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50-407: In 1974, Cessna studied a long range model 700 stretch of its original Citation I powered by three JT15Ds called Citation III, with a 17,500 lb gross weight, an 8,000 lb empty weight and a 7,500 lb fuel capacity leaving 2,000 lb for the occupants, and targeting 1978 deliveries. This would have gave it a transcontinental range. Cessna announced the 10 to 15 passengers, $ 2.5 million Citation III at

100-527: A 3 feet (0.91 m) wide cabin door also allowed the loading of bulky equipment, which was seen as particularly attractive to military operators. However, the internal "up and over" door was replaced on the Series 400 and thereafter by a more usual outward opening door with built-in steps. An emergency overwing exit hatch is located in the passenger cabin midsection over the starboard wing (although some versions have both port and starboard exits). The rear of

150-422: A British Aerospace 125-800 transporting Botswana President Quett Masire was struck by a missile launched by a nearby Angolan Mig-23 , apparently inadvertently. While badly damaged by the direct hit (which resulted in the loss of an engine, decompression of the cabin, and rupture of its fuel tanks) the aircraft was successfully landed by BAe demonstrator pilot Arthur Ricketts. It was later rebuilt. In 2013,

200-593: A cylindrical fuselage with a one-piece wing mounted on the underside of the fuselage; most of the manufacturing and assembly work on the wing and fuselage is able to be done with them as separate items with the two being joined late in the production process. The wing has integral fuel tanks which contain most of the fuel. Early models of the aircraft were powered by several versions of the Bristol Siddeley Viper turbojet engine, while later aircraft have adopted more recent turbofan powerplants such as

250-417: A greater wingspan. The first production-standard aircraft performed its first flight on 12 February 1963. The first delivery to a customer took place on 10 September 1964. The aircraft went through many designation changes during its service life. Hawker Siddeley had bought de Havilland the year before the project had started, but the legacy brand and "DH" designation was used throughout development. After

300-657: A new cockpit and a T-tail , the wing had an area of 312ft² (29m) and an aspect ratio of 8.94, and an ER version targeted a MTOW of 18,300 lb (8,30 1kg) and an empty weight of 9,400 lb (4,264 kg). Assembly of the first production aircraft began in January 1979 and the first prototype made its maiden flight in May. However, the program was dealt a setback when the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) enacted new type certification regulations stemming from

350-429: A range of at least 1,000 miles (1,600 km), the speed and cost factors of a suitable jet engine to outperform turboprop -propelled competitors, and an engineering philosophy that favoured reliability and conventionality. The design team settled on a twin-engine aircraft with the engines mounted on the rear fuselage. The Bristol Siddeley Viper turbojet powerplant was selected to power the type. On 13 August 1962,

400-543: A relatively austere budget-focused mid-sized jet; most were focused on luxury and prestige, and were more likely to either buy a preowned business jet with the features they wanted, or pay the premium for the more upscale cabin furnishings offered in the Citation VII. For $ 1.65 million more than the III, the Citation VII has more powerful engines to improve the payload-range and hot and high performance. The cabin interior

450-412: A total of 202 Citation IIIs being built. By 2018, The Citation III/VI/VII can be had for $ 0.5-1.5 million. The aircraft was equipped with a then-novel safety feature: in the event of an uncontrolled decompression of the cabin, the autoflight system's Emergency Descent Mode (EDM) activates (if the aircraft is above 34275 feet, the cabin altitude exceeds 13500 feet, and the autopilot is engaged) and places

500-549: Is a small business jet produced by Cessna , the basis of the Citation family . The Fanjet 500 prototype was announced in October 1968, first flew on September 15, 1969, and was certified as the 500 Citation on September 9, 1971. It was upgraded in 1976 as the Citation I , and the 501 Citation I/SP single-pilot variant was introduced in 1977. Production ended in 1985 with 689 of all variants produced. The straight wing jet

550-617: Is powered by JT15D turbofans. The aircraft was developed into the Citation II . In the early 1960s, the three major American general aviation aircraft manufacturers— Beechcraft , Cessna and Piper –faced a competitive challenge in the form of two newly-developed light business jets , the Learjet 23 and the Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander , which were much less expensive to buy and operate than previous business jets such as

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600-577: The BAe 125 with new engines, either Garretts or Pratt & Whitney PW300s . At the time, the 473 kn, 2,385 nmi range Citation III was selling for $ 6.125 million. Cessna launched the $ 8.8 million Citation IV at the October 1989 NBAA convention in Atlanta. It was expected to fly in early 1992, to be certified at the end of the year and to enter service in mid-1993. Powered by Garrett TFE731 -4s, wingspan increased by 10% to 58.7 ft (17.9 m) and wing area

650-592: The British Royal Family . In the later stages of the War in Afghanistan , various 125s were used to transport military officers and other key personnel in and out of the country. The type was scheduled to be withdrawn from RAF service by 2022, but was withdrawn in 2015. By the early 1990s, British Aerospace, the manufacturer of the type at this point, had two main variants of the aircraft in production;

700-721: The DH.125 Jet Dragon , it entered production as the Hawker Siddeley HS.125 , which was the designation used until 1977. Later on, more recent variants of the type were marketed as the Hawker 800 . More than 60% of the total sales of the aircraft were to North American customers. It was also used by the Royal Air Force as a navigation trainer, as the Hawker Siddeley Dominie T1 , and was operated by

750-491: The Garrett TFE731 and Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300 . Both engines drive an electrical generator and hydraulic pump which supply power to the aircraft systems so in the event of a single engine failure, all aircraft systems continue to operate normally. All control surfaces of the aircraft are aerodynamically balanced using set-back hinges and geared tabs. The flaps and airbrakes are operated hydraulically, while

800-558: The Great Recession of the late 2000s in which demand for business jets had slumped for a number of years. The type had been in production for more than 50 years when manufacturing stopped, during which time over 1,600 aircraft had been produced. In April 2013, the type certificate and support responsibility for all 125s built was transferred to the reformed Beechcraft Corporation . As of October 2012, Beechcraft does not intend to restart production of its business jet lines; instead

850-747: The Gulfstream IV and Falcon 900 . The Royal Air Force was a significant early operator of the type, receiving 20 aircraft equipped as a navigation trainer and designated Hawker Siddeley Dominie T.1 . The type entered service in 1965, with the surviving aircraft upgraded in 1996 to be more suitable for training crews for modern aircraft, with a new radar fitted. The Dominie served in excess of 45 years before being retired in 2011 due to diminishing requirements. Additional 125s were acquired and operated by No. 32 Squadron RAF as communications and light transport aircraft; these were also occasionally operated to transport Queen Elizabeth II and other members of

900-767: The North American Sabreliner and Hawker Siddeley HS.125 . Previous efforts by Beechcraft and Cessna to market small jets had not met with success: the Cessna 407 , a proposed civil version of the T-37 Tweet jet trainer, had not proceeded past the mockup stage due to insufficient customer interest, while an effort by Beechcraft to market the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris in North America had ended with only two aircraft sold. However,

950-412: The T-37 Tweet twinjet trainer. Its use of turbofans rather than turbojets and straight wings rather than swept wings made it cruise slowly compared to other business jets and Learjet salesmen mocked it as the "Nearjet" vulnerable to "bird strikes from the rear"; Cessna renamed it the " Citation " after the thoroughbred but it was nicknamed as "Slowtation". Notable accidents and incidents involving

1000-536: The United States Air Force as a calibration aircraft, under the designation C-29 . In 1961, de Havilland began work upon a small business jet, then known as the DH.125 Jet Dragon , which was intended to replace the piston engined de Havilland Dove , a successful business aircraft and light transport. Prior to the start of the project, de Havilland had determined that a successful business jet would require several variables to be met, including

1050-499: The Citation 500, Citation I and Citation I/SP: Data from Jane's Civil and Military Aircraft Upgrades 1994-95 General characteristics Performance (above 28,000 ft (8,500 m) Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era BAe 125 The British Aerospace 125 is a twinjet mid-size business jet . Originally developed by de Havilland and initially designated as

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1100-495: The Fall 1976 NBAA convention. Scheduled for 1980, the model then presented had a cruciform tail and a cockpit similar to previous Citations. It would be powered by two TFE731 and would be equipped with a supercritical 35° swept wing . Its maximum cruise was targeted for 470 kn, the long-range version had a 19,300 lb gross weight and would cover 3,000 nmi. The programme was to cost up to $ 50 million to launch. By 1978 it had

1150-514: The King Air, which was substantially faster, yet could be flown by pilots with similar skills and licensing qualifications. However, the company also saw a broad gap between the King Air and existing light jets such as the Learjet, which were far faster but also relatively unforgiving to fly, requiring highly skilled pilots and long runways. Cessna reasoned that a market existed for a light jet that

1200-542: The May 1979 crash of American Airlines Flight 191 , in which an engine separation on takeoff caused cascading flight control and warning system failures. The new regulations required aircraft manufacturers to mitigate failures of other aircraft systems that could result from the failure or separation of a jet engine, and the FAA demanded that the Citation III be modified to comply, requiring Cessna to make extensive changes to

1250-612: The United States. The aircraft is flown by a crew of two and it can seat up to 13 passengers but a typical corporate interior will seat six to eight passengers. It was developed in seven years for $ 240 million. The first production model, owned by golfer Arnold Palmer , set time to altitude aircraft records of 12 min 1 s to 12,000 m (39,350 ft), and 23 min 43 s to 15,000 m (49,200 ft), and an airspeed record from Gander Airport to Paris le Bourget in 5 h 13 min, averaging 429 kn. Production continued for nine years until 1992, with

1300-566: The ailerons, elevators, and rudder are manually operated. The design of the control circuits allows for a Collins-built A.P.103 autopilot to be incorporated. The aircraft is equipped with a de-icing system, which uses a mixture of bleed air from the engines, TKS fluid for general airframe, and AC electric windshield heating to prevent ice formation. Weather radar was incorporated into the aircraft's avionics. The Royal Air Force equipped some of their aircraft with equipment to defend against attack by infra-red missiles. The pressurised fuselage

1350-408: The aircraft in a 35° left bank for approximately 48 seconds to turn 90 degrees, and descends at V MO -10 until reaching an altitude of 15,000 ft (4,600 m). However, the pilot has to manually deploy speedbrakes and spoilers, and retard throttles in order to achieve maximum descent rate. In 1988 Cessna studied a 4 ft (1.2 m) stretch, longer range Citation IV to better compete with

1400-445: The aircraft's customers have been located in North America; in 1990, out of the 650 aircraft then being operated, more than 400 were being flown in the United States. Reportedly, one aircraft was being sold every seven working days for a substantial period of the type's production life. Successively larger versions were introduced to extend the type's appeal and to better compete against larger jets being used for business travel, such as

1450-459: The assembled sections and components were shipped to Wichita, Kansas in the United States, to undergo final assembly. Writing in 1993, Flying Magazine said of the type "In numerical terms, the 125 series is the most successful British commercial aircraft ever built, and the world's longest in-production business jet". Production of the aircraft came to an abrupt halt in 2013 due to the bankruptcy of owner Hawker Beechcraft , who has suffered during

1500-461: The company intends to alternatively sell or dismantle the production facilities for the 125 family. The BAe 125 is a low-winged monoplane , powered by two engines mounted on the rear fuselage. It features a slightly swept wing , which is based on the larger de Havilland Comet wing planform, and uses large slotted flaps and airbrakes for operating from small airfields; the aircraft can be flown from hardened grass airstrips. The aircraft has

1550-482: The design changes, together with economic factors stemming from the early 1980s recession , resulted in a number of early-order cancellations. Despite this, the initial late 1982 production rate of one per month was expected to grow to seven per month by 1985. The FAA approved the type certificate of the Model 650 Citation III on April 30, 1982. It was the first aircraft with a supercritical wing to be type certificated in

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1600-405: The first of two prototypes conducted its first flight, a second aircraft followed it on 12 December that year. The second prototype was more aerodynamically representative of a production aircraft, and was fitted out with more equipment than the first prototype; the subsequent production-standard aircraft incorporated several changes and improvements from the prototypes, such as a longer fuselage and

1650-474: The fuel system, to increase separation between hydraulic and flight control lines, and to increase system redundancy. These changes in turn required the capacity of the aft fuselage fuel tank to be reduced by 900 lb (410 kg)—11% of the aircraft's total intended fuel load—thus rendering it infeasible for the jet to meet its range target. The second prototype first flew in April 1980. By July, certification

1700-470: The fuselage has a large equipment bay and, on some aircraft, one or two additional fuel tanks for extended operations. Having entered service as one of the first-generation executive jets, the British Aerospace 125 has been operated by a wide variety of customers, ranging from government and military operators to private customers and businesses, it has also seen use by several airlines. Many of

1750-483: The jet achieved full production, the name was changed to "HS.125" except for American exports which retained the DH.125 until it was replaced by BH.125 for Beechcraft-Hawker. When Hawker Siddeley Aircraft merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to form British Aerospace in 1977, the name changed to BAe 125 . When British Aerospace sold its Business Jets Division to Raytheon in 1993,

1800-455: The launch of the $ 12 million Citation Sovereign due for certification in the third quarter of 2003 and first delivery for the first quarter of 2004, the final Citation 650 was set to roll off the assembly line on 15 September 2000, 119 were built. Data from Frawley General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Citation I The Cessna 500 Citation I

1850-461: The original Citations, of which 349 were produced, were upgraded with the new engines. The 501 Citation I/SP , certificated for single pilot operations, was delivered in early 1977. Production ended in 1985, it was developed into the Citation II /Bravo and the Citation V /Ultra/Encore. 395 Citations and Citation Is and 296 I/SPs were built between 1971 and 1985. The aircraft were dropped from production because JT15D engine prices had increased to

1900-473: The point that the price difference between the Citation I and Citation II series had become minimal, causing most buyers to opt for the larger and faster II and II/SP. By 2018, used 1970s model 500s were valued at $ 300,000, Citation ISPs at $ 695,000 to $ 1.25 million with the Eagle II package. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D -1 turbofan engines after Cessna's experience with

1950-467: The runaway success of the Learjet caused the two companies—which only manufactured piston engined aircraft at the time—to reconsider turbine engined aircraft, and Beechcraft launched two simultaneous efforts: the development of the turboprop -powered King Air 90 and an agreement to market the HS.125 in North America. Cessna quickly found that its premium twin piston-engine aircraft were uncompetitive with

2000-402: The smaller 125-800 and larger 125–1000. The 125–1000, which conducted its first flight on 16 June 1990, had several changes to give the type a reported intercontinental range, including the adoption of the newly developed Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300 engine and new digital avionics, such as FADEC . Following Raytheon's purchase of British Aerospace's Business Jet Division during the 1990s,

2050-718: The then-main variant of the jet became widely referred to as the Hawker 1000 . While the two prototypes were assembled at de Havilland's Hatfield site, final assembly of all production aircraft would take place at the Broughton factory near Chester until the 1990s. By the 2000s, the fuselage, wings and tailfin of the aircraft were still being assembled and partially equipped in the Broughton site, now being owned and managed by Airbus UK ; various sub-assemblies were also produced in Airbus UK's Buckley facility. From 1996 onwards,

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2100-475: The two in-production variants were re-designated as the Hawker 800 and Hawker 1000 respectively. The 125 is the only business jet to have been hijacked : in 1967, a chartered 125 carrying the former Congolese Prime Minister Moise Tshombe was diverted to Algeria by armed persons on board. The 125 is also likely to be the only business aircraft to survive being hit by an air-to-air missile : in August 1988,

2150-456: The wingspan was increased from 43.9 to 47.1 ft (13.4 to 14.4 m). The enhanced 500 Citation I was introduced later in 1976 with the higher gross weight, improved JT15D -1A engines and the increased span wing. Speed and range were enhanced, the aircraft's service ceiling increased from 35,000 to 41,000 feet (11,000 to 12,000 m), and the cabin pressure at altitude was increased from 7.6 to 8.6 psi (52 to 59 kPa). Many of

2200-430: Was $ 695,000, $ 5.77M today. The renamed 500 Citation had a relatively long development program with a longer forward fuselage, repositioned engine nacelles, a larger tail and more dihedral to the horizontal tail. It was FAA certified on September 9, 1971. In 1974, thrust reversers became optional, and in 1976, the gross weight was increased by 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to 10,850 pounds (4,920 kg). In early 1976,

2250-525: Was customized to each buyer's preference, with a wide range of trim and seat fabrics, galley equipment, and in-flight entertainment options, and the aircraft came with a full-width aft lavatory that could be outfitted as a dressing room. It first flew in February 1991 and was certificated in January 1992 under an amendment to the original Model 650 type certificate. In 1996 Executive Jet Aviation ordered 20 for its Netjets fractional ownership programme. After

2300-509: Was designed to accommodate two pilots and six passengers. Various interiors were offered, with a high degree of passenger comfort. In an executive configuration, the flight deck is separated from the main passenger cabin; the single entrance of the aircraft, located directly behind the cockpit and forward of the passenger cabin, forms a vestibule area in which luggage can be stored and meals prepared during flight. An unobstructed cabin floor with 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m) of headroom and

2350-530: Was ever completed; had it reached production, the aircraft would have been certified as the Model 670. For $ 1.4 million less than the $ 8.1 million III, the Citation VI has a standard interior and was to be delivered from April 1991. The Citation VI was certificated under an amendment to the original Model 650 type certificate. It first flew in 1991 and 39 were built before it was discontinued in May 1995. Cessna found that few potential customers would settle for

2400-494: Was faster than the King Air but similarly easy to fly, relatively inexpensive to buy and maintain, and able to access small airports with shorter runways. This type of aircraft would appeal to traditional Cessna buyers: amateur owner-pilots who intend to fly the aircraft themselves. In October 1968 Cessna announced an eight place business jet capable of operating from airfields accessible to light twins. The Fanjet 500 prototype first flew on September 15, 1969. By then its unit cost

2450-454: Was put back by six months and first deliveries were scheduled 11 months later than originally planned. $ 40 million were spent on R&D and $ 25 million for certification, for a total spending of $ 150 million by first delivery including tooling. By October, the two prototypes had logged 400 hours in 372 flights and FAR-25 certification was expected in April 1982 with first deliveries in October. The certification delays and loss of range caused by

2500-457: Was up almost a quarter. Fuel capacity increased from 7,330 to 8,700 lb (3.32 to 3.95 t), max takeoff weight attained 24,000 lb (10.9 t) and the cabin was 38 in (97 cm) longer. Performance was increased and it had a 2,710 nmi (5,020 km) transcontinental range. In 1990, Cessna cancelled the bigger, longer range and more expensive Citation IV to offer the cheaper VI and more capable VII. No Citation IV prototype

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