67-476: Champagne-Ardenne ( French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃paɲaʁdɛn] ) is a former administrative region of France, located in the northeast of the country, bordering Belgium. Mostly corresponding to the historic province of Champagne , the region is known for its sparkling white wine of the same name . The administrative region was formed in 1956, consisting of the four departments Aube , Ardennes , Haute-Marne , and Marne . On 1 January 2016, it merged with
134-551: A 29 March 2009 referendum . The outcome was a 95.5 percent vote in favour of changing the island's status from a French "overseas community" to become France's 101st département . Its non-official traditional Islamic law , applied in some aspects of the day-to-day life, will be gradually abolished and replaced by the uniform French civil code . Additionally, French social welfare and taxes apply in Mayotte, though some of each will be brought in gradually. Comoros continues to claim
201-477: A Foreign Legion Detachment in Mayotte . One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft is to be delivered to naval forces based in Mayotte by 2025. The landing craft will replace a CTM landing craft currently deployed in the territory, to better support coastal operations. About 170 personnel of the National Gendarmerie are stationed in Mayotte while, as of late 2022,
268-513: A Malagasy language , of which there are two varieties, Kibushi sakalava, most closely related to the Sakalava dialect of Malagasy, and Kibushi antalaotsi, most closely related to the dialect spoken by the Antalaotra of Madagascar . Both have been influenced by Shimaore. The island was populated from neighbouring East Africa with later arrival of Arabs , who brought Islam . A sultanate
335-430: A March 2009 referendum with an overwhelming result in favour of the department status. The department faces enormous challenges. According to an INSEE report published in 2018, 84% of the population live under the poverty line (established at €959 per month and per household), compared to 16% in metropolitan France, 40% of dwellings are corrugated sheet metal shacks, 29% of households have no running water, and 34% of
402-515: A June 2012 European Commission opinion on Mayotte's European constitutional status. In recent national elections, Mayotte has been a stronghold for the right-wing populist National Rally party, and gave its presidential candidate Marine Le Pen her highest vote percentage in the 2022 French presidential election first round. Defence of the territory is the responsibility of the French Armed Forces , principally carried out by
469-740: A directive of the European Council in December 2013, Mayotte became an outermost region of the European Union on 1 January 2014. This successful agreement between the 27 member states follows a petition made by the French government for Mayotte to become an integral territory of the European Union nonetheless benefiting from the derogation clause applicable in existing outermost regions, namely Article 349 TFEU, as favoured in
536-413: A dozen passes, including one in the east called the "S-pass". The lagoon, which averages 5 to 10 km (3.1 to 6.2 mi) wide, is up to 100 m (330 ft) deep. It is dotted with about a hundred coral islets, such as Mtsamboro . This reef serves as a refuge for boats and oceanic fauna. The volcanic activity that created the islands makes the soil particularly fertile. The total area of Mayotte
603-477: A newly discovered undersea volcano located 50 km (31 mi) away from Mayotte at a depth of 3,500 m (11,500 ft). Mayotte is surrounded by a typical tropical coral reef . It consists in a large outer barrier reef , enclosing one of the world's largest and deepest lagoons , followed by a fringing reef , interrupted by many mangroves . All Mayotte waters are ruled by a National Marine Park, and many places are natural reserves. The outer coral reef
670-454: A period of about 20 years. Since it became an overseas department in 2011, Mayotte possesses a single local assembly, officially called the " Departmental Council " ( conseil départemental ), which acts both as a regional and departmental council, or a single territorial collectivity . This was a unique arrangement at the time, but French Guiana and Martinique adopted this arrangement in 2015. Despite its domestic constitutional evolution from
737-586: A rural exodus. With 1.3 million people and a density of 52/km, it is one of France's least populated regions. After a brief period of stabilization in the 1990s, the region's population is now among the fastest "dying" in Europe, with several municipalities losing people at a faster rate than a lot of Eastern European areas, especially in the Haute-Marne department. The region is among the oldest in France, has
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#1732781176834804-527: A smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), as well as several islets around these two. Mayotte is the most prosperous territory in the Mozambique Channel, making it a major destination for immigration . Mayotte's land area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi) and, with its 320,901 people according to January 2024 official estimates, is very densely populated at 858 inhabitants per km (2,228 per sq mi). The biggest city and prefecture
871-618: A train station in the commune of Bezannes . The region's canals include the Canal latéral à la Marne and Marne-Rhine Canal , the latter connecting to the Marne at Vitry-le-François. These are petit gabarit canals. The Vatry International Airport , primarily dedicated to air freight, has a runway 3,650 m (11,980 ft) long. The airport is in a sparsely populated area just 150 km (93 mi) from Paris. The population of Champagne-Ardenne has been in steady decrease since 1982 due to
938-498: A weak fertility rate, and its immigrant population, while growing, is still minimal compared to the national average. 49°00′N 4°30′E / 49.000°N 4.500°E / 49.000; 4.500 Regions of France France is divided into eighteen administrative regions ( French : régions , singular région [ʁeʒjɔ̃] ), of which thirteen are located in metropolitan France (in Europe), while
1005-406: Is Mamoudzou on Grande-Terre. The Dzaoudzi–Pamandzi International Airport is located on the neighbouring island of Petite-Terre. The territory is also known as Maore, the native name of its main island. Mayotte is one of the overseas departments of France as well as one of the 18 regions of France , with the same status as the departments of Metropolitan France . It is an outermost region of
1072-493: Is 195 km (121 mi) long, housing 1,500 km (580 sq mi) of lagoon, including 7.3 km (2.8 sq mi) of mangrove . There are at least 250 different species of coral, 760 tropical fish species, and the National Natural Heritage Inventory (INPN) has no fewer than 3,616 marine species, but this is probably a far cry from the actual count. As this region of the world
1139-427: Is 7000 year BP. The November 11, 2018, seismic event occurred about 15 miles (24 km) off the coast of Mayotte. It was recorded by seismograms in many places, including Kenya , Chile , New Zealand , Canada , and Hawaii located almost 11,000 miles (18,000 km) away. The seismic waves lasted for more than 20 minutes, but despite this, no one felt it. Subsequently, the earthquake swarm has been linked to
1206-457: Is a primarily volcanic island rising steeply from the bed of the ocean to a height of 660 metres (2,170 ft) on Mont Bénara ( OpenStreetMap gives this as 661 metres (2,169 ft)). Two volcanic centres are reported, a southern one (Pic Chongui, 594 metres (1,949 ft)) with a breached crater to the NW, and a northern centre (Mont M'Tsapéré, 572 metres (1,877 ft)) with a breached crater to
1273-764: Is a recent designation, given to the overseas departments that have similar powers to those of the regions of metropolitan France . As integral parts of the French Republic , they are represented in the National Assembly , Senate and Economic and Social Council , elect a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and use the euro as their currency. Although these territories have had these political powers since 1982, when France's decentralisation policy dictated that they be given elected regional councils along with other regional powers,
1340-540: Is a table of former regions and which new region they became part of. (Occitania) Regions lack separate legislative authority and therefore cannot write their own statutory law. They levy their own taxes and, in return, receive a decreasing part of their budget from the central government, which gives them a portion of the taxes it levies. They also have considerable budgets managed by a regional council (conseil régional) made up of representatives voted into office in regional elections. A region's primary responsibility
1407-430: Is about 374 km (144 sq mi), which makes it by far the smallest French overseas department (after Martinique , which is three times larger at 1,128 km (436 sq mi)). However, this area is difficult to assess accurately, given the number of small uninhabited islets, some of which are completely underwater at high tide, but may reveal significant areas at low tide. The main islands are Mayotte
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#17327811768341474-772: Is classified as natural reserve; however, the primal forest now covers barely 5% of the island due to illegal deforestation. Just like many volcanic islands, Mayotte shelters quite a limited mammal biodiversity, the only native species being flying foxes ( Pteropus seychellensis comorensis ). However, there are 18 species of reptiles, 23 of terrestrial molluscs, 116 butterflies, 38 dragonflies, 50 grasshoppers, and 150 beetles. By 2021, there were 30 protected areas on Mayotte, totaling 55 km (21 sq mi) or 13.94% of Mayotte's land area, and 100% of Mayotte's marine area. Protected areas on Mayotte include Mayotte Marine Natural Park , Pointes et plages de Saziley et Charifou , and Ilôt Mbouzi National Nature Reserve. On 3 May 2021,
1541-547: Is described as "the largest barrier-reef-lagoon complex within the southwestern Indian Ocean". Mayotte is the oldest of the four large islands of the Comoros archipelago , a chain of land emerging from a crescent-shaped submarine relief at the entrance to the Mozambique Channel . Located 295 km (183 mi) west of Madagascar and 67 km (42 mi) southeast of Anjouan , sometimes visible at sunset in
1608-400: Is still poorly inventoried by scientists, the waters of Mayotte continue to harbour many species unknown to science, and allow important scientific discoveries each year. Mayotte has a great diversity in its plant life: more than 1,300 species are recorded, half of them being endemic, making this island one of the richest in plant diversity in the world compared to its size. 15% of the island
1675-580: Is to build and furnish high schools. In March 2004, the French central government unveiled a controversial plan to transfer regulation of certain categories of non-teaching school staff to the regional authorities. Critics of this plan contended that tax revenue was insufficient to pay for the resulting costs, and that such measures would increase regional inequalities. In addition, regions have considerable discretionary power over infrastructural spending, e.g., education, public transit, universities and research, and assistance to business owners. This has meant that
1742-593: The Anjouan Sultanate during this period. Mayotte was sparsely populated and mainly consisted of Comorian speakers that were politically aligned with the local sultan and the Malagasy who were autonomous. In 1832, Mayotte was conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of Iboina on Madagascar; in 1833, it was conquered by the neighbouring sultanate of Mwali ( Mohéli in French). On 19 November 1835, Mayotte
1809-530: The Department of Mayotte ( French : Département de Mayotte ), is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France . It is located in the northern part of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeastern Africa , between Northwestern Madagascar and Northeastern Mozambique . Mayotte consists of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Maore),
1876-405: The European Union and, as an overseas department of France, part of the eurozone . French is the official language and is spoken as a second language by an increasing part of the population, with 63% of the population 14 years and older reporting in the 2007 census that they could speak it. The native languages of Mayotte are Shimaore , which is the most spoken, and the lesser spoken Kibushi ,
1943-562: The GDP per capita of Mayotte at market exchange rates, not at PPP , was €9,692 (US$ 10,850), which was eight times larger than the GDP per capita of the Comoros that year, but only 42.8% of the GDP per capita of Réunion and 26.4% of the GDP per capita of Metropolitan France . Living standards are therefore lower than in metropolitan France. At the 2017 census, 10% of dwellings in Mayotte had no electricity, 29% of dwellings had no running water inside
2010-490: The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and experiencing as a result a recession of −0.4% in 2009. The economy rebounded as early as 2010, driven by the transformation of the territory into an overseas department, decided in a referendum in 2009 and taking effect in 2011. From 2010 to 2017, the economy of Mayotte grew on average by +6.9% per year in real terms, but economic growth slowed to +2.1% in 2018 due to
2077-487: The Maritime Gendarmerie operates the patrol boats Odet and Verdon in the territory. Mayotte is divided into 17 communes . There are also 13 cantons (not shown here). It is the only department and region of France without an arrondissement . The official currency in Mayotte is the euro . In 2019, the GDP of Mayotte at market exchange rates was €2.66 billion (US$ 2.98 bn). In that same year
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2144-521: The Swahili coast culture. However, its sister island Anjouan was preferred by international traders due to its better suitability to large boats, and, for a long time, Mayotte remained poorly developed compared to the three other Comoros islands, often being targeted by pirates and Malagasy or Comorian raids. In the early 19th century, Mayotte was controlled by a mercantile family that claimed Omani origins. The Sultans of Mayotte had political ties with
2211-763: The United Nations General Assembly adopted a series of legally non-binding resolutions on Mayotte, under the pro-Comoros title "Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte" up until 1995. In the decades since 1995, the subject of Mayotte has not been discussed by the General Assembly, and all the following referendums over Mayotte independence have shown a strong will of Mayotte people to remain French. Mayotte became an overseas department of France in March 2011 in consequence of
2278-475: The French government created the Forests of Mayotte National Nature Reserve ( Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Forêts de Mayotte ). The reserve consists of 2,801 ha (6,920 acres) in six mountain forests, covering 51% of Mayotte's reserve forests and 7.5% of Mayotte's total land area. Areas protected by the reserve include Mount Mtsapéré , Mount Combani , Mount Benara , and Mount Choungui . The purpose of
2345-722: The French government. Mayotte also sends two deputies to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate . The deputies represent Mayotte's 1st constituency and Mayotte's 2nd constituency . The situation of Mayotte proved to be awkward for France: while a significant majority of the local population did not want to join the Comoros in becoming independent of France, some post-colonial leftist or Marxist-Leninist governments voiced criticism of Mayotte's ongoing ties to France. Furthermore,
2412-428: The capital of all the colonial Comoros) until 1977, when the capital was relocated to Mamoudzou on the main island of Grande-Terre. It is situated on Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi ), which at 10 square kilometres (4 sq mi) is the largest of several islets adjacent to Maore. The area of the lagoon behind the reef is approximately 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi), reaching a maximum depth of about 80m. It
2479-431: The cities were abandoned, and nature regained its rights over the old plantations. The French administration therefore tried to repopulate the island, recalling first of all the Mayotte exiles or refugees in the region (Comoros, Madagascar), proposing the former exiled masters return in exchange for compensation, then by inviting wealthy Anjouan families to come and set up trade. France launched some first major works, such as
2546-579: The designation overseas regions dates only to the 2003 constitutional change; indeed, the new wording of the constitution aims to give no precedence to either appellation overseas department or overseas region , although the second is still virtually unused by French media. The following have overseas region status: General: Mayotte Mayotte ( / m aɪ ˈ ɒ t / my- OT ; French : Mayotte , [majɔt] ; Shimaore : Maore , IPA: [maˈore] ; Kibushi : Maori , IPA: [maˈori] ), officially
2613-511: The dwelling, and 54% of dwellings had no toilets inside the dwelling. The economy of Mayotte has grown significantly since the end of the 20th century due to financial transfers from the French central state and the gradual transformation of the territory into a full-fledged French department after a 2009 referendum, with considerable upgrading of public services and infrastructure. The economy of Mayotte grew by an average of +9.3% per year in real terms from 2001 to 2008, before being affected by
2680-439: The fifth. In 2014, the French parliament passed a law reducing the number of metropolitan regions from 22 to 13 effective 1 January 2016. The law gave interim names for most of the new regions by combining the names of the former regions, e.g. the region composed of Aquitaine , Poitou-Charentes and Limousin was temporarily called Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes . However, the combined region of Upper and Lower Normandy
2747-450: The heads of wealthy regions such as Île-de-France or Rhône-Alpes can be high-profile positions. Proposals to give regions limited legislative autonomy have met with considerable resistance; others propose transferring certain powers from the departments to their respective regions, leaving the former with limited authority. Number of regions controlled by each coalition since 1986 . Overseas region ( French : Région d'outre-mer )
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2814-470: The help of a powerful ally, he began to negotiate with the French, installed in the nearby Malagasy island of Nosy Bé in 1840. Mayotte was purchased by France in 1841, and integrated to the Crown. In the immediate aftermath, slavery was abolished and laborers were imported to the area to work in fields and plantations. The abolition of slavery led to several slave-owning elites leaving Mayotte as their authority
2881-524: The inhabitants between the age of 15 and 64 do not have a job. In 2019, with an annual population growth of 3.8%, half the population was less than 17 years old. In addition, as a result of immigration from neighboring islands, 48% of the population were foreign nationals. The term Mayotte (or Maore) may refer to all of the department's islands, of which the largest is known as Maore ( French : Grande-Terre ) and includes Maore's surrounding islands, most notably Pamanzi ( French : Petite-Terre ), or only to
2948-541: The island, while criticising the French military base there. In 2018, the department experienced civil unrest over migration from the Comoros. The politics of Mayotte takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic government and of a multi-party system , whereby the President of the Departmental Council is the head of the local assembly. Executive power is exercised by
3015-541: The island. A draft 1976 United Nations Security Council resolution recognising Comorian sovereignty over Mayotte, supported by 11 of the 15 members of the council, was vetoed by France. It was the only time, as of 2020 , that France cast a lone veto in the council; the veto was criticized because France was a party to the dispute before the Security Council, and consequently should have abstained from voting, according to some other Council members. As mentioned,
3082-519: The largest island. The name is believed to come from Mawuti , contraction of the Arabic جزيرة الموت Jazīrat al-Mawt – meaning "island of death" (maybe due to the dangerous reefs circling the island) and corrupted to Mayotta in Portuguese, later turned into French. However, the local name is Mahore , and the Arabic etymology is doubtful. The main island, Grande-Terre (or Maore), geologically
3149-463: The massive civil unrest experienced by the territory that year, with weeks of demonstrations, roadblocks, and work stoppages paralyzing Mayotte's economy between January and April 2018. Economic growth rebounded to +5.2% in 2019, but Mayotte was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, with growth estimated at only +1.1% in 2020. Thanks to rapid economic growth, Mayotte has begun to catch up with
3216-784: The neighboring regions of Alsace and Lorraine to form the new region Grand Est , thereby ceasing to exist as an independent entity . Its rivers, most of which flow west, include the Seine , the Marne , and the Aisne . The Meuse flows north. The rail network includes the Paris–Strasbourg line, which follows the Marne Valley and serves Épernay , Châlons-en-Champagne , and Vitry-le-François . The LGV Est TGV line also connecting Paris and Strasbourg opened in 2007 and serves Reims with
3283-480: The oldest of the Comoro Islands , is 39 kilometres (24 mi) long and 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide, and its highest point is Mount Benara , at 660 metres (2,165 ft) above sea level. Because of the volcanic rock , the soil is relatively rich in some areas. A coral reef encircling much of the island ensures protection for ships and a habitat for fish. Dzaoudzi was the capital of Mayotte (and earlier
3350-500: The other five are overseas regions (not to be confused with the overseas collectivities , which have a semi-autonomous status). All of the thirteen metropolitan administrative regions (including Corsica as of 2019 ) are further subdivided into two to thirteen administrative departments , with the prefect of each region's administrative centre's department also acting as the regional prefect. The overseas regions administratively consist of only one department each and hence also have
3417-407: The peculiar local administration of Mayotte, largely ruled by customary Muslim law, would be difficult to integrate into the legal structures of France, not to mention the costs of bringing the standards of living to levels close to those of Metropolitan France . For these reasons, the laws passed by the national parliament had to state specifically that they applied to Mayotte. The status of Mayotte
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#17327811768343484-593: The realization in 1848 of the Boulevard des Crabes connecting the rock of Dzaoudzi to Pamandzi and the rest of Petite-Terre. As it had done in the West Indies and Réunion , the French government planned to make Mayotte a sugar island: despite the steep slopes, large plantations were developed, 17 sugar factories were built and hundreds of foreign workers (mainly African, in particular Mozambic Makwas) hired from 1851 onwards. However, production remained mediocre, and
3551-549: The reserve is to protect the relict primary forests of the island, restore the island's secondary forests, and protect the island's native flora and fauna. In 1500, the Maore sultanate was established on the island. In 1503, Mayotte was observed and named (firstly Espirito Santo ) by Portuguese explorers, but not colonized. The island has known several eras of wealth (especially during the 11th century at Acoua or between 9th and 12th centuries at Dembéni), being an important part of
3618-423: The result of the March 2009 Mahoran status referendum , which was overwhelmingly approved by around 95% of voters. Becoming an overseas department will mean it will adopt the same legal and social system as used in the rest of France. This will require abandoning some customary laws, adopting the standard French civil code, and reforming the judiciary, educational, social and fiscal systems, and will take place over
3685-484: The shade, it is composed of several islands and islets covered with lush vegetation. The two largest islands are Grande-Terre and Petite-Terre, backed by a coral reef . This 160 km (99 mi) long coral reef surrounds a 1,100 km (420 sq mi) lagoon , one of the largest and deepest in the world. Part of the barrier reef features a double barrier that is rare on the planet. It protects almost all of Mayotte from ocean currents and waves, except for
3752-435: The south-east. Mont Bénara is on the curving ridge between these two peaks, approximately at the contact point of the two structures. Volcanic activity started about 7.7 million years ago in the south, ceasing about 2.7 million years ago. In the north, activity started about 4.7 million years ago and lasted until about 1.4 million years ago. Both centres had several phases of activity. The most recent age reported for an ash band
3819-553: The status of an overseas collectivity to that of an overseas department, effectively becoming a full constituent territory within the French Republic, with regards to the European Union, Mayotte remained an 'overseas country and territory' (OCT) in association with the Union (as per Article 355(2) TFEU) and not a constituent territory of the European Union in the same way as the other four overseas departments. However, following
3886-502: The status of overseas departments. Most administrative regions also have the status of regional territorial collectivities , which comes with a local government , with departmental and communal collectivities below the region level. The exceptions are Corsica, French Guiana , Mayotte and Martinique , where region and department functions are managed by single local governments having consolidated jurisdiction and which are known as single territorial collectivities . The term région
3953-481: The sugar crisis of 1883–1885 quickly led to the end of this crop in Mayotte (which had just reached its peak of production), leaving only a few factory ruins, some of which are still visible now. The last sugar plant to be closed was Dzoumogné in 1955: the best preserved, and now heritage, is Soulou, in the west of the island. At the Berlin conference in 1885, France took control over the whole Comoros archipelago, which
4020-409: The symbols of the island. Mayotte was the only island in the archipelago that voted in referendums in 1974 and 1976 to retain its link with France and forgo independence (with 63.8% and 99.4% of votes respectively). UN General Assembly resolutions , which are legally non-binding, have voted not to recognise France's continued rule of Mayotte, and the independent Comoros have never ceased to claim
4087-568: Was actually already ruled by French traders; the colony took the name of "Mayotte and Dependencies". In 1898, two cyclones razed the island to the ground, and a smallpox epidemic decimated the survivors. Mayotte had to start from the beginning once again, and the French government had to repopulate the island with workers from Mozambique, Comoros and Madagascar. The sugar industry was abandoned, replaced by vanilla, coffee, copra, sisal, then fragrant plants such as vetiver , citronella , sandalwood , and especially ylang-ylang , which later became one of
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#17327811768344154-514: Was again conquered by the Ndzuwani Sultanate ( Anjouan sultanate in French); a governor was installed with the unusual Islamic style of Qadi (from the Arabic قاض , meaning "judge"). However in 1836, it regained its independence under a last local Sultan. Andriantsoly reconquered the island in 1836, but his depopulated and unfortified island was in a weak position towards the sultans of Comoros, Malagasy kings, and pirates. Looking for
4221-468: Was changed in 2001 towards one very close to the status of the departments of France , with the particular designation of departmental collectivity . This change was approved by 73% of voters in a referendum . After the constitutional reform of 2003 it became an overseas collectivity while retaining the title "departmental collectivity" of Mayotte. Mayotte became an overseas department of France ( département d'outre-mer , DOM) on 31 March 2011 following
4288-436: Was established in 1500. The vast majority of the population today is Muslim . In the 19th century, Mayotte was conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of Iboina on Madagascar. Mayotte chose to remain with France after the Comoros declared its independence following the 1974 referendum . Mayotte became an overseas department on 31 March 2011 and became an outermost region of the European Union on 1 January 2014, following
4355-527: Was officially created by the Law of Decentralisation (2 March 1982), which also gave regions their legal status. The first direct elections for regional representatives took place on 16 March 1986. Between 1982 and 2015, there were 22 regions in Metropolitan France. Before 2011, there were four overseas regions ( French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , and Réunion ); in 2011 Mayotte became
4422-580: Was simply called "Normandy" ( Normandie ). Permanent names were proposed by the new regional councils by 1 July 2016 and new names confirmed by the Conseil d'État by 30 September 2016. The legislation defining the new regions also allowed the Centre region to officially change its name to " Centre-Val de Loire " with effect from January 2015. Two regions, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , opted to retain their interim names. Given below
4489-439: Was undermined. However, the freed slaves were often subsequently forced to work under harsher conditions for the French government or colonists in their plantations. Additionally, many of the imported laborers were victims of the slave trade. Mayotte therefore became a French island, but it remained an island with a sparse population due to decades of wars, as well as by the exodus of former elites and some of their slaves: most of
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