71-603: Opposition (8) Nominated (4) The Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) is an autonomous council for the Chakma people living in the south-western part of Mizoram , India . It covers the Tuichawng (Chawngte) subdivision of Lawngtlai district . Its headquarters is at Kamalanagar . The Chakma people has been demanding to change the status of the Chakma Autonomous District Council into
142-622: A Mong . The Chakma circle was centrally located and inhabited mainly by the Chakmas, the Bohmong circle was under the rule of a Bohmong chief of Arakanese extraction, and the Mong circle was also inhabited by Arakanese speaking clans with some Tripura immigrants and headed by another ruler of Arakanese extraction. The division occurred because the British government was not in favour of the power of
213-494: A language shift in the past to consolidate power among the tribes, they adopted an Indo-Aryan language Chakma , which is closely related to the Chittagonian language , predominant near the areas in which they live. Most modern Chakma people practice Theravada Buddhism , due to 19th-century reforms and institutionalisation by Queen regnant Rani Kalindi . In Myanmar , Chakma people are known as Daingnet and are one of
284-761: A Union territory under the name Chakmaland. The Chakma Autonomous District Council was formed under the Sixth schedule of the Constitution of India on 29 April 1972. The council is the replication of the state assembly and exercises executive power over specially allotted departments. It is one of the three Autonomous District Councils of Mizoram state in North-East India. It is an autonomous council for ethnic Chakma people living in South-Western Mizoram bordering Bangladesh and Myanmar. There
355-814: A powerful and stable government naturally brought the chiefs by degree under control and every leading chief paid to the Chittagong collector a certain tribute or yearly gifts. These sums were at first fluctuating in amount but gradually were brought to a specific and fixed limit, eventually taking the shape not of tribute but of revenue to the state. Jan Baksh Khan shifted his capital to a new place near present-day Rangunia , naming it Rajanagar. After Jan Baksh's death in 1800, his son Tabbar Khan became king but died shortly after. In 1802, Tabbar Khan's younger brother Jabbar Khan became king and ruled for ten years. After his death, his son Dharam Baksh Khan became king in 1812 and ruled until his death in 1832. Without any male heir,
426-549: A superintendent over the tribes. Both of these recommendations were adopted by Act XXII in 1860, which came into effect on 18 August of that year. The Hill Tracts were separated from Chittagong district, a superintendent was appointed for the Chittagong Hill Tracts, and its headquarters were established at Chandraghona . The hills in his charge were henceforth known as the Hill Tracts of the Chittagong. For
497-750: A treaty with Jallal Khan , Raja of the Chakma, in 1715. While the Mughals controlled significant amounts of yam and cotton crops in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), the Chakma's independence from the Mughals was recognised. Three years after the Battle of Plassey , Mir Qasim , the new Nawab of Murshidabad , rewarded the East India Company with Chittagong, Burdwan and Midnapur . On 5 January 1761, company representative Harry Verelst took charge of Chittagong from Subedar Mohammad Reza Khan, but
568-516: Is Kamalanagar , which means the land of oranges in Chakma language . It is parted into Kamalanagar -1,2,3 & 4. There is only one college in CADC called as Kamalanagar College located at Kamalanagar-2 (Randokpur). Kamalanagar is located on the north-eastern corner of C.A.D.C and on the bank of Tuichawng river. On the east of Kamalanagar town i.e. on the other bank of Toizong (Tuichawng) there stands two Mizo villages known as Chawngte P and Chawngte L. On
639-570: Is a significant part of almost every culture. Chakma women wear Pinon hadi . The pinon (𑄛𑄨𑄚𑄮𑄚𑄴) and the hadi (𑄦𑄘𑄨) are colourfully handwoven with various designs. The design is first embroidered on a piece of cloth known as Alam . Chakma men wear Siluhm (𑄥𑄨𑄣𑄪𑄟𑄴) & Dudi(𑄘𑄪𑄘𑄨) as their traditional outfit. In the past, most Chakmas practised slash-and-burn cultivation ( jhum ) as their main occupation. However, many Chakmas today have adopted plow cultivation and some have taken up poultry farming. Traditional temporary homes of
710-702: Is also a growing demand for 'Chakmaland' union territory. In 1954 the Central and Assam governments established a regional council, the Pawi Lakher Regional Council (PLRC), for the Lakhers (aka Mara ) and the Pawis (aka Lai ), in which a large number of Chakmas also resided. However, the PLRC could not function properly right from its inception as there was no common communication language among
781-399: Is considered as the staple food of the Chakmas living in Chakma Autonomous District Council. The total Chakma population of Mizoram is estimated to be more than 100,000 (as per the 2011 census - 96,972). The population of Chakma Autonomous District Council are primarily Chakmas who are a designated Schedule Tribe. The total population of CADC is 45,307 as per 2011 census out of which 70% of it
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#1732772086861852-411: Is dependent on agriculture. The population grew from 34,528 in 2001 to 40,265 (as of 2008). The majority of the people of Chakma Autonomous District Council follow Theravada Buddhism. Religion of Chakma Autonomous District Council in 2011 census Chakma Autonomous District Council has a total of 24 Members of District Council (MDC), out of which 20 MDCs are elected and 4 MDCs are nominated. The council
923-576: Is due to language shift from a Tibeto-Burman language ; that medieval language may have been related to Sak or Chairel (and therefore of the Brahmaputran branch). The Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts . Chakma evolved from the Burmese script , which was ultimately derived from Pallava . The following is a sample text in Chakma of Article 1 of
994-510: Is led by a Chief Executive Member (CEM) and Executive Members (EMs). The present CEM is Rasik Mohan Chakma . It has a total of 32 No. of departments and they are as follows: CADC have 83 villages. The Chief Executive Member exercises all its executive powers in the name of the executive committee of the District Council. The chief executive chairs meetings of the executive committee of the Chakma Autonomous District Council. Of
1065-813: Is the Chakma Autonomous District Council in India, the legitimacy of which is questioned by the Mizo people . There are another 80,000 Chakmas in Rakhine state , Myanmar, who are known as Daingnet people . In September 2015, the Supreme Court of India passed a judgment directing the government of India and of Arunachal Pradesh to grant Indian citizenship rights to all of the Chakmas, holding that they cannot be discriminated against any other Indian. According to 2022 census, Chakmas are
1136-655: Is the nationality and Bangladeshi is citizenship and refused to acknowledge that Bangladesh had indigenous people. Bengali nationalism is part of the BNP's ideology. Jumma nationalism was spawned from Bengali nationalism due to the hegemony exerted by the Bengalis. The rights of CHT natives were ignored when the Rangmati Kaptai Dam was built. Because the CHT Jummas were apathetic towards Bangladeshi independence,
1207-557: The Mughal Governor of Bengal, Shaista Khan , defeated the Arakanese, conquered Chittagong, and renamed it Islamabad. Mughal rule, however, was confined to the plain areas of Chittagong early on, leaving the Chakmas largely unaffected. The Mughals eventually demanded tribute from the Chakmas after a trade dispute developed between the two groups. In 1713, the conflict was resolved, and a stable relationship developed between
1278-526: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : The Chakma language is being taught in many government and private schools in India (Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the government of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali script and since 2013 through Chakma script (also known as Ajhā Pāṭh ). Presently,
1349-534: The 10,000 people whose 54,000 acres of farmland were flooded in 1962 by the Karnafuli power plant and Kaptai Dam. Inept relocation and insufficient compensation were offered to the Chakmas. India used NEFA as a resettlement area for Chakma refugees. The Chittagong Hill Tracts Chakma population was estimated at 250,000 in 1964. The CHT was described as being hilly, forested, a verdant green landscape filled with fountains of water. A deputy commissioner administered
1420-531: The 135 officially recognised ethnic groups there. The Chakmas are divided into 31 clans or gozas . The community is headed by the Chakma Raja , whose status as a tribal head has been historically recognised by the government of British India and the government of Bangladesh . According to Pamela Gutman Chakma derives from the Sanskrit word śaktimāna, which means powerful and great. The name
1491-644: The 1950s. These included the Kaptai Dam hydro-electric project, built-in 1959–1963 by the Pakistan government, with the assistance of the United States Agency for International Development , to provide electricity for much of East Pakistan. The project flooded forty per cent of the farmland in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and displaced nearly 100,000 Chakmas. About sixty per cent were resettled, and forty per cent fled to India. Chakmas made up 90% of
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#17327720868611562-515: The 1960s, hundreds of Muslim families from other parts of East Pakistan were resettled in the Matamuhuri Valley region of Alikadam, Feni Valley regions of Belchari and Tulanchari, and the regions of Lama, Bandarban, and Ramgarh. Tridev Roy continued to collaborate with Pakistani forces and declined to join the freedom movement of Bangladesh. Pakistani president Yahya Khan assigned a south-east Asian diplomatic post to Tridiv Roy during
1633-465: The 1964 Enemy Property Ordinance. Lands in CHT were taken by Bengali colonists; the hill peoples of the CHT were not afforded any cultural or ethnic recognition, and sympathy from successive Bangladesh governments, despite culture and ethnicity being used as an argument against Pakistan by Bengalis during the war. A 1997 peace agreement ended the over the twenty-year-long war on autonomy between Bangladesh and
1704-518: The 20 elected District Council Members- MNF (10), BJP (5). Of the 516 village council seats in Chakma Autonomous District Council, the Mizo National Front has 371 seats, Bharatiya Janata Party has 115 seats, Indian National Congress has 2 seats and independent candidates have 27 seats. The MNF is in majority in 65 village Councils while the BJP is in majority in 16 village Council.In
1775-683: The Bangladeshi government upon the non-Islamic Chittagong Hill Tracts Jumma natives. In February 1972, the Prime Ministers of India and Bangladesh issued a joint statement by virtue of which the government of India decided to confer citizenship on the Chakmas under Section 5(1)(a) of the Citizenship Act, 1955 but the state of Arunachal Pradesh had reservations. Chakmas were thus allowed to be rehabilitated. The Election Commission of India framed guidelines to enable Chakmas to have
1846-697: The Bengali majority regarded them as disloyal. No autonomy was awarded to the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the Bangladesh Constitution of 1972. The Chakma conflict is both a religious and ethnic problem in Bangladesh. The Chittagong Hill Tracts saw tribal Chakma leave the area due to religious and ethnic strife caused by Bangladesh's Islamisation policy. The Chittagong Hill Tracts was colonised by Northern Burmese and Bangladeshi Muslims. The label "genocidal" has been used to describe actions by
1917-694: The British through the Deputy Commissioner took over absolute control of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (including the Chakma circle) after the implementation of the Chittagong Hill Tracts manual . The Chittagong Hill Tracts (Lushai Hills) were again designated an "Excluded Area" under the Government of India Act 1935 . Local tribes demanded an independent state for the Chittagong Hill Tract because Bengalis and
1988-459: The CHT accessible to all non-tribals. As a result, Chakmas' jhum cultivation was hampered, and numerous unauthorised settlers invaded this territory. The Bangladeshi Constitution does not refer to any group (inclusive of Bengalis) as indigenous. As in India's Tripura State, the Chakmas lived in Bangladesh before it gained its independence. Recent migrations of ethnic Bengalis into traditionally Chakma regions of Bangladesh have raised tensions in
2059-513: The Chakma Raja and was vested with the title Roy Bahadur . After the war with the British, the Chakmas became very weak militarily. The Lushai used to make frequent raids on British subjects because their hunting ground was converted to tea gardens by the British in Cachar , Noakhali , Comilla , and other neighbouring tracts under Rani Kalindi . They raided the Chittagong Hill Tracts and
2130-586: The Chakma are called mawnógawr . A mawnógawr is constructed with bamboo and thatch , and supported on wooden logs. Chakma language Chakma ( / ˈ tʃ ɑː k m ə / ; autonym: 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴 , ) is an Indo-Aryan language in the Indo-European language family , whose speakers are known the Changhma or the Daingnet people . The language has common features with other languages in
2201-530: The Chakma chief, who controlled the hill tribes. Further, the government was increasingly concerned about the political and administrative affairs of the tracts. Hence, they wished to lay the foundation of administration in a restricted manner with the following objectives: After the creation of a separate district and the three circles, the Kuki (Lushai) threat to the Chittagong Hill Tracts and other adjoining areas did not stop. The Shendus made occasional raids in
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2272-471: The Chakma king Sher Doulat Khan, who was practically independent though nominally paid tribute to the Mughals, did not accept the hegemony of the company and its demand for increased taxes. Encroachments on the Chittagong Hill Tracts by the British led to a protracted war between the East India Company and the Chakmas from 1777 to 1787. The East India Company launched four offensives against
2343-606: The Chakmas and earned the enmity of the Awami League by rejecting Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 's offer to stand as the Awami League candidate. Autonomy was refused to the CHT tribals. CHT hills people were enrolled as Mujahids and Razakars by the Pakistan army during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. The Bangladesh government provided financial support for thousands of Bengalis to settle in
2414-417: The Chakmas and the Mughals; the latter never demanded complete subjugation of the former. The Mughals also rewarded the Chakma king Shukdev Roy; he established a new capital in his name in an area still known as Shukbilash. Ruins of the royal palace and other historic buildings still exist. Subsequently, the capital was shifted to Rajanagar, Ranirhat , Rangunia Upazila, Chittagong District. The Mughals signed
2485-789: The Chakmas in 1770, 1780, 1782 and 1785. In 1785, the Company started peace negotiations with the Chakma king Jan Baksh Khan, son of Sher Doulat Khan. In 1787 a peace treaty was signed in Calcutta . Raja Jan Baksh Khan pledged loyalty to the British in exchange for autonomy in administering Chakma territory. The main provisions of the treaty between Governor-General Lord Cornwallis and the Chakma king were as follows: In 1829, Halhed, then Commissioner of Chittagong, reaffirmed that: The hill tribes were not British subjects but merely tributaries and we recognized no right on our part to interfere with their internal arrangements. The near neighborhood of
2556-555: The Chittagong Hill Tracts Division under Pakistani rule. Manabendra Narayan Larma requested autonomy in 1970. Tripura state had to deal with the issue of Chakma families. Agriculture, employment, and education are dominated by Chakmas compared to Arunachal natives because they are more skilled and have a higher literacy rate. The issue of returning Chakma refugees from India to Bangladesh was raised in 1995. The hill tribes' conflict with Bangladesh caused
2627-485: The Chittagong Hill Tracts Jumma inhabitants. The Chittagong Hill Tracts showed that only Bengalis were to be beneficiaries of Bengali nationalism and its "liberalism", which was aimed against the hegemony of Pakistan. Even the "pro-minority" and participant of the CHT peace agreement, the Awami League, refused to grant the status of Adibashi, declaring that according to the constitution, Bengali
2698-630: The Chittagong Hill Tracts, the Shanti Bahini launched guerrilla attacks against the government. Jumma guerrillas made up of Shanti Bahini forces. The party heads of PCJSS are mostly Chakma because of their 59% literacy rate, which is more than other CHT tribes, so they control the PCJSS. During the war, most of the Pahadis remained passive, although the Mukti Bahini enrolled some. In 1971,
2769-582: The Chittagong Hill Tracts. Successive governments have dealt forcefully with Chakma uprisings and finally ended the conflict with the 1997 peace treaty . This force and the construction of Kaptai Dam by the then-Pakistan government in Chakma areas which submerged cultivable lands and displaced thousands resulted in the migration during 1964–1969 of a large population of Chakmas into Diyun , Arunachal Pradesh. Many Buddhist Chakmas migrated from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) to India. Projects for infrastructure development negatively impacted CHT tribals starting in
2840-710: The Hill Tract tribes in 1881. Tribals complained to Britain after the Hill Tracts experienced attempts at penetration by lowlander Bengali Muslims. On 1 April 1900, the South and the North Lushai Hills (then a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) were merged to form the district of Assam Province with headquarters at Aizawl . The Lushai hills were now the Mizoram state of India. Later,
2911-405: The Hill Tracts between 1865 and 1888 and killed many people, including Lt. Steward and his survey party. In 1872, 1,890 military offensives were launched simultaneously into Lushai Hills (Mizoram) from Chittagong district and Burma in collaboration with the governments of Bengal, Assam and Burma, and the whole of the CHT was brought under British control. Autonomous police forces were created by
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2982-555: The January 2014 education season, the national curriculum and textbook board has already started printing books in six languages ... Chakma, Kokborok (Tripura community), Marma , Santal , Sadri (Orao community) and Achik ." Mor Thengari (My Bicycle) was Bangladesh's first Chakma-language movie. However, it was banned in Bangladesh due to its controversial plot. The Chakma and Daingnet people now speak what may be considered divergent dialects of Magadhi Prakrit. However, this
3053-602: The Pakistan army enrolled CHT hill men. After the war, Tridev Roy maintained his allegiance to Pakistan, which he supported in the war. In 1970, he served as independent in the Parliament of Pakistan while serving as Raja of the Chakma. The Awami League candidate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman lost the election to Roy. Roy was in Southeast Asia when Bangladesh came under Indian army control in December 1971. Bhutto assigned
3124-597: The administration of India, including the Chittagong Hill Tracts, which were not yet formally separated from Chittagong, from the East India Company. The territorial jurisdiction of the Chakma Raja, however, was fixed by a proclamation dated 6th Shraavana 1170M.S (1763 CE) by the company as "All the hills from the Feni River to the Sangoo and from Nizampur Road in Chittagong to the hills of Kooki Raja". After Rani Kalindi's death in 1873, her grandson Harish Chandra became
3195-521: The eastern bank of Toizong is divided by the rivulet, Chawngte L (Ponsury as called by the Chakmas) the northern bank falling under Lunglei General district and the southern bank Chawngte P, under Lai autonomous District Council. Majority of the Chakmas in Mizoram take up farming as their occupation. This occupation is inherited from their ancestors. They mainly grow rice, vegetables and fruits, etc. Rice
3266-617: The eastern-most regions of the Indian subcontinent and Western Myanmar . They are the second largest ethnic group of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of southeastern Bangladesh , and the largest in the Chakma Autonomous District Council of Mizoram , India. Significant Chakma populations are found in the northeast Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh , Tripura and Assam . The Chakma possess strong ethnic affinities to Tibeto-Burman -speaking groups in Northeast India. Because of
3337-464: The exodus of 50,000 Chakmas to India from the Chittagong Hill Tracts. A 1992 deal between India and Bangladesh arranged that Bangladesh would take them back. A March 1997 agreement between Chakma leaders and Bangladesh provided for the repatriation to Bangladesh of Chakma refugees in Tripura. Both East Pakistan's partition and Bangladesh's independence caused an influx into India of Chakma refugees. In
3408-414: The government appointed Suklal Dewan as manager. Rani Kalindi , the widow of Dharam Baksh Khan, applied to the government to allow her to run state affairs. The government accepted her application and in 1844 issued an order to that effect. In 1846, the annual revenue payable to the company was reset to 11,803.00 Rs. After the great Sepoy Mutiny in 1857, the British government assumed direct control of
3479-488: The government of Bangladesh. In India, it is also spoken primarily in the Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) which consists of the Tuichawng constituency of Lawngtlai district in Mizoram and many places in Tripura. Although there were no Chakma language radio or television stations as of 2011, the language has a presence in social media and on YouTube. The Hill Education Chakma Script website provides tutorials, videos, e-books, and Chakma language forums. In 2012,
3550-463: The government of Tripura announced the implementation of Chakma language in Chakma Script (or Ajhā Pāṭh ) in primary schools of Tripura . Imparting of education up to the elementary stage in the mother tongue is a national policy. To begin with, Chakma language subjects in its own scripts has been introduced in 87 primary schools in Chakma concentrated areas in Tripura." "In preparation for
3621-452: The highest and most powerful king of Arakan, Chacomas, and Bengal in a 1607 letter to Portuguese mercenary Filipe de Brito e Nicote . After their defeat by the Arakanese, the Chakmas migrated to the present Chittagong Hill Tracts and founded their capital city Alekyangdong (present-day Alikadam ). From Alekyangdong, they continued north and settled in present-day Rangunia , Raozan , and Fatikchari Upazilas of Chittagong District. In 1666,
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#17327720868613692-734: The largest ethnic group in Rangamati Hill District (42.67%) and second largest in Khagrachhari District (24.53%). They are the largest ethnic group in Juraichhari Upazila (91.15%), Naniarchar Upazila (79.89%), Barkal Upazila (69.33%), Bagaichhari Upazila (66.19%), Dighinala Upazila (53.38%), Lakshmichhari Upazila (51.33%), Panchhari Upazila (44.04%) and Mahalchhari Upazila (43.52%). The Chakmas are people with their own culture, folklore, literature and traditions. Traditional clothing
3763-714: The nearby hills of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Arakanese people referred to the Chakmas as Saks, Theks, or Thaikhs . In 1546 CE, while the Arakanese king Min Bin was fighting a battle with the Burmese, the Sak king attacked Northern Arakan Roma and occupied the Arakanese-controlled Chacomas of the Northern Arakan Mountains . Diego de Astor created a map of Bengal , which
3834-412: The neighbouring tracts in 1847, 1848, 1859, and 1860. As a consequence, with a view to paying attention to the areas experiencing repeated raids and to protecting the people from the aggression of the independent tribes living further east but primarily to occupy the Chakma land, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal recommended the removal of the hill tracts from the regulation district and the appointment of
3905-480: The next few years, attention focused on preserving peace on the frontier. In 1869, the headquarters were shifted to Rangamati . The official designation of the post of superintendent was changed to Deputy Commissioner and full control of matters about revenue and justice throughout the Hill Tracts was vested in his office. The frontier situation put pressure on the Chakma chief to shift his capital, and in 1874, he did so, from Rajanagar to Rangamati. At that time, cotton
3976-450: The officials except for some British during British India rule. Pakistan received the CHT from Radcliffe after the issue of Punjab districts and the CHT revised boundaries were pushed onto him by Lord Mountbatten on 17 August 1947. The decision by Radcliffe to draw this boundary paved the way for future war, violence, and conflict. The 1956 Pakistani Constitution, which designated the CHT as an "excluded area," kept things as they were. It
4047-606: The position of Minorities Affairs Minister to Roy and he helped lobby the United Nations (UN) for Pakistan after the war. The post of ambassador and tourism was also awarded to Roy. Roy represented Pakistan when it protested at the UN over Bangladesh. Pakistan retained the allegiance of only Nurul Amin and Tridiv Roy among their East Pakistan MPs. Roy refused to join Bangladesh because the hill tracts were not granted autonomy and stayed on Pakistan's side despite Mujib trying to urge Tridiv to quit Pakistan. Meghalaya and Tripura were destinations of Buddhist Chakma refugees fleeing from
4118-406: The region like the Chittagonian , Tanchangya , Arakanese and others. It has 483,299 speakers in Bangladesh primarily the Chittagong Hill Tracts , and another 230,000 in India , including 97,000 in Mizoram, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh . It is written using the Chakma script , but literacy in this script is low. It is officially recognized by the government of Tripura in India and also by
4189-736: The remaining 4 Village Council no party has absolute majority. 1. Chakma Autonomous District Council – The official website of the Chakma Autonomous District Council, Mizoram, India Chakma Autonomous District Council 2. Mizoram: New chief executive member sworn in for Chakma Autonomous District Council 3. Mizoram : Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) Gets New Chief Executive Member 4. Dg. Mohan Chakma elected uncontested as Chairman of CADC – Chakma Autonomous District Council 22°37′12″N 92°38′20″E / 22.620°N 92.639°E / 22.620; 92.639 Chakma people The Chakma people or Changhma people ( Chakma : 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 ), are an ethnic group from
4260-535: The right to vote by having their names enrolled in the electoral rolls of the constituency where they have been settled. The persecution of the ethnic tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, of which the Chakma are the predominant ethnicity, has been greatly reduced after the 1997 Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord . The Chakmas now have representation in the Mizoram Legislative Assembly , Tripura Legislative Assembly and Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council . The only seat of political power and identity
4331-499: The term "Chakma" originates from two constituent words: "Tsak" and "Ma". In this context, "Tsak" is believed to be derived from " Shak " which is associated with the Shakya clan, and "Ma" signifies "man" in Tibeto-Burmese languages. The Chakma script shows similarities to Brahmi script suggesting Chakmas may descend from the Shakya lineage. Bijak of the Chakmas says that the Chakmas were part of Buddha's Sakya clan. They gradually migrated to Arakan and extended their territory to
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#17327720868614402-458: The three tribal communities to understand each other. The first meeting was held without understanding each other's language. Consequently, in 1958 the Maras boycotted PLRC meetings. In 1972, to resolve the issue the PLRC was divided into three regional councils and upgraded to 3 district councils for Maras, Lais and Chakmas. The surface area of the Chakma Autonomous District Council is 686.25 km. The headquarters of Chakma Autonomous District Council
4473-446: The tracts. By 1981, a third of the population of the tracts were Bengali migrants. Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS; Chittagong Hill Tracts Peoples Solidarity Association), which was founded by Chakmas, demanded a halt to Bengali settlement, settlers returning lands to CHT natives, and autonomy. On 7 January 1973, Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) was founded as the military army of PCJSS. In an effort to win independence for
4544-424: The tribals did not share a religion, language, or ethnicity, and they asked for their own independent area in the 1930s when the Indian national movement was launched. During World War II , to retain Chakma loyalty in the face of Japanese advances, local British officials guaranteed the tribals that the Chittagong Hill Tracts would be split of separately in the event of Indian independence. In British India, there
4615-408: The war as a reward for his collaboration. Roy chose the Pakistani side, fearing that an independent Bangladesh would likely have democratic rule and he might lose his feudal interests. Pakistan retained his support and allegiance, Roy agreed on 25 March, and in exchange British artillery would refrain from shelling the CHT capital, Rangamati . Roy believed Bangladesh would not award autonomy to CHT and
4686-461: The war started by plains-dwelling Muslim Bangladeshis settling the CHT, as well as the government of Bangladesh implementing a military police force to expel Chittagong Hill Tracts natives. "The Muslim World" complained about alleged immigration from Bangladesh to Arakan by Buddhists of Magh and Chakma background. In 1974, the Garo people were stripped of their property by the XLVI Vested and Non-President Property Act by Bangladesh and affected by
4757-483: Was a measure of security and protection afforded to the non-Muslim and non-Bengali Chittagong Hill Tract Chakmas and other tribal people. Bengal and Assam did not govern the CHT during this period. Rather the CHT was a distinct administrative unit that enjoyed a large degree of self-rule. Despite the CHT being 97.2–98.5% non-Muslim, it was given to Pakistan by the Boundary Commission Chairman Sir Cyril Radcliffe in 1947 upon independence . Native Chakmas made up most of
4828-455: Was given to the Chakmas by one of the Burmese kings during the Bagan Era . Burmese kings hired Chakmas as ministers, advisers, and translators of Buddhist Pali texts. As employees of the king, the Chakmas wielded power in the Burmese court that was disproportionate to their number. The Burmese people still refer to Chakmas as Sak (သက်) or Thet, which are shortened and corrupted forms of śaktimāna . The modern linguistic study suggests that
4899-418: Was grown in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and was important to the British for their mills, so effective control of the Chittagong Hill Tracts was also important for them. In 1881, the government divided the Chittagong Hill Tracts into Chakma Circle , Bohmong Circle , and Mong Circle . Each circle was headed by a chief. Chakma circle was headed by a Chakma, Bohmong circle by a Bohmong and the Burmese circle by
4970-416: Was published as Descripção do Reino de Bengalla in the book Quarta decada da Asia (Fourth decade of Asia) by João de Barros in 1615. The map shows an area named Chacomas on the eastern bank of the Karnaphuli River in what is now Chittagong Bangladesh , suggesting that the Chakmas inhabited this area during the time. The Arakan king Min Razagyi (1593–1612) conquered the areas and styled himself as
5041-400: Was the fact that the CHT was governed under a different set of rules since 1900 in order to prevent mainlanders from acquiring ownership of the tribal land. The CHT underwent a significant change when the Pakistani armed forces overthrew the government in 1958 and renamed the protected area "Tribal Area." Finally, the 1962 Constitution was amended in 1963 to repeal the earlier designation, making
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