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49-836: The Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway ( CCLEX ), also known as the Cebu–Cordova Bridge and the Third Cebu–Mactan Bridge (or simply, the Third Bridge ), is an 8.9-kilometer (5.5 mi) toll bridge expressway in Metro Cebu , Philippines . The bridge connects the South Road Properties in Cebu City in mainland Cebu and Cordova on Mactan island. Crossing the Mactan Channel , the bridge

98-405: A barrier toll system , where motorists pay a fixed toll rate based on vehicle class. The toll plaza is located on an artificial island after the main bridge, serving as the only toll collection point of the expressway. Since its opening, cash has been used for toll collection. An electronic toll collection (ETC) system was implemented on July 2, 2022. The toll rates are as follows: As of 2024,

147-520: A city bearing his name, and a local variety of Red Grouper fish. Kapampangan actor-turned-politician Lito Lapid starred in a film called Lapu-Lapu , and novelty singer Yoyoy Villame wrote a folk song entitled "Magellan" that tells a humorously distorted story of the Battle of Mactan. There is a spot in Mactan Island called the "Mactan shrine" where the historic battle is reenacted along

196-472: A different route and cross a smaller and cheaper bridge. Tolls continued for 20 more years, and were finally removed from the old bridge in 1976. Battle of Mactan Mactan victory 11-12 dead The Battle of Mactan ( Filipino : Labanan sa Mactan ; Spanish : Batalla de Mactán ) was fought on a beach in Mactan Island (now part of Cebu , Philippines ) between Spanish forces led by

245-707: A direct connection from Cebu City's central business districts to the CCLEX. The groundbreaking of the ramp was held on November 8, 2022, and works are set to start by 2024. On the Mactan side, the expressway terminates near the barangays of Pilipog and Ibabao (both in Cordova ), intersecting the Babag II Road of Barangay Babag (in Lapu-Lapu City). From here, an extension is proposed through Lapu-Lapu City and

294-430: A fee to be ferried across stretches of water. As boats became impractical to carry large loads, ferry operators looked for new sources of revenue. Having built a bridge, they hoped to recoup their investment by charging tolls for people, animals, vehicles, and goods to cross it. The original London Bridge across the river Thames opened as a toll bridge, but an accumulation of funds by the charitable trust that operated

343-460: A joint venture between Spanish firm Acciona and Philippine firms First Balfour and DMCI . Connecting Cebu City and Cordova , the 27-meter-wide (89 ft) bridge is meant to serve an alternate route serving Mactan–Cebu International Airport , capable of serving at least 40,000 vehicles daily. The 390-meter-long (1,280 ft) main span of the CCLEX is cable-stayed and is supported by 145-meter-high (476 ft) twin tower pylons. The design of

392-441: A means of taxation. TSC is the sum of administrative, compliance, fuel and pollution costs. In 2000 they estimated it to be $ 56,914,732, or 37.3% of revenue collected. They also found that a user of a toll road is subject to a form of triple taxation, and that toll collection is a very inefficient means of funding the development of highway infrastructure. Nakamura and Kockelman (2002) show that tolls are by nature regressive, shifting

441-541: A mission to find a westward route to the Moluccas or Spice Islands. On March 16, 1521 ( Julian calendar ), Magellan sighted the mountains of what is now Samar . This event marked the arrival of the first documented Europeans in the archipelago. The following day, Magellan ordered his men to anchor their ships on the shores of Homonhon Island . There, Magellan befriended Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu, king of Limasawa , who guided him to Cebu. There he met Rajah Humabon ,

490-427: A number of native converts to Catholicism who had come to their aid were immediately killed by the warriors. Magellan's allies, Humabon and Zula, were said to not have participated in the battle, at Magellan's bidding. They watched from a distance. Datu Lapulapu's warriors recovered the body of Magellan. Humabon demanded the bodies of Magellan and of some of Magellan's dead crew, in return for as much merchandise as

539-419: A possible direct connection to Mactan–Cebu International Airport . The planned extension will add 5 to 8 kilometers (3.1 to 5.0 mi) to the expressway and is estimated to cost ₱ 10 billion to ₱15 billion . CCLEX is also eyed to be connected to the proposed Cebu–Bohol Bridge . Toll bridge The practice of collecting tolls on bridges harks back to the days of ferry crossings where people paid

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588-474: A quasi-governmental authority was formed, and toll revenue bonds were issued to raise funds for construction or operation (or both) of the facility. Peters and Kramer observed that "little research has been done to quantify the impact of toll collection on society as a whole" and therefore they published a comprehensive analysis of the Total Societal Cost (TSC) associated with toll collection as

637-472: A result of Magellan's influence with Rajah Humabon, an order was issued to each of the nearby chiefs, to provide food supplies for the ships, and to convert to Christianity. Most chiefs obeyed. Datu Lapulapu , one of the two chiefs on the island of Mactan, was the only one to show opposition: he refused to accept the authority of Rajah Humabon in these matters. This opposition proved influential. Antonio Pigafetta , Magellan's voyage chronicler, wrote that Zula,

686-543: A similar problem associated with the government collection of information. Approvals were to be secured by government agencies before promulgating a paper form, website, survey or electronic submission that will impose an information collection burden on the general public. However, the act did not anticipate and thus address the burden on the public associated with funding infrastructure via electronic toll collection instead of through more traditional forms of taxation. In some instances, tolls have been removed after retirement of

735-451: A toll bridge to only charge a fee in one direction. This helps reduce the traffic congestion in the other direction, and generally does not significantly reduce revenue, especially when those travelling the one direction are forced to come back over the same or a different toll bridge. A practice known as shunpiking evolved which entails finding another route for the specific purpose of avoiding payment of tolls. In some situations where

784-701: Is remembered in the Philippines as the first battle won by a native Filipino against the Spanish forces, with Lapulapu being hailed as the country's first national hero. The Spanish Empire would continue to send expeditions to the archipelago with little to no success until Miguel Lopez de Legazpi 's expedition to Cebu and Manila in 1565, starting a 333-year Spanish rule on the archipelago . Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts Magellan's expedition had left Spain in August 1519 on

833-670: Is the longest and tallest in the Philippines, surpassing the San Juanico Bridge , which crosses Leyte and Samar , and the Candaba Viaduct along the North Luzon Expressway . It was designed by the Spanish firms Carlos Fernandez Casado (CFC) and SENER Ingeniería y Sistemas, while the local firm DCCD Engineering Corporation and the Danish firm COWI are the owner's engineers. The bridge was built through

882-556: Is the third road link between Cebu and Mactan islands and the first between Cebu City and Cordova. It is the longest sea-crossing bridge in the Philippines , surpassing the 2-kilometer (1.2 mi) San Juanico Bridge between Samar and Leyte , as well as Marcelo Fernan Bridge (which also crosses the Mactan Channel) as the longest cable-stayed bridge in the Philippines. It also surpassed the 5-kilometer (3.1 mi) Candaba Viaduct of North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) connecting

931-585: The George Washington Bridge over Hudson River between New York City and New Jersey , the continued collection of tolls provides a dedicated source of funds for ongoing maintenance and improvements. Sometimes citizens revolt against toll plazas, as was the case in Jacksonville, Florida . Tolls were in place on four bridges crossing the St. Johns River, including I-95. These tolls paid for

980-570: The Santo Niño (Child Jesus) to Cebu in particular. The Magellan's Cross and the aforementioned Magellan's shrine were erected in Cebu City. Many landmarks and infrastructures all over the Philippines bear Magellan's name, mostly using its Spanish spelling (Magallanes), which is also a widely used Filipino surname. The inhabitants of the Sulu archipelago believe that Lapulapu was a Muslim of

1029-539: The Skye Bridge from its owners in late 2004, ending the requirement to pay an unpopular expensive toll to cross to Skye from the mainland. In 2004, the German government cancelled a contract with the "Toll Collect" syndicate after much negative publicity. The term "Toll Collect" became a popular byword among Germans used to describe everything wrong with their national economy. It has become increasingly common for

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1078-501: The shadow price of electronic toll collection (instead of the TSC) may have misled decision-makers. The general public has additionally endured an increased administrative burden associated with paying toll bills and navigating toll collection company on-line billing systems. Additionally, visitors to a region may incur e-toll tag fees imposed by their rental car company. The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 identified and attempted to address

1127-693: The toll revenue bonds issued to raise funds. Examples include the Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge in Richmond, Virginia which carries U.S. Route 1 across the James River , and the 4.5-mile long James River Bridge 80 miles downstream which carries U.S. Highway 17 across the river of the same name near its mouth at Hampton Roads . In other cases, especially major facilities such as the Chesapeake Bay Bridge near Annapolis, Maryland , and

1176-540: The "victory of Mactan" is considered to have delayed the Spanish colonization of the Philippines by 44 years until the conquest by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1564–1565. Today, Lapulapu is retroactively honored as the first "Philippine national hero " to resist foreign rule. Lapulapu is remembered by a number of commemorations: statues on the island of Mactan and at the Cebu Provincial Capitol,

1225-475: The 501st anniversary of the Battle of Mactan . It is the first expressway and toll road in the Philippines outside of Luzon. It was formally opened to motorists three days later, on April 30, 2022. CCLEX is managed by Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway Corporation (CCLEC), a subsidiary of Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation (MPTC), a company of MVP Group of Companies. The bridge spans 8.9 kilometers (5.5 mi) and

1274-477: The CCLEX is traversed by 17,000 vehicles, lower than its 60,000 traffic capacity. There are proposals to extend the expressway to increase vehicular traffic through the bridge. On the Cebu City side of the bridge, there is a proposal for an approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) long ramp that would straddle along the Guadalupe River. If completed, the expansion will cost an estimated ₱ 1 billion and provide

1323-533: The Cebu–Cordova Bridge project was already awarded to a company. In January 2016, Cebu Cordova Link Expressway Corporation (CCLEC) signed an agreement on February 7 a ₱ 19-billion loan and security bonds with six banks: Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC), Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Robinsons Bank Corporation, Union Bank of

1372-527: The Europeans, but it was heavily demoralizing on the troops. The musketeers and crossbowmen on the boat tried to provide support by firing from the boats. Though the light armor and the shields of the natives were vulnerable to European projectile weapons, the barrage had little effect, as they were firing from an extreme distance and the natives easily avoided them. Due to the same distance, Magellan could not command them to stop and save their ammunition, and

1421-494: The Philippines , and Security Bank Corporation. CCLEC is a subsidiary of Metro Pacific Tollways Development Corp. (MPTDC), which will fund the rest of the project through disclosure to the Philippine Stock Exchange and by equity or supplemental capital loans from other private and interested parties who want to invest in this project and be one of the stockholders of the said bridge. MPTDC announced that

1470-416: The Philippines . As part of the commemorations, eight ecumenical "Iconic Crosses" were placed on the two main pylons of the bridge. The crosses were lighted on April 15, 2021. The final concrete pouring in the main bridge deck was held on October 5, 2021, effectively completing the main bridge deck. The bridge was inaugurated by then- Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte on April 27, 2022, coinciding with

1519-607: The Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan along with local allies, and Lapulapu , the chieftain of the island, on the early morning hours of April 27, 1521. Magellan, a Portuguese-born commander serving the Spanish Empire who led an expedition that ultimately circumnavigated the world for the first time , commanded a small Spanish contingent in an effort to subdue Mactan under the Spanish crown. The sheer number of Lapulapu's forces, compounded with issues associated with

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1568-620: The Rajah of Cebu. Then, Rajah Humabon and his queen were baptized into the Catholic faith, taking the Christian names Carlos, in honor of King Charles I of Spain , and Juana, in honor of King Charles' mother, Joanna the Mad . To commemorate this event, Magellan gave Juana the Santo Niño , an image of the infant Jesus, as a symbol of their new alliance and held their first Mass on the coast. As

1617-475: The bridge ( Bridge House Estates ) saw that the charges were dropped. Using interest on its capital assets, the trust now owns and runs all seven central London bridges at no cost to taxpayers or users. In the United States, private ownership of toll bridges peaked in the mid-19th century, and by the turn of the 20th century most toll bridges were taken over by state highway departments. In some instances,

1666-566: The burden of taxation disproportionately to the poor and middle classes. Electronic toll collection , branded under names such as EZ-Pass, SunPass, IPass, FasTrak, Treo, GoodToGo, and 407ETR, became increasingly prevalent to metropolitan areas in the 21st century. Amy Finkelstien, a public finance economist at MIT, reports that as the fraction of drivers using electronic toll collection increased, typically toll rates increased as well, because people were less aware of how much they were paying in tolls. Electronic tolling proposals that represented

1715-452: The construction of the bridge was to commence in 2017. The company, in the same announcement, said that they would be responsible for the construction and financing of the bridge, as well as its operation once completed. The groundbreaking ceremony for the Cebu–Cordova Bridge was held on March 2, 2017. The expressway was MPTDC's first venture outside of Luzon . In 2021, the bridge played a role in that year's Quincentennial Commemorations in

1764-553: The island's other chief, sent one of his sons to Magellan with gifts but Lapulapu prevented the journey and refused to swear fealty to Spain. Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula suggested that Magellan go to Mactan, to force the Datu's compliance. Magellan saw an opportunity to strengthen the existing friendship ties with the ruler of the Visayan region and agreed to help him subdue the resistant Lapulapu. Upon landing, Magellan's small force

1813-479: The location and the armor, ultimately resulted in a disastrous defeat to the Europeans and the death of Magellan. Surviving members of Magellan's crew continued the expedition under the command of Juan Sebastian de Elcano , who completed the journey in September 1522. The battle's exact details are lost to history, with Antonio Pigafetta 's account being the only source for much of the known information today. It

1862-529: The mangrove shorelines of the shrine during its anniversary and culminated with the Rampada Festival , a festival reenacting the victory celebration of Mactan after the battle. Appropriately called the "Victory of Mactan" (Cebuano: Kadaugan sa Mactan ), the reenactment is considered as a grand celebration for Cebuanos and one of Cebu's prime festivals together with the Sinulog of Cebu. Usually, during

1911-418: The musketeers and crossbowmen continued firing for half an hour until their ammunition was exhausted. Magellan, hoping to ease the attack, set fire to some of the houses, but this only enraged the natives. Magellan was finally hit with a poisoned arrow through his unarmored legs, at which time the natives charged the Europeans for close-quarters combat. Many of the warriors specifically attacked Magellan. In

1960-433: The narrow privately funded structure built in 1928, the state of Virginia finally purchased the facility in 1949 and increased the tolls in 1955 without visibly improving the roadway, with the notable exception of a new toll plaza. The increased toll rates incensed the public and business users alike. Joseph W. Luter Jr. , head of Smithfield Packing Company , the producer of Smithfield Hams , ordered his truck drivers to take

2009-407: The provinces of Pampanga and Bulacan for being the longest bridge in the Philippines upon its completion on October 5, 2021. The bridge was first proposed by Cordova mayor Adelino Sitoy to connect his municipality and mainland Cebu in Cebu City . In 2014, an unsolicited proposal was put forth by Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation (MPTC) to build a bridge linking Cebu City and Cordova, which

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2058-493: The pylons was inspired by the historic Magellan's Cross Pavilion . The main span will have a 51-meter (167 ft) navigation clearance, which allows ships to traverse the bridge. Viaduct approach bridges and a causeway will also form part of the CCLEX, as well as toll road facilities on an artificial island . The toll facilities' design is inspired by the eight-rayed sun of the Philippine flag . The bridge expressway uses

2107-588: The re-enactment, Filipino celebrities, especially of Cebuano origin, play Lapu-Lapu, his wife Reyna Bulakna, and Ferdinand Magellan. In the same shrine, next to the Lapulapu statue, there is an obelisk erected in Magellan's honor by the Spanish colonial authorities and defaced shortly after the US military occupation of the Philippines. Magellan is also honored for bringing Catholicism to the Philippines in general and

2156-475: The respective bridges as well as many other highway projects. As Jacksonville continued to grow, the tolls created bottlenecks on the roadway. In 1988, Jacksonville voters chose to eliminate all the toll booths and replace the revenue with a ½ cent sales tax increase. In 1989, the toll booths were removed, 36 years after the first toll booth went up. In Scotland , the Scottish Parliament purchased

2205-456: The struggle, he was wounded in the arm with a spear and in the leg by a large native sword (likely a kampilan ). Those who stood beside him were easily overpowered and killed, while the others who tried to help him were hacked by spears and swords. With this advantage, Lapulapu's troops finally overwhelmed and killed Magellan. Pigafetta and a few others managed to escape. According to Pigafetta, several of Magellan's men were killed in battle, and

2254-484: The tolls were increased or felt to be unreasonably high, informal shunpiking by individuals escalated into a form of boycott by regular users, with the goal of applying the financial stress of lost toll revenue to the authority determining the levy. One such example of shunpiking as a form of boycott occurred at the James River Bridge in eastern Virginia . After years of lower-than-anticipated revenues on

2303-434: The warriors wished, but they refused. Some of the soldiers who survived the battle and returned to Cebu were poisoned at a feast given by Humabon. Magellan was succeeded by Juan Sebastián Elcano as commander of the expedition. After Humabon's betrayal, he ordered an immediate departure. Elcano and his fleet sailed west. They reached Spain in 1522, completing the first circumnavigation of the world. In Philippine history,

2352-471: Was immediately attacked by the natives with a heavy barrage of ranged weapons , consisting of arrows, iron-tipped "bamboo" throwing spears (probably rattan bangkaw ), fire-hardened sticks, and even stones. They surrounded Magellan's landing party, attacking from the front and both flanks. The heavy armor of the Spaniards largely protected them from this barrage, inflicting only a handful of fatalities on

2401-606: Was then under review by a joint venture selection committee between the two local government units. After numerous studies were conducted, the local government units of Cordova and Cebu City entered into a public-private partnership with Metro Pacific Tollways Development Corp. (MPTDC). The construction of the Cebu–Cordova bridge was lobbied by then chairman of the Regional Development Council of Region VII, Michael Rama , who became Mayor of Cebu City when

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