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156-696: The Celtic League is a pan-Celtic organization, founded in 1961, that aims to promote modern Celtic identity and culture in Ireland , Scotland , Wales , Brittany , Cornwall and the Isle of Man – referred to as the Celtic nations ; it places particular emphasis on promoting the Celtic languages of those nations. It also advocates further self-governance in the Celtic nations and ultimately for each nation to be an independent state in its own right. The Celtic League

312-871: A de-colonisation of Anglo cultural, linguistic and economic hegemony and a re-assertion of the native Celtic culture. After the initial rising, their politics coalesced in Ireland around Sinn Féin . In other Celtic nations, groups were founded holding similar views and voiced solidarity with Ireland during the Irish War of Independence : this included the Breton-journal Breiz Atao , the Scots National League of Ruaraidh Erskine and various figures in Wales who would later go on to found Plaid Cymru . The presence of James Connolly and

468-455: A "union of Welsh, Scots and Irish with a view to action on behalf of Celtic communism ". He wrote to Thomas Gwynn Jones asking for suggestions on Welshmen to invite to London for a meeting on setting such a thing up. It is unknown if such a meeting ever took place. John de Courcy Mac Donnell founded a Celtic Union in Belgium in 1908, which organised the fourth Pan-Celtic congress as part of

624-542: A Celtic family of languages that has weathered unscathed the Celtosceptic controversy." Collis was not the only figure in this field. The two other figures most prominent in the field were Malcolm Chapman with his The Celts: The Construction of a Myth (1992) and Simon James of the University of Leicester with his The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention? (1999). In particular, James engaged in

780-635: A Celtic nation (Paul Mosson had argued for their inclusion in Carn since 1980). This was subsequently overturned the following year, as the Celtic League reaffirmed the Celtic languages as the integral and defining factor in what is a Celtic nation. Following the Brexit referendum there were calls for Pan-Celtic Unity. In November 2016, the First Minister of Scotland , Nicola Sturgeon stated

936-435: A Gaelic Celtic Union involving may be more appropriate. Bangor University lecturer and journalist, Ifan Morgan Jones has suggested that "a short-term fix for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland might be a greater degree of cooperation with each other, as a union within a union." he also suggested that "If they could find a way of working together in their mutual interest, that’s a fair degree of combined influence, particular if

1092-404: A candidate for inclusion too. Cornwall and Brittany could be added as future members if they can attain a measure of self-government." He also considered a Celtic Council, a similar co-operation that was proposed by Adam Price. Journalist Jamie Dalgety has also proposed the concept of a Celtic Union involving Scotland and Ireland but suggests that lack of support for Welsh independence may mean that

1248-908: A common style. In the Middle Ages it is known that the "champions from the Emerald Isle (the Green Island or Ireland) met the Cornish regularly to wrestle". The Irish style is known as Collar-and-elbow wrestling and uses a "jacket" as does Cornish wrestling . This was still true in the 1800s when Irish champions regularly came to London to wrestle Cornish and Devonian champions. Cornwall and Brittany have similar wrestling styles ( Cornish wrestling and Gouren respectively). There have been matches between wrestlers in these styles over centuries. For example, in 1551 between Cornish soldiers, involved with Edward VI 's investing Henri II with

1404-468: A concept of hereditary ancestry, culture and language (claiming this was "racist"). Aside from this Collis was hostile to the use of Classical literature and Irish literature as a source for the Iron Age period, as exemplified by Celtic scholars such as Barry Cunliffe . Throughout the duration of the debate on the historicity of the ancient Celts, John T. Koch stated that it is "the scientific fact of

1560-412: A conspicuous immigration flow. These migratory movements were accompanied by other flows of lesser intensity, such as transfers from the countryside to smaller cities and travel from mountainous areas to the plains. The main reasons that gave rise to this massive migratory flow were linked to the living conditions in the places of origin of the emigrants (which were very harsh), the absence of stable work,

1716-484: A detailed common policy. With this we can work out which kind of relations between our communities will enable them to enjoy freedoms and liberties at both individual and community level." Politically, the Celtic league seeks to create six sovereign states from the six Celtic nations it acknowledges as existing, associated in some way. There is some variation in the understanding of these aims, which ranges from annual general meetings (AGMs), to an actual federation along

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1872-444: A diaspora. An academic field, diaspora studies , has become established relating to this sense of the word. William Safran in an article published in 1991, set out six rules to distinguish diasporas from migrant communities. These included criteria that the group maintains a myth or collective memory of their homeland; they regard their ancestral homeland as their true home, to which they will eventually return; being committed to

2028-428: A diasporic group could leave its homeland voluntarily, and assimilate deeply into host cultures. Rogers Brubaker (2005) more inclusively applied three basic definitional criteria: First, geographic dispersion (voluntary or forced) of a people; second, "the orientation to a real or imagined 'homeland' as an authoritative source of value, identity and loyalty"; and third, maintenance of a social boundary corresponding to

2184-406: A distinct Celtic Race were made by the "Harvard Archaeological Mission to Ireland" in the 1930s, led by Earnest Hooton , which drew the conclusions needed by its sponsor-government. The findings were vague and did not stand up to scrutiny, and were not pursued after 1945. The genetic studies by David Reich suggest that the Celtic areas had three major population changes, and that the last group in

2340-530: A feature of industrial southern Wales in the nineteenth century, with Irish immigrant workers said to have enjoyed playing the Welsh game. However, attempts to play formal inter-Celtic matches would only begin after the formation of The Welsh Handball Association in 1987. The association was tasked with playing international matches against nations with similar sports such as Ireland, USA ( American Handball ) and England ( Fives ). To facilitate international competition,

2496-650: A million to 3.8 million between the 1979 revolution and 2019, mostly live in United States , Canada and Turkey. According to a 2019 United Nations report, the Indian diaspora is the world's largest diaspora, with a population of 17.5 million, followed by the Mexican diaspora , with a population of 11.8 million, and the Chinese diaspora , with a population of 10.7 million. The term "diaspora"

2652-713: A minority in their own country. At least 60,000 ethnic Nepalese from Bhutan have been resettled in the United States. A second wave was driven by British recruitment of mercenary soldiers beginning around 1815 and resettlement after retirement in the British Isles and Southeast Asia. The third wave began in the 1970s as land shortages intensified and the pool of educated labor greatly exceeded job openings in Nepal. Job-related emigration created Nepalese enclaves in India,

2808-510: A new order based upon a "distinctive celtic philosophy". Ailtiri na hAiseirghe itself had a pan-Celtic vision and had established contacts with pro-Welsh independence political party Plaid Cymru and Scottish independence activist Wendy Wood . One day the party covered South Dublin city with posters saying "Rhyddid i Gymru" (Freedom for Wales) Rhisiart Tal-e-bot , former President of the European Free Alliance Youth

2964-646: A new set of rules were devised, and even Wales' most famous Pêl-Law court ( The Nelson Court ) was given new markings, more in-keeping with the Irish game. Diaspora Notable diasporic populations include the Jewish diaspora formed after the Babylonian exile ; Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora following the Assyrian genocide ; Greeks that fled or were displaced following the fall of Constantinople and

3120-623: A new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa, with Greek ruling classes established in Egypt , southwest Asia and northwest India . Subsequent waves of colonization and migration during the Middle Ages added to the older settlements or created new ones, thus replenishing the Greek diaspora and making it one of the most long-standing and widespread in the world. The Romans also established numerous colonies and settlements outside of Rome and throughout

3276-402: A particularly heated exchange with Vincent Megaw (and his wife Ruth) on the pages of Antiquity . The Megaws (along with others such as Peter Berresford Ellis ) suspected a politically motivated agenda; driven by English nationalist resentment and anxiety at British Imperial decline; in the whole premise of Celtosceptic theorists (such as Chapman, Nick Merriman and J. D. Hill) and that

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3432-475: A partly unsheathed sword, "Is there peace?" to which the people responded "Peace." The symbolism inherent in this was meant to represent a counterpoise to the British Empire 's assimilating Anglo-Saxonism as articulated by the likes of Rudyard Kipling . For the pan-Celts, they imagined a restored "Celtic race", but where each Celtic people would have its own national space without assimilating all into

3588-698: A quarterly magazine, Carn , which highlights political struggles and cultural preservation issues. The articles are produced in the six Celtic languages in addition to English. The cover of the magazine is a map of the six Celtic countries with their respective Celtic-language names beside them. In the past, articles have appeared in French as well. For many years, Carn claimed to be the only regular publication carrying all six Celtic languages. The Celtic League, American Branch (CLAB) prints its own quarterly newsletter, Six Nations, One Soul , as of October 2011 which provides news of branch activities and events within

3744-490: A reaction to the rise in Celtic devolutionist tendencies, these scholars were opposed to describing the Iron Age people of Britain as Celtic Britons and even disliked the use of the phrase Celtic in describing the Celtic language family. Collis, an Englishman from the University of Cambridge , was hostile to the methodology of German professor Gustaf Kossinna and was hostile to Celts as an ethnic identity coalescing around

3900-489: A semi-independent Ireland could act as a springboard for Irish Republican Army -esque equivalents for their own nations and the "liberation" of the rest of the Celtosphere would prove a disappointment. A militant Scottish volunteer force founded by Gillies, Fianna na hAlba ; which like the Óglaigh na hÉireann advocated republicanism and Gaelic nationalism; was discouraged by Michael Collins who advised Gillies that

4056-540: A separate England Branch, based in London , active at least from 2004 to 2007. There used to be a branch in Cape Breton Island , Canada, where a small Scottish Gaelic -speaking community still exists; this branch was moribund as of October 2011, though various consultations had taken place in efforts to restart it. The branch was then recorded as being active by 22 January 2015. The Celtic League publishes

4212-458: A shared hometown or province, and recruiters and foremen commonly select entire work-crews from the same village. In two separate June 2011 incidents, Sichuanese migrant workers organized violent protests against alleged police misconduct and migrant-labor abuse near the southern manufacturing hub of Guangzhou . Much of Siberia 's population has its origins in internal migration – voluntary or otherwise – from European Russia since

4368-477: A spirit of Celtic unity and above all defend their native languages or otherwise their position as Celtic nations would be extinct. A Pan-Celtic review was founded by de Gaulle's comrade Henri Gaidoz in 1873, known as Revue Celtique . In 1867 de Gaulle organised the first ever Pan-Celtic gathering in Saint-Brieuc , Brittany. No Irish attended and the guests were mainly Welsh and Breton. T. E. Ellis ,

4524-671: A statewide exodus of talent, the State of Michigan continues to host "MichAGAIN" career-recruiting events in places throughout the United States with significant Michigan-diaspora populations. In the People's Republic of China, millions of migrant workers have sought greater opportunity in the country's booming coastal metropolises, though this trend has slowed with the further development of China's interior. Migrant social structures in Chinese megacities are often based on place of origin, such as

4680-581: A strong resonance in Gaelic mythology (i.e. – Breogán ) and even during the Early Middle Ages had a small enclave of Celtic Briton emigrants at Britonia (similar to the case with Brittany), no Celtic language had been spoken there since the eighth century and today they speak Romance languages . During the so-called "Galician crisis" of 1986, the Galicians were admitted to the Celtic League as

4836-619: A traditional Celtic language. Before the Roman Empire and the rise of Christianity , people lived in Iron Age Britain and Ireland, speaking languages from which the modern Gaelic languages (including Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Manx ) and Brythonic languages (including Welsh , Breton and Cornish ) descend. These people, along with others in Continental Europe who once spoke now extinct languages from

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4992-518: A uniformity. The Lia Cineil was also intended as a phallic symbol , referencing the ancient megaliths historically associated with the Celts and overturning the "feminisation of the Celts by their Saxon neighbours." The response of the most advanced and militant nationalism of a "Celtic" people; Irish nationalism ; was mixed. The pan-Celts were lampooned by D. P. Moran in The Leader , under

5148-667: Is a deeper connection between us Austrians and the Celts. Names of places in the Austrian Alps are said to be of Celtic origin." Contemporary Austrians express pride in having Celtic heritage and Austria possesses one of the largest collections of Celtic artefacts in Europe. Organisations such as the Celtic Congress and the Celtic League use the definition that a 'Celtic nation' is a nation with recent history of

5304-523: Is a member. The rejuvenation of Irish republicanism during the post-war period and into The Troubles had some inspiration not only for other Celtic nationalists, but militant nationalists from other "small nations", such as the Basques with the ETA . Indeed, this was particularly pertinent to the secessionist nationalisms of Spain, as the era of Francoist Spain was coming to a close. As well as this, there

5460-526: Is an accredited NGO with roster consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (EcoSoc). The Celtic League presents its aims as including: "Each Celtic nation is conditioned by a different history and so we must not expect uniformity of thought, but instead allow diversity to express itself within the Celtic League. In this way, we may better recognise those areas of possible co-operation and eventually formulate

5616-519: Is derived from the Ancient Greek verb διασπείρω ( diaspeirō ), "I scatter", "I spread about" which in turn is composed of διά ( dia ), "between, through, across" and the verb σπείρω ( speirō ), "I sow, I scatter". The term διασπορά ( diaspora ) hence meant "scattering". There is confusion over the exact process of derivation from these Ancient Greek verbs to the concept of diaspora. Many cite Thucydides (5th century BC) as

5772-451: Is indicated by letters after their names as so: An arrow indicates the editor relocated to one of the other Celtic countries. The presidency and vice-presidency ran from 1961 to 1971 and were then abolished. They were held by Gwynfor Evans ( W ) and Robert McIntyre ( S ) respectively for the entire duration of the posts. The successor post, chairman, was held by Pádraig Ó Conchúir ( I ) from 1972 to 1978, then abolished. J. B. Moffatt

5928-537: Is still a major factor in 2012. During this period, Siam decimated the Lao capital, capturing, torturing, and killing the Lao king Anuwongse , who led the lao rebellion in the 19th century . European history contains numerous diaspora-causing events. In ancient times , the trading and colonising activities of the Greek tribes from the Balkans and Asia Minor spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around

6084-597: Is the Irish diaspora , beginning in the mid-19th century and brought about by an Gorta Mór or "the Great Hunger" of the Irish Famine . An estimated 45% to 85% of Ireland's population emigrated to areas including Britain, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand. The size of the Irish diaspora is demonstrated by the number of people around the world who claim Irish ancestry; some sources put

6240-481: Is the third in Asia with approximately 9 million Pakistanis living abroad mostly in middle east, North America and Europe. At least three waves of Nepalese diaspora can be identified. The earliest wave dates back to hundreds of years as early marriage and high birthrates propelled Hindu settlement eastward across Nepal, then into Sikkim and Bhutan. A backlash developed in the 1980s as Bhutan's political elites realized that Bhutanese Buddhists were at risk of becoming

6396-815: The Cymreigyddion y Fenni ' s annual Eisteddfod in Abergavenny in 1838, where Bretons attended. Among these participants was Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué , author of the Macpherson-Morganwg influenced Barzaz Breiz , who imported the Gorsedd idea into Brittany . Indeed, the Breton nationalists would be the most enthusiastic pan-Celticists, acting as a lynch-pin between the different parts; "trapped" within another state (France), this allowed them to draw strength from kindred peoples across

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6552-527: The Gorsedd . The imagery of the "Celtic World" also inspired English and Lowland Scots poets such as Blake , Wordsworth , Byron , Shelley and Scott . In particular the Druids inspired fascination for outsiders, as English and French antiquarians, such as William Stukeley , John Aubrey , Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne and Jacques Cambry , began to associate ancient megaliths and dolmens with

6708-567: The 1910 Brussels International Exposition . Exhibitions of hurling were held there and at nearby at Fontenoy , commemorating the Irish Brigade at the 1745 battle . The Celtic Union held further events up to the fifth Pan-Celtic congress 1913 in Ghent/Brussels/Namur. In Paris, 1912 the "La Ligue Celtique Francaise" was launched and had a magazine called "La Poetique" which published news and literature from all around

6864-521: The Americas . The new migration of capital created millions of unskilled jobs around the world and was responsible for the simultaneous mass migration of Italians searching for "work and bread". The second diaspora started after the end of World War II and concluded roughly in the 1970s. Between 1880 and 1980, about 15,000,000 Italians left the country permanently. By 1980, it was estimated that about 25,000,000 Italians were residing outside Italy. In

7020-458: The Athabasca oil sands . With the fall of Fascist regime in 1943, and the end of World War II in 1945, a large internal migratory flow began from one Italian region to another . This internal emigration was sustained and constantly increased by the economic growth that Italy experienced between the 1950s and 1960s. Given that this economic growth mostly concerned Northwest Italy , which

7176-820: The Brythonic and Gaelic branches) and the modern Celts in Northwestern Europe . Some pan-Celtic organisations advocate the Celtic nations seceding from the United Kingdom and France and forming their own separate federal state together, while others simply advocate very close cooperation between independent sovereign Celtic nations, in the form of Breton , Cornish , Irish , Manx , Scottish , and Welsh nationalism . As with other pan-nationalist movements such as pan-Americanism , pan-Arabism , pan-Germanism , pan-Hispanism , pan-Iranism , pan-Latinism , pan-Slavism , pan-Turanianism , and others,

7332-673: The Catholic Church 's Gregorian Reform , which was centralising the religion in Europe. The dawning of early modern Europe affected the Celtic peoples in ways which saw what small amount of independence they had left firmly subordinated to the emerging British Empire and in the case of the Duchy of Brittany , the Kingdom of France . Although both the Kings of England (the Tudors ) and

7488-885: The Celtic Britons of sub-Roman Britain were swamped by a tide of Anglo-Saxon settlement from the fifth century on and lost most of their territory to them. They were subsequently referred to as the Welsh people and the Cornish people . A group of these fled Britain altogether and settled in Continental Europe in Armorica , becoming the Breton people . The Gaels for a while actually expanded, pushing out of Ireland to conquer Pictland in Britain, establishing Alba by

7644-727: The French Directory in 1794. However, Napoleon Bonaparte was greatly attracted to the romantic image of the Celt, which was partly based on Jean-Jacques Rousseau 's glorification of the noble savage and the popularity of James Macpherson 's Ossianic tales throughout Europe. Bonaparte's nephew, Napoleon III , would later have the Vercingétorix monument erected to honour the Celtic Gaulish leader. Indeed, in France

7800-448: The Gaelic League . In a Pan-Celtic context, Charles de Gaulle (uncle of the more famous General Charles de Gaulle ), who involved himself in Breton autonomism and advocated for a Celtic Union in 1864, argued that "so long as a conquered people speaks another language than their conquers, the best part of them remains free." De Gaulle corresponded with people in Brittany, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, arguing that each needed to cooperate in

7956-524: The Gorsedd in Wales, Cornwall and Brittany , and the Irish government -sponsored Columba Initiative between Ireland and Scotland. Often, there is a split here between the Irish, Scots and Manx, who use Q-Celtic Goidelic languages , and the Welsh, Cornish and Bretons, who speak P-Celtic Brythonic languages . Our blossom is red as the life's blood we shed For Liberty's cause against alien laws When Lochiel and O'Neill and Llewellyn drew steel For Alba and Erin and Cambria's weal The flower of

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8112-420: The Indian subcontinent , and their presence in Europe is first attested to in the Middle Ages . The South Asian diaspora as a whole has over 44 million people. The earliest known Asian diaspora of note is the Jewish diaspora . With roots in the Babylonian Captivity and later migrations under Hellenism , the majority of the diaspora can be attributed to the Roman conquest , expulsion, and enslavement of

8268-431: The Indian subcontinent ; the Italian diaspora and the Mexican diaspora ; Circassians in the aftermath of the Circassian genocide ; the Palestinian diaspora ( shatat due to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict ; the Armenian diaspora following the Armenian genocide ; the Lebanese diaspora due to the Lebanese civil war ; and Syrians due to the Syrian civil war ; The Iranian diaspora , which grew from half

8424-466: The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, greater multitudes were Anglicised and fled into a diaspora around the British Empire as an industrial proletariat. Further de-Gaelicisation took place for the Irish during the Great Hunger and the Highland Scots during the Highland Clearances . Similarly for the Bretons, after the French Revolution , the Jacobins demanded greater centralisation, against regional identities and for Francization , enacted by

8580-460: The Irish language , while FitzPatrick descended from ancient Irish royalty (the Mac Giolla Phádraig of Osraige ), but was serving in the British Army and had earlier been a Conservative MP (indeed, the original Pan-Celtic Congress was delayed for a year because of the Second Boer War ). The main intellectual organ of the Celtic Association was Celtia: A Pan-Celtic Monthly Magazine , edited by Fournier, which ran from January 1901 until 1904 and

8736-404: The Kings of Scotland (the Stewarts ) of the day claimed Celtic ancestry and used this in Arthurian cultural motifs to lay the basis for a British monarchy ("British" being suggested by Elizabethan John Dee ), both dynasties promoted a centralising policy of Anglicisation . The Gaels of Ireland lost their last kingdoms to the Kingdom of Ireland after the Flight of the Earls in 1607, while

8892-410: The Lewis chessmen and the Chronicles of Mann . The Manx branch of the Celtic League successfully campaigned for the Calf of Man island to be transferred from the National Trust of England , Wales and Northern Ireland to the local Manx National Heritage . In the mid-1990s, the Celtic League started a campaign to have the word " Alba " on the Scottish football and rugby tops. Since 2005,

9048-432: The Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, establishing Greek city-states in southern Italy (the so-called " Magna Graecia "), northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France , and the Black Sea coasts. Greeks founded more than 400 colonies. Tyre and Carthage also colonised the Mediterranean. Alexander the Great 's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period , characterized by

9204-405: The October Revolution in Russia taking place at the same time, also led some to imagine a Celtic socialism or communism ; an idea associated with Erskine, as well as the revolutionary John Maclean and William Gillies . Erskine claimed the " collectivist ethos in the Celtic past", had been, "undermined by Anglo-Saxon values of greed and selfishness." The hope of some Celtic nationalists that

9360-524: The Order of the Garter , and Breton "farmers". There is folklore that fishing disputes between Cornish and Breton fishermen were settled with wrestling matches. More formally Inter-Celtic championships between Cornwall and Brittany started in 1928, but became less frequent since the 1980s. The Celtic wrestling championship started in 1985 comprising Gouren and Scottish Backhold or Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling and sometimes other styles such as Cornish wrestling . Teams that have competed in

9516-442: The Roman Empire in 70 AD. It subsequently came to be used in reference to the historical movements and settlement patterns of the Jews. In English, capitalized, and without modifiers, the term can refer specifically to the Jewish diaspora . The wider application of diaspora evolved from the Assyrian two-way mass deportation policy of conquered populations to deny future territorial claims on their part. The oldest known use of

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9672-410: The Scottish Football Association have supported the use of Scottish Gaelic on their teams's strip in recognition of the language's revival in Scotland. However, the SRU is still being lobbied to have "Alba" on the national rugby strip. The Celtic League has also passed a motion to support the general aims of Independence First , which aims for a referendum on Scottish independence . Nationality

9828-413: The Statutes of Iona attempted to de-Gaelicise the Highland Scots in 1609. The effects of these initiates were mixed, but took from the Gaels their natural leadership element, which had patronised their culture. Under Anglocentric British rule, the Celtic-speaking peoples were reduced to a marginalised, largely poor people, small farmers and fishermen, clinging to the coast of the North Atlantic. Following

9984-454: The WorldCat database to show that 17 out of the 18 books on diaspora published between 1900 and 1910 were on the Jewish diaspora. The majority of works in the 1960s were also about the Jewish diaspora, but in 2002 only two out of 20 books sampled (out of a total of 253) were about the Jewish case, with a total of eight different diasporas covered. Brubaker outlined the original use of the term diaspora as follows: Most early discussions of

10140-413: The 16th century. In Canada, internal migration has occurred for a number of different factors over the course of Canadian history. An example is the migration of workers from Atlantic Canada (particularly Newfoundland and Labrador ) to Alberta , driven in part by the cod collapse in the early 1990s and the 1992 moratorium on cod fishing. Fishing had previously been a major driver of the economies of

10296-426: The 1961 National Eisteddfod of Wales , which was held at Rhosllannerchrugog near Wrexham in northeast Wales . Two of the founding members were Gwynfor Evans and J. E. Jones , who were respectively president and secretary-general of the Welsh nationalist political party Plaid Cymru at the time. Interest was expressed by Scottish parties, and also by Breton nationalists. There are six main, national branches of

10452-477: The 1987 Celtic League Annual General Meeting stated that, because the Celtic League's specific function, "to work for the reinstatement of our languages ... and the attainment of ... political autonomy", must remain undiluted, "this AGM considers that it would be condescending and inappropriate to offer a limited status to the applicant nations [i.e., Galicia and Asturias] within the Celtic League." The AGM expressed that it "encourage[s] them in their efforts to develop

10608-435: The 19th century to 1949 was caused mainly by wars and starvation in mainland China , as well as political corruption. Most migrants were illiterate or poorly educated peasants, called by the now-recognized racial slur coolies (Chinese: 苦力, literally "hard labor"), who migrated to developing countries in need of labor, such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa, Southeast Asia, Malaya and other places. Pakistani diaspora

10764-517: The 600s to mid 3000s. Previously, migrant Africans with national African passports could only enter thirteen African countries without advanced visas. In pursuing a unified future, the African Union (AU) launched an African Union Passport in July 2016, allowing people with a passport from one of the 55 member states of the AU to move freely between these countries under this visa free passport and encourage migrants with national African passports to return to Africa. The largest Asian diaspora in

10920-443: The Aeginetans who did not settle here were scattered over the rest of Hellas.' Dufoix further notes, "Of all the occurrences of diaspora in the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG), which draws upon almost the entire written corpus in the Greek language . . . none refer to colonisation." Dufoix surmises that the confusion may stem from a comment by Jewish historian Simon Dubnow , who wrote an entry on diaspora for

11076-445: The Americas, after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded. Historian James Axtell estimates that 240,000 people left Europe for the Americas in the 16th century. Emigration continued. In the 19th century alone over 50 million Europeans migrated to North and South America. Other Europeans moved to Siberia, Africa, and Australasia. The properly Spanish emigrants were mainly from several parts of Spain, but not only

11232-600: The Atlantic provinces, and this loss of work proved catastrophic for many families. As a result, beginning in the early 1990s and into the late 2000s, thousands of people from the Atlantic provinces were driven out-of-province to find work elsewhere in the country, especially in the Alberta oil sands during the oil boom of the mid-2000s. This systemic export of labour is explored by author Kate Beaton in her 2022 graphic memoir Ducks , which details her experience working in

11388-593: The Breton scholar Paul-Yves Pezron in his Antiquité de la Nation et de la langue celtes autrement appelez Gaulois (1703) and then by the Welsh scholar Edward Lhuyd in his Archaeologia Britannica: An Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of the Original Inhabitants of Great Britain (1707). By the time the modern concept of the Celts as a people had emerged, their fortunes had declined substantially, taken over by Germanic people . Firstly,

11544-810: The British Isles and Greenland. The recent application of the word "diaspora" to the Viking lexicon highlights their cultural profile distinct from their predatory reputation in the regions they settled, especially in the North Atlantic. The more positive connotations associated with the social science term help to view the movement of the Scandinavian peoples in the Viking Age in a new way. Such colonizing migrations cannot be considered indefinitely as diasporas; over very long periods, eventually,

11700-731: The British state was stronger in Scotland than Ireland and that public opinion was more against them. Once the Irish Free State was established, the ruling parties; Fine Gael or Fianna Fáil ; were content to engage in inter-governmental diplomacy with the British state in an effort to have returned the counties in Northern Ireland, rather than supporting Celtic nationalist militants within Britain. The Irish state, particularly under Éamon de Valera did make some effort on

11856-451: The Celtic League in the six Celtic countries, generally known by the Celtic language names of their countries: Ireland is known as Éire , Scotland as Alba , Wales as Cymru , Brittany as Breizh , Cornwall as Kernow and the Isle of Man as Mannin or Mann . When concluding against the inclusion of the historically Celtic regions Galicia and Asturias (Asturies) in Spain ,

12012-596: The Celtic Question was of interest to them and they were able to perceive the shift towards Celtic-based nationalisms. Heinrich Zimmer , the Professor of Celtic at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin (predecessor of Kuno Meyer ), spoke in 1899 of the powerful agitation in the " Celtic fringe of the United Kingdom's rich overcoat" and predicted that pan-Celticism would become a political force as important to

12168-518: The Celtic communities in the United States, publishes letters from members, and reviews books and recordings of Celtic interest. CLAB published at least six issues of a larger semi-annual magazine, Keltoi: A Pan-Celtic Review ,from 2006 to 2008. CLAB also produced a wall calendar each year, with art from members, appropriate quotations, and anniversaries; publication ceased with the 2008 issue. Other branches have published their own periodicals from time to time, but few have been very long-lived. Some of

12324-630: The Celtic elements in their heritage" such that "from such areas, might come the support and understanding we need to pursue our aims more effectively" (in Spain, there are no surviving Celtic languages, although in Galicia there is a minority nationalist movement which seeks independence from the Spanish Kingdom and promotes a Celtic identity as a fundamental aspect of Galician culture). There are various diaspora branches, that play little part in

12480-561: The Celtic world. Celtic nationalisms were boosted immensely by the Irish Easter Rising of 1916, where a group of revolutionaries belonging to the Irish Republican Brotherhood struck militantly against the British Empire during World War I to assert an Irish Republic . Part of their political vision, building on earlier Irish-Ireland policies was a re- Gaelicisation of Ireland: that is to say

12636-411: The Celtic wrestling championship include: Ireland and Scotland play each other at hurling / shinty internationals . As with Hurling and Shinty, Irish handball and Welsh handball ( Welsh : Pêl-Law ) share an ancient Celtic origin, but over the centuries they developed into two separate sports with different rules and international organisations. Informal inter-Celtic matches were very likely

12792-512: The Channel and they also shared a strong attachment to the Catholic faith with the Irish. Across Europe, modern Celtic Studies were developing as an academic discipline. The Germans led the way in the field with Indo-European linguist Franz Bopp in 1838, followed up by Johann Kaspar Zeuss ' Grammatica Celtica (1853). Indeed, as German power was growing in rivalry with France and England,

12948-570: The Druids. In the 1820s, early pan-Celtic contacts began to develop, firstly between the Welsh and the Bretons, as Thomas Price and Jean-François Le Gonidec worked together to translate the New Testament into Breton. The two men were champions of their respective languages and both highly influential in their own countries. It was in this spirit that a Pan-Celtic Congress took place at

13104-576: The Dublin meeting. Prominent Gaelic League activists such as Pearse, Edward Martyn , John St. Clair Boyd , Thomas William Rolleston , Thomas O'Neill Russell , Maxwell Henry Close and William Gibson all made financial contributions to the Pan-Celtic Congress. Ruaraidh Erskine was an attendant. Erskine himself was an advocate of a "Gaelic confederation" between Ireland and Scotland. David Lloyd George , who would later to go on to be

13260-582: The Flock, and to perform the office and work of Bishops among them. The OED records a usage of "diaspora" in 1876, which refers to "extensive diaspora work (as it is termed) of evangelizing among the National Protestant Churches on the continent". The term became more widely assimilated into English by the mid 1950s, with long-term expatriates in significant numbers from other particular countries or regions also being referred to as

13416-456: The Gauls. The modern usage of "Celt" in reference to these cultures grew up gradually. A pioneer in the field was George Buchanan , a 16th-century Scottish scholar, Renaissance humanist and tutor to king James IV of Scotland . From a Scottish Gaelic -speaking family, Buchanan in his Rerum Scoticarum Historia (1582), went over the writings of Tacitus who had discussed the similarity between

13572-508: The Iron Age, who spoke Celtic languages, had arrived in about 1000 BCE, after the building of iconic supposedly-Celtic monuments like Stonehenge and Newgrange . Reich confirmed that the Indo-European root of the Celtic languages reflected a population shift, and was not just a linguistic adoption. Pan-Celticism can operate on one or all of the following levels listed below: Linguistic organisations promote linguistic ties, notably

13728-659: The Isle of Man, and the foundation of a Celtic union, the structure of which is already existent in the Good Friday Agreement according to Price. Speaking to RTÉ, the Irish national broadcaster he proposed Wales and Ireland working together to promote the indigenous languages of each nation. Blogger Owen Donavan published, on his blog State of Wales , his views on a Celtic confederation, "a voluntary union of sovereign nation-states – between Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Isle of Man would presumably be

13884-739: The Jewish population of Judea , whose descendants became the Ashkenazim , Sephardim , and Mizrahim of today, roughly numbering 15 million of which 8 million still live in the diaspora, though the number was much higher before Zionist immigration to what is now Israel and the murder of 6 million Jews in the Holocaust . Chinese emigration (also known as the Chinese Diaspora; see also Overseas Chinese ) first occurred thousands of years ago. The mass emigration that occurred from

14040-560: The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, delivered a speech at the 1904 Celtic Congress. Breton Regionalist Union founder Régis de l'Estourbeillon attended the 1907 congress, headed the Breton faction of the procession and placed the Breton stone on the Lia Cineill. Henry Jenner , Arthur William Moore and John Crichton-Stuart, fourth Marquess of Bute likewise attended the 1907 congress. Erskine made an effort to set up

14196-624: The Roman empire. The Migration-Period relocations, which included several phases, are just one set of many in history. The first phase Migration-Period displacement (between 300 and 500 AD) included relocation of the Goths ( Ostrogoths and Visigoths ), Vandals , Franks , various other Germanic peoples ( Burgundians , Lombards , Angles , Saxons , Jutes , Suebi and Alemanni ), Alans and numerous Slavic tribes . The second phase, between 500 and 900 AD, saw Slavic , Turkic , and other tribes on

14352-509: The South and the Northeast , did not easily convince farmers to stay on the land and to work the soil. Another factor was related to the overpopulation of Southern Italy as a result of the improvements in socioeconomic conditions after Unification . That created a demographic boom and forced the new generations to emigrate en masse in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, mostly to

14508-817: The United States and Canada after the Highland Clearances ; as well as the Lowlanders, becoming the Ulster Scots in Ireland and the Scotch-Irish in America. There were two major Italian diasporas in Italian history . The first diaspora began around 1880, two decades after the Unification of Italy , and ended in the 1920s to the early 1940s with the rise of Fascist Italy . Poverty was

14664-624: The United States of America, approximately 4.3 million people moved outside their home states in 2010, according to IRS tax-exemption data. In a 2011 TEDx presentation, Detroit native Garlin Gilchrist referenced the formation of distinct "Detroit diaspora" communities in Seattle and in Washington, DC, while layoffs in the auto industry also led to substantial blue-collar migration from Michigan to Wyoming c. 2005. In response to

14820-496: The United States of America. After World War II, the Soviet Union and communist -controlled Poland, Czechoslovakia , Hungary and Yugoslavia expelled millions of ethnic Germans , most of them were the descendants of immigrants who had settled in those areas centuries ago. This expulsion was allegedly carried out in reaction to Nazi Germany's invasions and pan-German attempts to annex Eastern European territory. Most of

14976-429: The aforementioned areas began to emigrate to the large industrial centers of the north-west, especially in the so-called "industrial triangle, or the area corresponding to the three-sided polygon with vertices in the cities of Turin, Milan and Genoa . Even some cities in central and southern Italy (such as Rome , which was the object of immigration due to employment in the administrative and tertiary sectors) experienced

15132-453: The ancestral lands, maintaining any form of ties with the region of origin as well as relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full integration into the new host countries. Diasporas often maintain ties to the country of their historical affiliation and usually influence their current host country's policies towards their homeland. "Diaspora management" is a term that Harris Mylonas has "re-conceptualized to describe both

15288-602: The annual general meetings: A Patagonian branch was founded in the Chubut River Valley, Argentina (the location of y Wladfa , a Welsh colony), at the end of 2009; it remained active as of October 2011, with Mónica Jones as secretary and her husband Michael Jones filling an unspecified post. Celtic League, American Branch (CLAB) was founded in New York City in 1974, and has its own newsletter, but reported decreased activity as of October 2011,

15444-414: The anti-Celtic position was a reaction to the formation of a Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly . For his part, James stepped forward to defend his fellow Celtosceptics, claiming that their rejection of the Celtic idea was politically motivated, but invoked " multiculturalism " and sought to deconstruct the past and imagine it as more "diverse", rather than a Celtic uniformity. Attempts to identify

15600-720: The auspices of their Celtic Association and was held in August 1901 in Dublin . This had followed on from an earlier sentiment of pan-Celtic feeling at the National Eisteddfod of Wales , held in Liverpool in 1900. Another influence was Fournier's attendance at Feis Ceoil in the late 1890s, which drew musicians from the different Celtic nations. The two leaders formed somewhat of an idiosyncratic pair; Fournier, of French parentage embraced an ardent Hibernophilia and learned

15756-477: The cement of a sober, orderly Anglo-Saxon rule. A concept arose among some European philologists, particularly articulated by Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel , whereby the "care of the national language is a sacred trust", or put more simply, "no language, no nation." This dictum was also adopted by nationalists in Celtic nations, particularly Thomas Davis of the Young Ireland movement, who, contrary to

15912-419: The conservation of a distinctive diasporic identity which differs from the host culture. Brubaker also noted that the use of the term diaspora has been widening. He suggests that one element of this expansion in use "involves the application of the term diaspora to an ever-broadening set of cases: essentially to any and every nameable population category that is to some extent dispersed in space". Brubaker used

16068-771: The creation of communities of African descent in India, most notably the Siddi , Makrani and Sri Lanka Kaffirs . Beginning as early as the 2nd century AD, the kingdom of Aksum (modern-day Ethiopia ) created colonies on the Arabian Peninsula. During the 4th century, Aksum formally adopted Christianity as a state religion, becoming the first to do so along with Armenia . In the 6th century, Kaleb of Axum invaded Himyar (modern-day Yemen ) to aid and defend Christians under religious persecution. During these campaigns, several groups of soldiers chose not to return to Aksum. These groups are estimated to have ranged in size from

16224-552: The cultural and linguistic front in regards to Pan-Celticism. For instance in the summer of 1947, the Irish Taoiseach de Valera visited the Isle of Man and met with Manxman, Ned Maddrell . While there he had the Irish Folklore Commission make recordings of the last, old, native Manx Gaelic -speakers, including Maddrell. A group called "Aontacht na gCeilteach" (Celtic Unity) was set up to promote

16380-705: The current entry on "diaspora" in the Oxford English Dictionary Online dates the first recorded use a century later to 1694, in a work on ordination by the Welsh theologian James Owen. Owen wanted to prove that there is no difference in the Bible between Presbyters and Bishops; he cited the example of the Jews in exile: The Presbyters of the Jewish Diaspora , to whom St. Peter wrote, are requir'd ποιμαίνειν ϗ̀ ἐπισκοπείν, to feed or rule

16536-471: The diaspora were firmly rooted in a conceptual 'homeland'; they were concerned with a paradigmatic case, or a small number of core cases. The paradigmatic case was, of course, the Jewish diaspora; some dictionary definitions of diaspora, until recently, did not simply illustrate but defined the word with reference to that case. Some observers have labeled evacuation from New Orleans and the Gulf Coast in

16692-593: The different kinds of diasporas based on their causes, such as colonialism , trade/labour migrations , or the social coherence which exists within the diaspora communities and their ties to the ancestral lands. With greater migration flows through the world in modern times, the concept of a secondary diaspora (a new diaspora branching out of a previous diaspora) or a sub-diaspora grouping has started being studied. Some diaspora communities maintain strong cultural and political ties to their homelands. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return to

16848-593: The earlier Catholic-based "civic rights" activism of a Daniel O'Connell , asserted an Irish nationalism where the Irish language would become hegemonic once again. As he claimed a "people without a language of its own is only half a nation." In a less explicitly political context, language revivalist groups emerged such as the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language , which would later become

17004-652: The figure at 80 to 100 million. From the 1860s, the Circassian people, originally from Europe, were dispersed through Anatolia, Australia, the Balkans, the Levant, North America, and West Europe, leaving less than 10% of their population in the homeland – parts of historical Circassia (in the modern-day Russian portion of the Caucasus ). The Scottish Diaspora includes large populations of Highlanders moving to

17160-593: The first to use the word. However, sociologist Stéphane Dufoix remarks "not only is the noun diaspora quite absent from the Greek original [Thucydides' Peloponnesian War , II, 27)], but the original does not include the verb diaspeírô either. The verb used is the verb speírô (seed) conjugated in the passive aorist." The passage in Thucydides reads: καὶ οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν ἐνταῦθα ᾤκησαν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐσπάρησαν [esparēsan] κατὰ τὴν ἄλλην Ἑλλάδα , translated to mean 'Those of

17316-661: The free, the heather, the heather The Bretons and Scots and Irish together The Manx and the Welsh and Cornish forever Six nations are we all Celtic and free! — Alfred Perceval Graves , Song of the Celts . Music is a notable aspect of Celtic cultural links. Inter-Celtic festivals have been gaining popularity, and some of the most notable include those at Lorient , Ortigueira , Killarney , Kilkenny , Letterkenny and Celtic Connections in Glasgow. There are similarities across Celtic wrestling styles, with many commentators suggesting that this indicates they stem from

17472-417: The future of European politics as the much more established movements of pan-Germanism and pan-Slavism . Other academic treatments included Ernest Renan 's La Poésie des races celtiques (1854) and Matthew Arnold 's The Study of Celtic Literature (1867). The attention given by Arnold was a double-edged sword; he lauded Celtic poetic and musical achievements, but effeminised them and suggested they needed

17628-459: The high rate of poverty, the poor fertility of many agricultural areas, the fragmentation of land properties, which characterized southern Italy above all, and the insecurity caused by organized crime . Overall, the Italians who moved from southern to northern Italy amounted to 4 million. The migratory flow from the countryside to the big cities also contracted and then stopped in the 1980s. At

17784-445: The idea of a "Celtic Corridor" of the island of Ireland and Scotland appealed to her. In January 2019 the leader of the Welsh nationalist Plaid Cymru party, Adam Price spoke in favour of cooperation among the Celtic nations of Britain and Ireland following Brexit. Among his proposals were a Celtic Development Bank for joint infrastructure and investment projects in energy, transport and communications in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and

17940-775: The impoverished ones (i.e., Basques in Chile ), and the destination varied also along the time. As an example, the Galicians moved first to the American colonies during the XVII-XX (mainly but not only Mexico, Cuba, Argentine and Venezuela, as many writers during the Francoist exile), later to Europe (France, Switzerland) and finally within Spain (to Madrid, Catalonia or the Basque Country). A specific 19th-century example

18096-675: The influential Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences . His entry, published in 1931, includes the following remark: "In a sense Magna Graecia constituted a Greek diaspora in the ancient Roman Empire." "Magna Graecia" refers to ancient Greek colonies established along the Italian coast, which lost their independence following the Second Punic War and their integration into the Roman Empire. The first recorded use of

18252-469: The language of the Gauls and the ancient Britons. Buchanan concluded, if the Gauls were Celtae , as they were described as in Roman sources, then the Britons were Celtae too. He began to see a pattern in place names and concluded that the Britons and Irish Gaels once spoke one Celtic language which later diverged. It wouldn't be until over a century later when these ideas were widely popularised; first by

18408-406: The languages of our six nations marks us now as distinct cultural communities, and therefore as distinct nations." Founded in 1961, the present Celtic League grew out of various other pan-Celtic organisations, particularly the Celtic Congress , but with a more political emphasis. Previously, Hugh MacDiarmid and others had suggested something along the same lines. The Celtic League was started at

18564-544: The late 16th century CE and continuing into the 19th. Outside of the Atlantic slave trade, however, African diasporic communities have existed for millennia. While some communities were slave-based, other groups emigrated for various reasons. From the 8th through the 19th centuries, the Arab slave trade dispersed millions of Africans to Asia and the islands of the Indian Ocean. The Islamic slave trade also has resulted in

18720-800: The later Greek genocide as well as the Istanbul pogroms ; the emigration of Anglo-Saxons (primarily to the Byzantine Empire ) after the Norman Conquest of England ; the southern Chinese and South Asians who left their homelands during the 19th and 20th centuries; the Irish diaspora after the Great Famine ; the Scottish diaspora that developed on a large scale after the Highland and Lowland Clearances ; Romani from

18876-447: The laying of the Lia Cineil ("Race Stone"), which drew inspiration from the Lia Fáil and Stone of Scone . The stone was five foot high and consisted of five granite blocks, each with a letter of the respective Celtic nation etched into it in their own language (i.e. – "E" for Ireland, "A" for Scotland, "C" for Wales). At the laying of the stone, the Archdruid of the Eisteddfod, Hwfa Môn would say three times in Gaelic, while holding

19032-481: The leader of Cymru Fydd was a proponent of Pan-Celticism, stating "We must work for bringing together Celtic reformers and Celtic peoples. The interests of Irishmen, Welshmen and [Scottish] Crofters are almost identical. Their past history is very similar, their present oppressors are the same and their immediate wants are the same. The first major Pan-Celtic Congress was organised by Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe and Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown , under

19188-412: The liberal, rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment , a backlash of Romanticism in the late 18th century occurred and "the Celt" was rehabilitated in literature, in a movement which is sometimes known as "Celtomania." The most prominent native representatives of the initial stages of this Celtic Revival were James Macpherson , author of the Poems of Ossian (1761) and Iolo Morganwg , founder of

19344-416: The lines of the Nordic Council . The 1987 Celtic League Annual General Meeting stated that it: "firmly reiterates that the Celtic League has a specific function within Celtia , i.e. to work for the reinstatement of our languages to a viable position, and the attainment of sufficient economic, cultural and political autonomy to guarantee the survival of our civilisation into the 21st century. This emphasis on

19500-420: The main reason for emigration, specifically the lack of land as mezzadria sharecropping flourished in Italy, especially in the South, and property became subdivided over generations. Especially in Southern Italy , conditions were harsh. Until the 1860s to 1950s, most of Italy was a rural society with many small towns and cities and almost no modern industry in which land management practices, especially in

19656-578: The media have used the term corporate diaspora in a rather arbitrary and inaccurate fashion, for example as applied to "mid-level, mid-career executives who have been forced to find new places at a time of corporate upheaval" (10) The use of corporate diaspora reflects the increasing popularity of the diaspora notion to describe a wide range of phenomena related to contemporary migration, displacement and transnational mobility. While corporate diaspora seems to avoid or contradict connotations of violence, coercion, and unnatural uprooting historically associated with

19812-443: The migrants assimilate into the settled area so completely that it becomes their new mental homeland. Thus the modern Magyars of Hungary do not feel that they belong in the Western Siberia that the Hungarian Magyars left 12 centuries ago; and the English descendants of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes do not yearn to reoccupy the plains of Northwest Germany. In 1492 a Spanish-financed expedition headed by Christopher Columbus arrived in

19968-489: The more notable past and present members of the Celtic League have been Plaid Cymru leaders Gwynfor Evans and J. E. Jones , Scottish National Party leaders Winnie Ewing , Robert McIntyre and Rob Gibson , leader of Sinn Féin Ruairí Ó Brádaigh , prominent Breton exiles Yann Fouéré and Alan Heusaff , the historian and writer Peter Berresford Ellis , writer Bernard Le Nail , and Manx language revivalist Brian Stowell . American author and linguist Alexei Kondratiev

20124-416: The move, resettling in Eastern Europe and gradually leaving it predominantly Slavic, and affecting Anatolia and the Caucasus as the first Turkic tribes ( Avars , Huns , Khazars , Pechenegs ), as well as Bulgars , and possibly Magyars arrived. The last phase of the migrations saw the coming of the Hungarian Magyars. The Viking expansion out of Scandinavia into southern and eastern Europe, Iceland,

20280-445: The next General Election produces a hung parliament." A movement among some archeologists known as "Celtoscepticism" emerged from the late 1980s, through the 1990s. This school of thought, initiated by John Collis sought to undermine the basis of Celticism and cast doubts on the legitimacy of the very concept or any usage of the term "Celts". This strain of thought was particularly hostile to all but archaeological evidence. Partly

20436-403: The ninth century. From the 11th century onward, the arrival of the Normans , caused problems not only for the English but also for the Celts. The Normans invaded the Welsh kingdoms (establishing the Principality of Wales ), the Irish kingdoms (establishing the Lordship of Ireland ) and took control of the Scottish monarchy through intermarrying. This advance was often done in conjunction with

20592-444: The notion of diaspora, its scholarly use may heuristically describe the ways in which corporations function alongside diasporas. In this way, corporate diaspora might foreground the racial histories of diasporic formations without losing sight of the cultural logic of late capitalism in which corporations orchestrate the transnational circulation of people, images, ideologies and capital. In contemporary times, scholars have classified

20748-400: The pan-Celtic movement grew out of Romantic nationalism and specific to itself, the Celtic Revival . The pan-Celtic movement was most prominent during the 19th and 20th centuries (roughly 1838 until 1939). Some early pan-Celtic contacts took place through the Gorsedd and the Eisteddfod , while the annual Celtic Congress was initiated in 1900. Since that time the Celtic League has become

20904-442: The pan-Celtic vision in November 1942. It was headed by Éamonn Mac Murchadha. MI5 believed it to be a secret front for the Irish fascist party Ailtiri na hAiseirghe and was to serve as "a rallying point for Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Breton nationalists". The group had the same postal address as the party. At its foundation the group stated that "the present system is utterly repugnant to the celtic conception of life" and called for

21060-435: The persecution and moved to the unoccupied parts of Western Europe or they moved to the Americas before the borders of the Americas were closed. Later, other Eastern European refugees moved west, away from Soviet expansion and from the Iron Curtain regimes established as World War II ended. Hundreds of thousands of these anti-Soviet political refugees and displaced persons ended up in western Europe, Australia, Canada, and

21216-402: The phrase "nos ancêtres les Gaulois" (our ancestors the Gauls) was invoked by Romantic nationalists, typically in a republican fashion, to refer to the majority of the people, contrary to the aristocracy (claimed to be of Frankish -Germanic descent). Following the dying down of Jacobitism as a political threat in Britain and Ireland, with the firm establishment of Hanoverian Britain under

21372-431: The policies that states follow in order to build links with their diaspora abroad and the policies designed to help with the incorporation and integration of diasporic communities when they 'return' home". The diaspora of Africans during the Atlantic slave trade is one of the most notorious modern diasporas. 10.7 million people from West Africa survived transportation to arrive in the Americas as slaves starting in

21528-457: The prominent face of political pan-Celticism. Initiatives largely focused on cultural Celtic cooperation, rather than explicitly politics, such as music, arts and literature festivals, are usually referred to instead as inter-Celtic . There is some controversy surrounding the term Celts . One such example was the Celtic League 's Galician crisis . This was a debate over whether the Spanish region of Galicia should be admitted. The application

21684-430: The restoration or maintenance of that homeland, and they relate "personally or vicariously" to the homeland to a point where it shapes their identity. Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora. Safran also included a criterion of having been forced into exile by political or economic factors, followed by a long period of settlement in the new host culture. In 1997, Robin Cohen argued that

21840-429: The same Indo-European branch (such as the Gauls , Celtiberians and Galatians ), have been retroactively referred to in a collective sense as the Celts , particularly in a wide spread manner since the turn of the 18th century. Variations of the term "Celt", such as Keltoi had been used in antiquity by the Greeks and the Romans to refer to some groups of these people, such as Herodotus ' use of it in regards to

21996-650: The same time, migratory movements towards medium-sized cities and those destined for small-sized villages increased. The twentieth century saw huge population movements. Some involved large-scale transfers of people by government action. Some migrations occurred to avoid conflict and warfare. Other diasporas formed as a consequence of political developments, such as the end of colonialism . As World War II (1939–1945) unfolded, Nazi German authorities deported and killed millions of Jews ; they also enslaved or murdered millions of other people , including Romani , Ukrainians , Russians , and other Slavs . Some Jews fled from

22152-444: The same year its domain name, CelticLeague.org, was lost to a cybersquatter . CLAB organized various annual events, including the Pan-Celtic Conference . There is a generalized International Branch for "[t]hose living far away from the national branches", including prospective Spanish members in Galicia and Asturias; it was active with a website, Celtic-League.org (operated from the Isle of Man), from 2004 through 2010. There has been

22308-601: The specific context of their existence". It has even been noted that as charismatic Christianity becomes increasingly globalized, many Christians conceive of themselves as a diaspora, and form a bond that mimics salient features of some ethnic diasporas. Professional communities of individuals no longer in their homeland can also be considered diaspora. For example, science diasporas are communities of scientists who conduct their research away from their homeland and trading diasporas are communities of merchant aliens. In an article published in 1996, Khachig Tölölyan argues that

22464-453: The title of " Pan-Celtic Farce ." The folk costumes and druidic aesthetics were especially mocked, meanwhile Moran, who associated Irish nationality with Catholicism, was suspicious of the Protestantism of both Fournier and FitzPatrick. The participation of the latter as a " Tommy Atkins " against the Boers (whom Irish nationalists supported with the Irish Transvaal Brigade ) was also highlighted as unsound. Moran concluded that pan-Celticism

22620-404: The wake of Hurricane Katrina the New Orleans diaspora , since a significant number of evacuees have not been able to return, yet maintain aspirations to do so. Agnieszka Weinar (2010) notes the widening use of the term, arguing that recently, "a growing body of literature succeeded in reformulating the definition, framing diaspora as almost any population on the move and no longer referring to

22776-406: The wealthier countries of the Middle East, Europe, and North America. Current estimates of the number of Nepalese living outside Nepal range well up into the millions. In Siam, regional power struggles among several kingdoms in the region led to a large diaspora of ethnic Lao between the 1700s–1800s by Siamese rulers to settle large areas of the Siamese kingdom's northeast region, where Lao ethnicity

22932-429: The word "diaspora" in English is in 1594 in John Stockwood's translation of Lambert Daneau's commentary on the Twelve Prophets . Daneau writes: This scattering abrode of the Iewes, as it were an heauenly sowing, fell out after their returne from the captiuitie of Babylon. Wherevpon both Acts. 2. and also 1. Pet. 1. and 1. Iam. ver. 1. [sic] they are called Diaspora , that is, a scattering or sowing abrode. However,

23088-434: The word "diaspora" is found in the Septuagint , first in: and secondly in: When the Bible was translated into Greek, the word diaspora was applied in reference to the Kingdom of Samaria which was exiled from Israel by the Assyrians between 740 and 722 BC, as well as Jews, Benjaminites, and Levites who were exiled from the Kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians in 587 BC, and Jews who were exiled from Roman Judea by

23244-422: The world is the Indian diaspora. The overseas Indian community, estimated to number over 17.5 million, is spread across many regions of the world, on every continent. It is a global community which is diverse, heterogeneous and eclectic and its members represent different regions, languages, cultures, and faiths (see Desi ). Similarly, the Romani , numbering roughly 12 million in Europe trace their origins to

23400-491: Was "parasitic" from Irish nationalism, created by a "foreigner" (Fournier) and sought to misdirect Irish energies. Others were less polemical; opinion in the Gaelic League was divided and though they elected not to send an official representative, some members did attend Congress meetings (including Douglas Hyde , Patrick Pearse and Michael Davitt ). More enthusiastic was Lady Gregory , who imagined an Ireland-led "Pan-Celtic Empire", while William Butler Yeats also attended

23556-544: Was briefly revived in 1907 before finally ending for good in May 1908. Its inception was welcomed by Breton François Jaffrennou . An unrelated publication "The Celtic Review" was founded in 1904 and ran until 1908. Historian Justin Dolan Stover of Idaho State University describes the movement as having "uneven successes". In total, the Celtic Association was able to organise three Pan-Celtic Congresses: Dublin (1901), Caernarfon (1904) and Edinburgh (1907). Each of these opened with an elaborate neo-druidic ceremony, with

23712-423: Was involved in the birth of many industrial activities, migratory phenomena affected the peasants of the Triveneto and southern Italy , who began to move in large numbers. Other areas of northern Italy were also affected by emigration such as the rural areas of Mantua and Cremona . The destinations of these emigrants were mainly Milan , Turin , Varese , Como , Lecco , and Brianza . The rural population of

23868-413: Was president of the Celtic League American branch. The Celtic League also campaigns for a united Ireland , and the return of the Loire-Atlantique department to Brittany . Over the years, the Celtic League has campaigned consistently in support of the languages in Celtic nations, and for the return of ancient artefacts, removed from Celtic countries to museums outside of these areas – amongst these are

24024-524: Was rejected on the basis of a lack of a presence of a Celtic language. Some Austrians claim that they have a Celtic heritage that became Romanized under Roman rule and later Germanized after Germanic invasions. Austria is the location of the first characteristically Celtic culture to exist. After the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, in October 1940 a writer from the Irish Press interviewed Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger who spoke of Celtic heritage of Austrians, saying "I believe there

24180-417: Was renewed interest in all things Celtic in the 1960s and 1970s. In a less militant fashion, elements within Galician nationalism and Asturian nationalism began to court Pan-Celticism, attending the Festival Interceltique de Lorient and the Pan Celtic Festival at Killarney , as well as joining the International Section of the Celtic League. Although this region had once been under Iberian Celts , had

24336-460: Was serving as the organisation's director of information as of August 2008. Pan-Celtic Pan-Celticism ( Irish : Pan-Cheilteachas , Scottish Gaelic : Pan-Cheilteachas , Breton : Pan-Keltaidd , Welsh : Pan-Geltaidd, Cornish : Pan-Keltaidh, Manx : Pan-Cheltaghys ), also known as Celticism or Celtic nationalism is a political, social and cultural movement advocating solidarity and cooperation between Celtic nations (both

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