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65-541: Chandigarh ( / ˌ tʃ ʌ n d ɪ ˈ ɡ ɑːr / ) is a city and union territory in northern India , serving as the shared capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana . Situated near the foothills of the Himalayas , it borders Haryana to the east and Punjab in the remaining directions. Chandigarh constitutes the bulk of the Chandigarh Capital Region or Greater Chandigarh, which also includes
130-612: A humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ) characterised by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall, and great temperature variation (−1 to 45 °C or 30.2 to 113.0 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,110.7 millimetres or 43.73 inches. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the Western Disturbance originating over the Mediterranean Sea . The western disturbances bring rain predominantly from mid-December until
195-719: A small fort at Mani Majra . Many villages that predate the city are still inhabited within the modern blocks of some sectors, including Burail and Attawa , while several other such villages lie on the margins of the city. Chandigarh is located by the foothills of the Shivalik Range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 114 km. It borders the states of Punjab and Haryana. The exact geographic coordinates of Chandigarh are 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.74°N 76.79°E / 30.74; 76.79 . It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft). The city, lying in
260-581: A union territory , is not entitled to a state-level election: thus State Assembly elections are not held and it is directly controlled by the central government . One seat for Chandigarh is allocated in the Lok Sabha elections held every five years. Manish Tewari ( INC ) is the Member of Parliament elected in 2024 from the Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency . The city is governed by
325-472: A 2014 survey, Chandigarh is ranked 4th in the top 50 cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations" ahead of cities like Beldon (Amritsar) . The Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park, also known as the Chandigarh IT Park, is an special economic zone which has facilities for information technology. Technology Park, which has changed the economic scenario of
390-462: A Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry. Generally, the President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant governor for each UT. Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir operate differently from the other five. They were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the [National Capital Territory] (NCT) and incorporated into
455-569: A civic administration or local government headed by Municipal Commissioner Anindita Mitra and Mayor Sarbjit Kaur. The city comprises 35 wards represented by 35 elected councillors , and also nominates 9 councillors. On 27 March 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced that the Chandigarh employees who were working under the Punjab service rules until 2022, would be working under the central civil services rules from 1 April 2022. The move
520-564: A couple of historical mosques in Manimajra and Burail. The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh serves the Catholics of the city, with a co-cathedral in the city, which also governs most of the convent schools in Chandigarh. The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Chandigarh, as of year 2020. The table below shows the district nutrition profile of women in Chandigarh between
585-431: A density of about 9,252 (7,900 in 2001) persons per square kilometre. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 818 females for every 1,000 males. The child-sex ratio is 880 females per thousand males. Chandigarh has an effective literacy rate of 86.77% (based on population 7 years and above), higher than the national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of 81.88%. 10.8% of
650-712: A larger area known as the National Capital Region (NCR). Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir have an elected legislative assembly and an executive council of ministers with a partially state-like function. Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation. Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development. The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding
715-440: A resolution could be reached. It has been noted by industrialists that large real-estate projects have stagnated since the creation of Chandigarh in Punjab and Haryana as an economic rival city would be perceived as a city that could be used as capital instead of Chandigarh and hence relinquishing the state of rights over Chandigarh. [1] Present-day Chandigarh was also the site of a short-lived late 18th-century principality, with
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#1732797625666780-407: A union territory is similar to a state under the perennial president's rule per Article 356 subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly. As Per Article 240 (1) , supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, NCT and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and
845-553: A union territory. Another three ( Dadra and Nagar Haveli , Daman and Diu and Puducherry ) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers ( Portuguese India and French India , respectively). In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 . The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one to be eponymously called Jammu and Kashmir , and
910-656: A widespread discontent among the residents. In 2021, there was an acute shortage of parking spaces. The problem was aggravated by an increase of 17% in parking rates by the Municipal Corporation. The increase in the waste collection charges, water tariff and property tax rates during the last five years 2016 to 2021 were unpopular among the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic in India , concerns were raised about whether sufficient relief measures had been taken by
975-487: Is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly. UT-GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories. Article 1 (1) of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts V (The Union) and VI (The States) of the constitution. Article 1 (3) says
1040-438: Is covered by dense banyan and eucalyptus plantations. Ashoka , cassia , mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem. The city is surrounded by forests that sustain many animal and plant species. Deer , sambars , barking deer , parrots, woodpeckers , and peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese and attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in
1105-639: Is known for its green belts and other special tourist parks. Sukhna Lake itself hosts the Garden of Silence . The Rock Garden , is located near the Sukhna Lake and has numerous sculptures made by using a variety of different discarded waste materials. The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden (which is also Asia's largest rose garden) contains nearly 825 varieties of roses in it and more than 32,500 varieties of other medicinal plants and trees. Other gardens include
1170-569: Is often called a "Pensioner's Paradise". Ordnance Cable Factory of the Ordnance Factories Board has been set up by the Government of India . There are about 15 medium-to-large industries, including two in the public sector . In addition, Chandigarh has over 2,500 units registered under the small-scale sector. The city's important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys, and machinery. Other industries in
1235-587: Is the nodal department for this purpose and has published a detailed booklet about it. The trees in the city that are a hundred or more years old have been given heritage status . Sukhna Lake , a 3 km artificial rain-fed lake in Sector 1, was created in 1958 by damming the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming down from the Shivalik Hills . Chandigarh has a belt of parks running from sectors. It
1300-403: Is the predominant religion of Chandigarh followed by 80.71% of the population. Sikhism is the second most followed religion in the city, followed by 13.11% of the people, followed by Islam at 4.87%. Minorities are Christians at 0.83%, Jains at 0.19%, Buddhists at 0.11%, those that didn't state a religion at 0.10%, and others are 0.02%. There are several places of worship located all over
1365-642: The Christian religion. Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai's maternal grandfather Kali Charan Chatterji was a Bengali Christian of the Brahmin caste. His siblings included Charles Rajinder Mangat Rai, who later served as a Brigadier in the Indian Army , Priobala Mangat Rai, who served as the principal of Kinnaird College in Lahore, and Leena Sushiela, who married Arthur Lall, a Punjabi Christian who belonged to
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#17327976256661430-547: The Constitution of India was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included: After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 , Part C and Part D states were combined into a single category of "Union territory". Due to various other reorganisations, only 6 union territories remained: By the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and Chandigarh became
1495-606: The Punjab Province of British India, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai served in various government roles, including being the director of the Civil Supplies Department by 1947. At the time of the partition of India in 1947, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai opted for independent India, stating: "For a Christian, the choice between Pakistan and India was genuine, for he did not, by virtue of his religious label fall automatically within one fold or another. … Yet, as it
1560-533: The Rajya Sabha : Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry. Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only 3 Union Territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected legislative assembly and have a Chief Minister. There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories. Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai (30 March 1915 – 2003)
1625-549: The partition of India in 1947, the former Indian province of Punjab was divided into two parts, the mostly Hindu and Sikh East Punjab in India, and the mostly Muslim West Punjab in Pakistan . The capital of undivided Punjab, Lahore , had become part of Pakistan after the partition. Instead of shifting the capital to an already existing and established city, Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of India, envisioned an altogether new and modern city to be built to serve as
1690-453: The "Wealthiest Towns" of India. The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chandigarh as the third-largest deposit center and seventh-largest credit center nationwide as of June 2012. With an average household monthly income of ₹ 199,000 (US$ 2,400), Chandigarh is one of the richest towns in India. Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2014–15 is estimated at ₹290 billion ( short scale ) (US$ 4.3 billion) at current prices. According to
1755-595: The Chief Secretary of East Punjab, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai was instrumental in designing the city of Chandigarh . Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai was born on 30 March 1915, with his family hailing from Multan , Punjab , colonial India . The Mangat Rais settled in Abbottabad , North-West Frontier Province , colonial India. Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai belonged to a Punjabi family of the Khatri caste who adhered to
1820-810: The Garden of Fragrance in Sector 36, Garden of Palms in Sector 42, Butterfly Park in Sector 26, Valley of Animals in Sector 49, the Japanese Garden in Sector 31, the Terraced Garden in Sector 33, Shanti Kunj Garden, the Botanical garden and the Bougainvillea Garden. There is also the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh in Sector 10. As of 2011 India census, Chandigarh had a population of 1,055,450, giving it
1885-894: The Indian Civil Service and represented India at the United Nations . In Abbottabad, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai was educated, after which he subsequently studied in St. Stephen's College in Delhi, where he earned a B.A and M.A. in History. He then studied at the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College in Dehra Dun . He was academically astute and "carried away just about every academic prize in his class", according to his classmate and renowned diplomat Khushwant Singh . At
1950-963: The PhD Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) having regional offices in Chandigarh. Union territory A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India . Unlike the states of India , which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed, in part or in whole, by the Union Government of India . There are currently eight union territories in India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Chandigarh , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu , Delhi (NCT) , Jammu and Kashmir , Ladakh , Lakshadweep and Puducherry . When
2015-739: The Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer . Most of the government buildings and housing in the city were designed by a team headed by Le Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry . Chandigarh's Capitol Complex —as part of a global ensemble of Corbusier's buildings—was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO at the 40th session of the World Heritage Conference in July 2016. Chandigarh has grown greatly since its initial construction, and has also driven
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2080-865: The Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College, he sat for the Civil Services Examination to join the Indian Civil Service . After clearing the exam, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai completed his probationary year at Keble College, Oxford , a constituent college of the University of Oxford , England. There, he was the only student out of both Indians and Britons, "who scored full marks in English essay: 200 out of 200." Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai returned to India in October, 1938. In
2145-658: The Union Territories (part VIII), Article 245 , etc. apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India. The executive power of the Union (i.e. union of states only) rests with President of India . The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per Article 239 . The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in Part XIV . The constitutional status of
2210-523: The adjacent satellite cities of Panchkula in Haryana and Mohali in Punjab. It is located 260 km (162 miles) north of New Delhi and 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar . Chandigarh is one of the earliest planned cities in post independence India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier , which built upon earlier plans created by
2275-457: The ages of 15 to 49 years, as of the year 2020. Article 239 of the Constitution of India provides for the administration of the Union Territories by the President through an administrator. Since 1984 the Governor of Punjab has served concurrently as the administrator of Chandigarh . Gulab Chand Kataria has been the administrator of the union territory since 27 July 2024. Chandigarh, as
2340-571: The capital of Punjab . Partap Singh Kairon , then the Chief Minister of East Punjab , and Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai , then the Chief Secretary of East Punjab, were instrumental in creating Chandigarh as the capital of the state. In 1949, the American planner and architect Albert Mayer was commissioned to design a new city to be called "Chandigarh". The government carved out Chandigarh from about fifty Puadhi -speaking villages in
2405-590: The city after his architect-partner Matthew Nowicki died in a plane crash in 1950. Government officials recruited Le Corbusier to succeed Mayer and Nowicki, who utilised many elements of Mayer's original plan without attributing them to him. Le Corbusier designed many administration buildings, including the High Court, the Palace of Assembly, and the Secretariat Building. Le Corbusier also designed
2470-656: The city and the vicinity by facilitating the growth of the economy, especially in the Services sector. The government is a major employer in Chandigarh, with three governments having their base here, those being the Chandigarh Administration, the Punjab government, and the Haryana government. A significant percentage of Chandigarh's population, therefore, consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service, mainly armed forces. For this reason, Chandigarh
2535-672: The city are food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals, and electrical appliances. The main occupation here is trade and business. However, the Punjab and Haryana High Court , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , the availability of an IT Park, and more than a hundred government schools provide other job opportunities to people. Four major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry, ASSOCHAM India , Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI)
2600-460: The city, with many in each sector, including the historic Mata Basanti Devi Mandir in Sector 24. The temple is dedicated to Goddess Shitala and specially visited by devotees during first Tuesday of Chaitra month after Holi . Chandi Mandir , Mata Mansa Devi Mandir and Mata Jayanti Devi Mandir are important Hindu temples located near Chandigarh. Nada Sahib Gurudwara, a famous place for Sikh worship lies in its vicinity. Apart from this, there are
2665-744: The civic body announced that it would upgrade and renew the 50-year-old sewerage system. The pilot project for the 24x7 water supply is expected to begin in Chandigarh in May 2021, which was initially to start in September 2020 and end in March 2022. On 8 April 2021, the Chandigarh Smart City Ltd (CSCL) board is yet to take the final decision. In 2021, the BJP-ruled corporation had increased the water tariff by 1.5 to 2.5 times. This created
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2730-470: The constitution of India. Article 240 (2) allows implementing tax haven laws in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign tax haven countries. The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in
2795-483: The constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly ( Part VIII ) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states). Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament,
2860-457: The development of Mohali and Panchkula; the "tri-city" metropolitan area has a combined population of over 1,611,770. The city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the country. The union territory has one of the highest Human Development Index among Indian states and territories. In 2015, a survey by LG Electronics ranked it as the happiest city in India on the happiness index. In 2015, an article published by BBC named Chandigarh one of
2925-582: The end of April, which can be heavier sometimes with strong wind and hail if the weather turns colder (during March–April months), which usually proves disastrous to local crops. Cold winds usually tend to come from the Himalayas that lie to the north, which receive snowfall during wintertime. The city experiences the following seasons and the respective average temperatures: Chandigarh has been ranked 27th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India. Most of Chandigarh
2990-566: The few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of combining monumental architecture, cultural growth, and modernisation. The name Chandigarh is a compound of Chandi and Garh . Chandi refers to the Hindu goddess Chandi and Garh means fortress. The name is derived from Chandi Mandir , an ancient temple devoted to Chandi near the city in Panchkula District. The motif or sobriquet of "The City of Beauty"
3055-526: The general layout of the city, dividing it into sectors. Chandigarh hosts the largest of Le Corbusier's many Open Hand sculptures, standing 26 metres high. The Open Hand (La Main Ouverte) is a recurring motif in Le Corbusier's architecture, a sign for him of "peace and reconciliation. It is open to give and open to receive." It represents what Le Corbusier called the "Second Machine Age". Two of
3120-529: The local government. The sitting Councillors were accused of not being found to be approachable when the public needed support. In 2016, Chandigarh was the second cleanest city of India . In 2021, Chandigarh fell 66 positions in the list of cleanest cities in India. The garbage piled up at the Dadu Majra garbage dump site. The city's cleanliness was once a point for the city, and its decline became an important poll issue. Chandigarh has been rated as one of
3185-539: The northern plains, includes a vast area of flat, fertile land. Its northeast covers sections of Bhabar , while the remainder of its terrain is part of the Terai . Its surrounding cities are Mohali , New Chandigarh , Patiala , Zirakpur and Rupnagar in Punjab, and Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana. Chandigarh is situated 44 km (28 miles) north of Ambala , 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar , and 250 km (156 miles) north of Delhi . Chandigarh has
3250-459: The other Ladakh on 31 October 2019. In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and
3315-452: The population is under 6 years of age. The population of Chandigarh formed 0.09 per cent of India in 2011. There has been a substantial decline in the population growth rate in Chandigarh, with just 17.10% growth between 2001 and 2011. Since the 1951–1961 period, the growth rate has decreased from 394.13% to 17.10%, a likely cause being the rapid urbanisation and development in neighbouring cities. The urban population constitutes 97.25% of
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#17327976256663380-414: The present-day state of Punjab , while the eastern and southern Hindi- and Haryanvi -speaking areas became Haryana . Chandigarh ended up being located on the border of the two states, and both of them moved to incorporate the city into their respective territories. However, the city of Chandigarh was controlled directly by the central government and was to serve as the shared capital of the two states until
3445-405: The revenue goes to the union government. Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government. As union territories are directly ruled by the union government , some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states. After the introduction of GST , UT-GST
3510-429: The rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on. These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control. The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states. The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all
3575-664: The six monuments planned in the Capitol Complex which has the High Court, the Assembly, and the Secretariat, remain incomplete. These include Geometric Hill and Martyrs Memorial. Drawings were made, and they were begun in 1956, but they were never completed. The capital city was officially shifted from Shimla to Chandigarh on 21 September 1953, though Chandigarh was formally inaugurated by India's first president, Rajendra Prasad on 7 October 1953. During excavations at
3640-406: The territory of India but not specified in that Schedule. In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories. Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories. Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights (part III) , Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role,
3705-435: The territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired. The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 . Article 366(30) also defines Union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within
3770-407: The then-state of East Punjab, India. Shimla was the temporary capital of the state until Chandigarh was completed. Albert Mayer developed a superblock -based city interspersed with green spaces, with an emphasis on cellular neighbourhoods and traffic segregation. His site plan took advantage of natural land characteristics; the land's gentle grade promoted proper drainage. Mayer stopped his work on
3835-404: The time of the building of the city, some Indus Valley artefacts were discovered, suggesting that the area that is today Chandigarh was home to some settlements of the Indus Valley civilisation . On 1 November 1966, after a long-drawn movement demanding the formation of a Punjabi state, the former state of Punjab was split in two . The western and northern mostly Punjabi -speaking portion became
3900-605: The total and the rural population makes up 2.75%, as there are only a few villages within Chandigarh, situated on its Western and South-Eastern border, and the majority of people live in the heart of Chandigarh. Languages of Chandigarh (2011) English is the sole official language of Chandigarh. The majority of the population speaks Hindi (67.76%) while Punjabi is spoken by 22.02%. Government schools use English, Hindi, and Punjabi textbooks. The percentage of Punjabi speakers has fallen from 36% in 1981 to 22% in 2011, while that of Hindi speakers has increased from 51% to 78%. Hinduism
3965-404: The winter season. The Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh provides a home to a large number of parrots. Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1998. Many trees in Chandigarh are given the status of the natural heritage of the city. The Chandigarh government has identified a list of 31 trees as Heritage Trees. The Department of Forest & Wildlife Chandigarh Administration
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#17327976256664030-403: Was a Punjabi Indian Christian diplomat who served as the Chief Secretary of East Punjab from 1957 to 1962 and the Chief Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir from 1964 to 1966, among holding other government positions in colonial India and independent India. Receiving an education in both India and England, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai was a member of the Indian Civil Service . During his tenure as
4095-504: Was criticised by political parties such as the AAP , the INC and the Akali Dal . Composition of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation after 2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election as of December 2021: The prime responsibilities of the civic body Municipal Corporation Chandigarh , are to ensure cleanliness and sanitation in the city, illumination of street lights, maintenance of parks, and sewerage disposal. The city has both brick and pipe sewers laid in four phases. In September 2020,
4160-438: Was derived from the City Beautiful movement , which was a popular philosophy in North American urban planning during the 1890s and 1900s. Architect Albert Mayer , the initial planner of Chandigarh, lamented the American rejection of City Beautiful concepts and declared, "We want to create a beautiful city..." The phrase was used as a logo in official publications in the 1970s and is now how the city describes itself. As part of
4225-401: Was inevitable, when the choice was put to us in the form of either/or, many of us debated and considered an assessment of the future shape of things. … I myself had no doubt whatever that I would opt for India, and not for Pakistan." In East Punjab in independent India, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai served as the Finance Secretary and later, the Planning and Development Commissioner. He served as
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