term anf was not used to describe geographic areas. Adam affirmed a Tamazight etymology—from anfa "hill", anfa "promontory on the sea", ifni "sandy beach", or anfa "threshing floor"—although he determined the available information insufficient to establish exactly which. The name "Anfa" was used in maps until around 1830—in some until 1851—which Adam attributes to the tendency of cartographers to replicate previous maps. When Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah ( c.  1710 –1790) rebuilt

3402-492: The total casualties are as high as 15,000 dead and wounded. In the immediate aftermath of the bombardment and the deployment of French troops, the European homes and the Mellah , or Jewish quarter, were sacked, and the latter was also set ablaze. As Oujda had already been occupied, the bombardment and military invasion of the city opened a western front to the French military conquest of Morocco . French control of Casablanca

3465-433: The town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers . The Portuguese consequently bombarded the town into ruins in 1468. The town that grew up around it was called Casa Branca, meaning "white house" in Portuguese . The town was finally rebuilt between 1756 and 1790 by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah , the grandson of Moulay Ismail and an ally of George Washington , with

3528-441: The wet dock. The port of Casablanca began to be developed in 1906. After completion in 1938, the configuration of the port had taken form and included a water level of a surface of 125 hectares, moles, quay levels and quays for the accosting of the trading ships. The port has known important works of extension including the prolongation of the two facilities for phosphates shipping and the completion of citrus fruits facility in

3591-483: The word for "sky" or "cloud" and the word, variously, for "scrape", "scratch", "pierce", "sweep", "kiss", etc. At least 54 languages have their own versions of the English word. Some Germanic and Slavic languages derived their words for "translation" from words meaning "carrying across" or "bringing across", calquing from the Latin translātiō or trādūcō . The Latin weekday names came to be associated by ancient Germanic speakers with their own gods following

3654-656: The year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to US$ 137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$ 187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$ 206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$ 397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario. Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures. The Grand Casablanca region

3717-483: Was a white-washed structure, possibly a Sufi zawiya that acted as a landmark to sailors. The Portuguese cartographer Duarte Pacheco wrote in the early 16th century that the city could easily be identified by a tower, and nautical guides from the late 19th century still mentioned a "white tower" as a point of reference. The Portuguese mariners calqued the modern Arabic name to "Casa Branca" ( [kazɐ'bɾɐ̃kɐ] White House ) in place of Anfa. The name "Casablanca"

3780-644: Was conquered by the Almoravids in 1068. After the defeat of the Barghawata in the 12th century, Arab tribes of Hilal and Sulaym descent settled in the region, mixing with the local Berbers, which led to widespread Arabization . During the 14th century, under the Merinids , Anfa rose in importance as a port. The last of the Merinids were ousted by a popular revolt in 1465. In the early 15th century,

3843-562: Was formalized March 1912 when the Treaty of Fes established the French Protectorat . Under French imperial control, Casablanca became a port of colonial extraction. Right at the beginning of the twentieth century when Morocco was officially declared a French protectorate, the French decided to shift power to Morocco's coastal areas (i.e. Rabat and Casablanca) at the expense of its interior areas (i.e. Fez and Marrakech). Rabat

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3906-435: Was made the administrative capital of the country and Casablanca its economic capital. General Hubert Lyautey assigned the planning of the new colonial port city to Henri Prost . As he did in other Moroccan cities, Prost designed a European ville nouvelle outside the walls of the medina . In Casablanca, he also designed a new " ville indigène " to house Moroccans arriving from other cities. Europeans formed almost half

3969-617: Was then a calque of the Portuguese name when the Spanish took over trade through the Iberian Union . During the French protectorate in Morocco , the name remained Casablanca ( pronounced [kazablɑ̃ka] ). Today, Moroccans still call the city Casablanca or Casa for short, or by its Arabic name, pronounced d-Dār l-Biḍā in Moroccan Arabic or ad-Dāru-l-Bayḍā' in Standard Arabic . The area that

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