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61-492: Ceradyne was founded in 1967 and in late 2004, the company added new product lines by acquiring ESK Ceramics of Kempten, Germany . In addition to producing ceramic components for industrial processes such as silicon foundries and ceramic fuel pellets for nuclear reactors, Ceradyne researched and produced varieties of ballistic armour for both personnel and vehicles. The ceramic armor was lighter than regular steel plate armor facilitating greater mobility. On September 16, 2007,

122-460: A Germanic king, thus becoming the fourth and final Roman to gain this honor. Regardless of whether he was actually able to take them in combat, however, Drusus' untimely death would prevent him from ever going through with the official ceremony. Notably, after Drusus' death, Augustus deposited the laurels from his fasces not in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus as he had done in the past, but in

183-399: A completely new praenomen from a maternal ancestor, especially when said gentes were non-patrician. Scherberich is also sceptical of Simpson's explanation. Lindsay Powell believes that Drusus personally (despite his young age) may have changed his name directly after his father's death to preserve and honor his memory. In her opinion another motivation for the boy may have been the meaning of

244-455: A daughter named Livilla ('little Livia') , and at least two others who did not survive childhood. After Drusus' death, Antonia never remarried, though she outlived him by nearly five decades. Three emperors were direct descendants of Drusus: his son Claudius , his grandson Caligula , and his great-grandson Nero . Augustus bestowed many honors on his stepsons. In 19 BC, Drusus was granted the ability to hold all public offices five years before

305-481: A month later. Shortly before his death he wrote a letter to Tiberius complaining about the style in which Augustus ruled and discussed forcing him to restore the republic. Suetonius reports that he had refused to return to Rome just before his death. Drusus' body was brought back to the city, and his ashes were deposited in the Mausoleum of Augustus . He remained extremely popular with the legionaries , who erected

366-653: A monument (the Drususstein ) in Mogontiacum (modern Mainz ) on his behalf. Remnants of this are still standing. The Senate raised an arch on the Appian Way in his memory (unrelated to the Arch of Drusus ) which read "DE GERM" and depicted his Elbe trophy as well as him fighting on horseback, a testament to his personal bravery. They also posthumously granted him the hereditary honorific title "Germanicus", which

427-421: A result of the defective body armor". The following table displays the capabilities of Ceradyne's IMP/ACT (Improved Multihit Protection/Advanced Composite Technology) series of plates. IMP/ACT plates use a stainless steel crack arrestor embedded between the strike face and backer to contain cracking to the immediate site of a bullet impact; the newest GOST 6A -rated GRANIT (ГРАНИТ) plates currently in service with

488-640: A time in Lugdunum before the family returned to Rome, where Drusus reported to Augustus. Drusus was given the honor of an ovation , and for the third time, Augustus closed the doors of the Temple of Janus , signifying that the whole Roman world was then at peace. Drusus was granted the office of proconsul for the following year. In 10 BC, the Chatti joined with the Sicambri and attacked Drusus' camp, but they were driven back. Drusus pursued them, proceeding from

549-465: Is considered the oldest written reference of any German city. So far no archaeological evidence could be found that this Celtic settlement really existed. In 15 BC Roman troops led by Nero Claudius Drusus and his brother Tiberius conquered and destroyed the existing Celtic settlement. In the following years the city, whose name was Latinized as Cambodunum , was rebuilt on a classical Roman city plan with baths, forum and temples. Initially in wood,

610-541: Is incompatible with Suetonius account as he cannot accept that Livia and Octavian (once married) would have allowed the adoption of the boy to take place at all, due to Gallius opposition of Octavian. Since Seutonius makes it clear that Tiberius did use Gallius name (although briefly) but dropped it out of respect for his step-father the adoption must have happened before Drusus was born. Jean Mottershead proposed in her commentary of Suetonius 's Divus Claudius that Drusus' praenomen derived from his father's maternal side of

671-632: Is the largest town of Allgäu , in Swabia , Bavaria , Germany . The population was about 68,000 in 2016. The area was possibly settled originally by Celts , but was later taken over by the Romans , who called the town Cambodunum . Kempten is the oldest urban settlement (town) in Germany. The Greek geographer Strabo mentions in 50 BC a town of the Celtic Estiones named Kambodunon . This

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732-689: The A 7 autobahn ( Würzburg – Ulm – Füssen ). Bundesstraßen B 12 (partly as A 980 autobahn), B 19 and B 309 also intersect in Kempten. The city is on the Buchloe–Lindau railway , opened as part of the Ludwig South-North Railway in 1852, and Kempten station currently boasts good InterCity and EuroCity rail connections. The city bus system is operated by Kemptener Verkehrsbetriebe, which operates over 20 lines. The Kempten University of Applied Sciences started in

793-650: The Abbey of Saint Gall , Magnus von Füssen and Theodor. This new monastery's first abbot was one Audogar. Through the financial and lobbyist support of Charlemagne ’s wife Hildegard , an Allemannic princess, the monastery came to be one of the most privileged of the Frankish Empire . After the abbey had several times been ravaged by the Magyars , the Prince-Bishop of Augsburg , Ulrich of Augsburg , who

854-899: The Frisii , and defeating the Chauci near the mouth of the Weser. In 11 BC, he conquered the Usipetes and the Marsi , extending Roman control to the Upper Weser. In 10 BC, he launched a campaign against the Chatti and the resurgent Sicambri, subjugating both. The following year, while serving as consul , he conquered the Mattiaci and defeated the Marcomanni and the Cherusci , the latter near

915-660: The Illerstadion , which is also used for athletics. It is located on Illerdamm 10. The stadium used to have a motorcycle speedway track and hosted the final of the 1965 Speedway World Team Cup . An American football team called the Allgäu Comets also use the stadium. Motor racing team Abt Sportsline is based in Kempten. Kempten is twinned with: Nero Claudius Drusus Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus (38–9 BC), commonly known in English as Drusus

976-852: The Russian Armed Forces use a similar crack arrestor made of titanium. This table is intended to exemplify the performance improvements that can be attained through the use of a crack arrestor, which enables a monolithic plate to match the multi-hit performance of non-monolithic models at a significantly lower weight. Note 1: 0.8-square-foot (0.074 m) size medium, triple curve, complete armor plate weight (including spall cover) required to protect against threat at stated multi-hit spacing when used in conjunction with NIJ IIIA soft armor vest. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/3m-buying-ceradyne-for-43-premium-2012-10-01 Kempten, Germany Kempten ( German: [ˈkɛmptn̩] ; Swabian : Kempte [ˈkɛmptə] )

1037-459: The Temple of Jupiter Feretrius . J.W. Rich suggests that this action was done as an affirmation to Drusus' memory; had the young commander lived, he would have placed spolia opima in the temple himself. Drusus was returning from his advance to the Elbe when he fell from his horse , by which point Tiberius had joined him. Though he survived the initial accident, infection set in, and he died about

1098-597: The Bructeri, but, as it was now late in the campaign season, turned back for their winter quarters in Gaul, taking advantage of their new alliance with the Frisii to navigate through the difficult conditions on the North Sea . As a reward for the successes of his campaign in 12 BC, Drusus was made praetor urbanus for 11 BC when he returned to Rome for the winter. News of Drusus' achievements – navigating

1159-619: The Ceradyne brand were acquired by Avon Rubber . In November 2012 thousands of SPEAR Generation III ballistic armor plates manufactured by Ceradyne for issue to United States Special Operations troops were recalled due to "safety defects". An analysis by the Department of Defense discovered the flawed plates. Defects were identified in less than five percent of plates tested according to United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). USSOCOM says "No one has been killed or wounded as

1220-692: The Cimbri and the Charydes and the Semnones and the other Germans of the same territory sought by envoys the friendship of me and of the Roman people. Upon Claudius ' accession to the principate in 41 AD, his late father Drusus received new public honors, including annual games in the Circus Maximus on 14 January for Drusus' birthday, coin issues depicting Drusus' likeness and his commemorative arch, and

1281-658: The Elbe. His Germanic campaigns were cut short in the summer of 9 BC by his death after a riding accident. Drusus was a very able commander. His death slowed the northward expansion of the Roman Empire, and foreshadowed the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . He was enormously popular among his men, who erected the Drususstein in his honor; his memory was elevated during the reign of his son Claudius. Drusus' accomplishments in battle were considerable. He fought numerous Germanic chiefs in single combat , and

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1342-747: The Elder , was a Roman politician and military commander. He was a patrician Claudian but his mother was from a plebeian family. He was the son of Livia Drusilla and the stepson of her second husband, the Emperor Augustus . He was also brother of the Emperor Tiberius ; the father of the Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus ; paternal grandfather of the Emperor Caligula , and maternal great-grandfather of

1403-621: The Emperor Nero . Drusus launched the first major Roman campaigns across the Rhine and began the conquest of Germania , becoming the first Roman general to reach the Weser and Elbe rivers. In 12 BC, he led a successful campaign into Germania, subjugating the Sicambri . Later that year he led a naval expedition against Germanic tribes along the North Sea coast, conquering the Batavi and

1464-594: The North Sea, carrying the Roman eagles into new territory, and fixing new peoples into treaty relations with Rome – caused considerable excitement in Rome and were commemorated on coins. In the spring of his term as praetor urbanus , he set out for the German border once more. This time, he assembled a force consisting of all or part of five legions in addition to auxiliaries and, setting out from Vetera on

1525-607: The Rhine frontier. As governor of Gaul, Drusus made his headquarters at Lugdunum, where he decided to establish the concilium Galliarum or ‘council of the Gaulish provinces’ sometime between 14 and 12 BC. This council would elect from its members a priest to celebrate games and venerate Rome and Augustus as deities every 1 August at the altar of the three Gauls that Drusus established at Condate in 10 BC. Drusus' son Tiberius—the future emperor Claudius —was born in Lugdunum on

1586-680: The Rhine, ascended the River Lippe . Here he encountered the Tencteri and Usipetes , whom he defeated in two separate engagements. He reached the Werra Valley before deciding to turn back for the season, as winter was coming on, supplies were dwindling, and the omens were unfavorable. While his forces were making their way back through the territory of the Cherusci , the latter tribe laid an ambush for them at Arbalo. The Cherusci failed to capitalize on their initial advantage, whereupon

1647-755: The Romans broke through their lines, defeated the Germanic attackers, and acclaimed Drusus as imperator . To show his continued mastery of the ground, Drusus garrisoned a number of positions within Germania during the winter of 11–10 BC, including one somewhere in Hesse and one in Cheruscan territory, probably either the camp at Haltern or that at Bergkamen-Oberaden , both in present-day North Rhine–Westphalia . He rejoined his wife Antonia and two children for

1708-538: The authority of a praetor) of the three Gaulish provinces. His contribution to the ongoing building and urban development in Gaul can be seen in the establishment of the pes Drusianus , or ‘Drusian foot ’, of about 33.3 cm (13.1 in), which was in use in Samarobriva (modern Amiens ) and among the Tungri . From 14 to 13 BC, Augustus himself was also active in Gaul, whether in Lugdunum (modern Lyon) or along

1769-599: The blast-proof components of the Ceradyne BULL MRAP/MMPV vehicle project. In January 2008, the company also received an order for $ 9.6 million worth of body armor from UNICOR (Federal Prison Industries Inc.), which provided jobs and job training to inmates in US federal prisons. On November 28, 2012, Ceradyne, Inc. was fully acquired by 3M becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of 3M. On January 2, 2020, Ceradyne, Inc.'s advanced ballistic protection business and

1830-442: The city was later rebuilt in stone after a devastating fire that destroyed almost the entire city in the year 69 AD. The city possibly served as provincial capital of Raetia during the first century before Augsburg took over this role. Extensive archaeological excavations at the end of the 19th century and again during the 1950s at what were then the outskirts of Kempten unearthed the extensive structural foundations. The city

1891-576: The company was selling 25,000 sets of armor a month to the Pentagon . In December 2007, Ceradyne's lightweight armor was approved by the Army for use on military vehicles. Oshkosh Truck produced the first of these armored vehicles using the armor on HEMETT crew cabs. Ceradyne was also the producer of ceramic Enhanced Small Arms Protective Inserts ( E-SAPI ) for the US Army 's Interceptor body armor , and

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1952-414: The date of 28 March as his most likely birthday , while Lindsay Powell interprets Ovid's Fasti as indicating a date of 13 January. Rumors arose that Augustus was the child's real father, although impossible as Livia was already pregnant when she met her future husband (Emperor Claudius nonetheless encouraged the rumor during his reign to create an impression of more direct lineage from Augustus). Drusus

2013-419: The death of her second son, took the advice of the philosopher Areus to put up many statues and images of Drusus and speak often about him. The surviving Latin work Consolatio ad Liviam is framed as an Ovidian message of consolation to Livia on this occasion, though it is generally considered a literary exercise "composed between the death of Livia [AD 29] and that of Tiberius [AD 37]". Augustus noted

2074-644: The end of the Thirty Years' War . During the Napoleonic Wars the Dukedom-Abbey and Imperial City came under Bavarian rule (1802–03). Finally, in 1819, the two rival cities were united into a single communal entity. The city was the location of two subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp during World War II , each with about 700 inmates. Kempten is well connected with the region through

2135-477: The event may even have happened before Drusus was born; he also rejected the point of death of their father as likely since it would have probably have brought attention to the circumstances surrounding Livia's divorce and remarriage, which had become a part of Mark Antony 's propaganda at the time. Simpson stated that in his opinion Livia chose the names Decimus and Drusus for her younger son to minimize association with her ex-husband after she married Octavian due to

2196-519: The family, possibly the Junii or Laelii as they were the only senatorial families who regularly used the praenomen "Decimus". She also believes that the name change happened when his father died and he moved into Octavian's household. Klaus Scherberich is critical of Mottershead's proposal, he argues that there are no examples of a conservative patrician family like the Claudii Nerones adopting

2257-469: The field, stopping to confer with his staff at Lugdunum and to dedicate a temple to Caesar Augustus at Andemantunnum , before rejoining his command at Mainz, from which the year's expedition departed in early spring. Drusus led the army via Rödgen through the territories of the Marsi and Cherusci until he even crossed the river Elbe . Here he is said to have seen an apparition of a Germanic woman who warned him against proceeding farther and that his death

2318-466: The former's poor status at the time, but that several years after the man's death it was opportune to emphasize her younger son's connection with his elder brother and that the name change was probably done upon him assuming the toga virilis. Levick believed the adoption of Tiberius necessitated Drusus wearing the name of the Nerones. Simpson responded 1993 in that he believes that Levick's interpretation

2379-628: The imperial forces and the Swedish troops respectively. In 1652 Roman Giel of Gielsberg, the Abbot of Kempten , commissioned the architects Michael Beer and Johann Serro from Graubünden to build St. Lorenz Basilica as a new church to serve the parish and monastery, including a representative residence for the Duke-Abbots. This is acknowledged as the first large church built in Germany after

2440-579: The last property rights held by the abbots in the Imperial City were sold in the so-called "Great Purchase", marking the start of the co-existence of two independent cities next to each other, each bearing the same name. More conflict arose in 1527 after the Imperial City converted to Protestantism in direct opposition to the Catholic monastery (and Free City). During the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War (1632–33), both cities were destroyed by

2501-660: The late Republic (especially for a patrician ). The eventual use of his father's cognomen Nero as a praenomen was highly unconventional as well. His full name given at his Dies lustricus is generally assumed to have been Decimus Claudius Drusus , but some historians such as Andrew Pettinger, Pierre Grimal , T. P. Wiseman , Greg Rowe, Barbara Levick and Eric D. Huntsman believe it may have been Decimus Claudius Nero , Decimus Claudius Nero Drusus or Decimus Claudius Drusus Nero instead. Livia may have passed down her father's cognomen to her son simply because, besides her adoptive brother Marcus Livius Drusus Libo , there

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2562-538: The minimum age. When Tiberius left Italy during his term as praetor in 16 BC, Drusus legislated in his place. He became quaestor the following year, fighting against Raetian bandits in the Alps . Drusus repelled them, gaining honors, but was unable to smash their forces, and required reinforcement from Tiberius. The brothers easily defeated the local Alpine tribes. Drusus arrived in Gaul in late 15 BC to serve as legatus Augusti pro praetore (governor on Augustus' behalf with

2623-563: The most able of the various Roman commanders who attempted to conquer Germania, as well as the most successful. While the furthest extent of territorial gains would be realized the year after his death, under Tiberius, Drusus' death marked a slowing of Roman expansion. Drusus' successors would prove unfit for the task of conquering Germania, with disastrous results. Drusus was succeeded as commander in Germania by Tiberius, but Tiberius fell out of imperial favor, and chose self exile in 6 BC. Command then fell to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus . Ahenobarbus

2684-457: The name Nero , which in ancient Sabine (the language of the people which the Claudii descended from) meant "strong" or "valiant", a fitting name for a boy from such a distinguished clan. Drusus married Antonia Minor , the daughter of Mark Antony and Augustus' sister, Octavia Minor , and gained a reputation of being completely faithful to her. Their children were Germanicus , Claudius ,

2745-595: The restoration of a monument near the Ara Pacis Augustae that featured a statue of Drusus. Claudius also completed a road from Italy into Raetia that followed the route Drusus had taken and whose road-markers commemorated Drusus' achievements in the Alpine war. Such Claudian commemorations of Drusus' memory are thought to have become less prominent once Claudius had his own British triumph to celebrate. Historian Michael McNally considers Drusus to have been

2806-623: The same day that this altar was inaugurated. Starting in 14 BC, Drusus built a string of military bases along the Rhine—fifty according to Florus —and established an alliance with the Batavi in preparation for military action in Germania Libera. He is likely to have had seven legions under his command. In spring of 12 BC, he embarked an expeditionary force, perhaps consisting of the Legiones I Germanica and V Alaudae , by ship from

2867-604: The sites of present-day Mainz and Rödgen , where he set up a base of supply, to Hedemünden , where a strong new camp was established. Around this time, the canny Marcomannic king Maroboduus responded to the Roman incursion by relocating his people en masse to Bohemia . In summer of 10 BC, Drusus left the field in order to return to Lugdunum , where he inaugurated the sanctuary of the Three Gaulish provinces at Condate on 1 August. Augustus and Tiberius were in Lugdunum for this occasion (when Drusus' youngest son Claudius

2928-454: The successes of Drusus' campaigns—for which, as Drusus' superior, he took credit—in his Res Gestae Divi Augusti , written in 14 AD: I restored peace to the provinces of Gaul and Spain, likewise Germany, which includes the ocean from Cadiz to the mouth of the river Elbe. [...] I sailed my ships on the ocean from the mouth of the Rhine to the east region up to the borders of the Cimbri, where no Roman had gone before that time by land or sea, and

2989-600: The vicinity of modern Nijmegen , making use of one or more canals he had built for the purpose. Drusus sailed to the mouth of the Ems and penetrated into the territory of the Chauci in present-day Lower Saxony . The Chauci concluded a treaty acknowledging Roman supremacy, and would remain allies of Rome for years to come. As they continued to ascend the Ems, the Romans were attacked by the Bructeri in boats. Drusus' forces defeated

3050-452: The winter semester of 1978–79 with 89 students and since then expanded and now accommodates more than 2800 students in eight degree courses: There are also three college preparatory schools, called Gymnasium, (Allgäu-Gymnasium, Hildegardis-Gymnasium, Carl-von-Linde-Gymnasium) offering secondary education to the entire region of the Allgäu. The association football team FC Kempten play at

3111-411: Was again destroyed in 233 AD by the Alemanni , a Suebic tribe. The original site of Cambodunum was then abandoned and the settlement moved to a strategically safer location on the Burghalde hill overlooking the river Iller . In the middle of the 5th century the last Roman troops had left the area and the city was entirely taken over by the Alemanni. After the Romans abandoned the settlement, it

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3172-438: Was also Abbot of Kempten , began the rebuilding of both the monastery and the city in 941. In 1213, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II declared the abbots members of the Reichstag and granted the Abbot of Kempten the right to bear the title of Duke. However in 1289, King Rudolf I of Germany also granted special privileges to the urban settlement in the river valley, making it the Free Imperial City of Kempten . In 1525

3233-457: Was born), and afterwards Drusus accompanied them back to Rome. Drusus easily won election as consul for the year 9 BC. Once more he left the city before assuming office. His consulship conferred the chance for Drusus to attain Rome's highest and rarest military honor, the spolia opima , or spoils of an enemy chieftain slain personally by an opposing Roman general who was fighting (as consuls did) under his own auspices. He quickly returned to

3294-460: Was given to his eldest son before passing to his youngest . It would be used by many members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty , including its last three emperors: his grandson Caligula , his son Claudius , and his great-grandson Nero . Augustus later wrote a biography of him which does not survive. By Augustus' decree, festivals were held in Mogontiacum at Drusus' death day and probably also on his birthday. Drusus' mother Livia , much affected by

3355-513: Was likely the fourth and final Roman to achieve the spolia opima (for taking the armor and weapons of an enemy king after defeating them in single combat), though he died before he could be honored for it. Drusus was the youngest son of Livia Drusilla from her marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero , who was legally declared his father before the couple divorced. Drusus was born between mid-March and mid-April 38 BC, three months after Livia married Augustus on 17 January. Gerhard Radke has proposed

3416-431: Was moved from the hill down to the plains located next to the river Iller. In written sources, the town appears as Cambidano . Being still predominantly Alemannic, the town once more was destroyed by the Franks in 683 as a consequence of the city's support of an uprising against the Frankish kingdom. Around 700 a monastery — Kempten Abbey — was built, the first in the Allgäu region, founded by two Benedictine monks from

3477-404: Was near. Drusus turned back, erecting a trophy to commemorate his reaching the Elbe, perhaps on the site of Dresden or Magdeburg. Drusus had sought out multiple Germanic (at least three) chieftains during his campaigns in Germany (12 BC–9 BC), engaging them in "dazzling displays of single combat". The sources are ambiguous, but suggest that he could have potentially taken the spolia opima from

3538-436: Was no one else to pass it down for the future. In 1988 C.J. Simpson asserted that there are three moments in history where the name change is probable to have happened; when his brother Tiberius was adopted by Marcus Gallius , when their father died in 33 BC, or when he assumed the toga virilis . Simpson personally argued against the time of adoption of his brother as a plausible time for his name change since Simpson believed

3599-429: Was originally given the name Decimus as his praenomen , but his full name was later changed to Nero Claudius Drusus . It is not known when or why the change occurred. The names were unusual at the time, both putting heavy emphasis on his maternal ancestry by using Livia's father's cognomen instead of that of her husband; in his original name the use of the praenomen Decimus was also atypical for prevalent families of

3660-413: Was partly successful, becoming the first and last Roman general to cross the Elbe river, but was generally bogged down in suppressing revolts. Command then fell to Publius Quinctilius Varus , under whom the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (also called the Varian disaster) would occur. The destruction of Varus' entire army marked the end of northward Roman expansion. The Rhine became the de facto border of

3721-443: Was raised in Claudius Nero's house with his brother, the future emperor Tiberius , until his legal father's death. The two brothers developed a famously close relationship that would last the rest of their lives. Tiberius named his eldest son after his brother, although eldest sons were usually named after their father or grandfather. Drusus named his second son (future emperor Claudius) after Tiberius. According to Suetonius , Drusus

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