30-822: Chang Chenmo River or Changchenmo River is a tributary of the Shyok River , part of the Indus River system. It is at the southern edge of the disputed Aksai Chin region and north of the Pangong Lake basin. The source of Chang Chenmo is near the Lanak Pass in the Chinese-administered region of Kashmir (as part of the Rutog County in Tibet ). The river flows west from Lanak La. At
60-440: A cataract into another becomes the upper fork, and the one it descends into, the lower ; or by relative volume: the smaller stream designated the little fork, the larger either retaining its name unmodified, or receives the designation big . Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river and ending with those nearest to the mouth of the river . The Strahler stream order examines
90-467: A lake . A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean . Tributaries, and the main stem river into which they flow, drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater , leading the water out into an ocean. The Irtysh is a chief tributary of the Ob river and is also the longest tributary river in the world with a length of 4,248 km (2,640 mi). The Madeira River
120-638: A tree data structure . Marsimik La Marsimik La or Marsemik La , also called Lankar La , elevation 5,582 metres (18,314 ft) is a high mountain pass in the Chang Chenmo Range in the Indian union territory of Ladakh , 96 km (60 mi) east of Leh as the crow flies. Ladakh's route to the Chang Chenmo Valley traverses the pass. Marsimik La is located about 20 km (10 mi) northeast of Lukung at
150-406: A West Fork as well (now filled in). Forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here, the handedness is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream. For instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek. These naming conventions are reflective of the circumstances of a particular river's identification and charting: people living along the banks of
180-414: A forking of the stream to the right and to the left, which then appear on their charts as such; or the streams are seen to diverge by the cardinal direction (north, south, east, or west) in which they proceed upstream, sometimes a third stream entering between two others is designated the middle fork; or the streams are distinguished by the relative height of one to the other, as one stream descending over
210-439: A river, with a name known to them, may then float down the river in exploration, and each tributary joining it as they pass by appears as a new river, to be given its own name, perhaps one already known to the people who live upon its banks. Conversely, explorers approaching a new land from the sea encounter its rivers at their mouths, where they name them on their charts, then, following a river upstream, encounter each tributary as
240-443: Is building various roads in this sector and police is setting up the tourist check post. Consequently, tourist will be able to travel up to Tsogatsalu and beyond to Hot Springs via Shyok River-Tsogatsalu-Hot Springs Road as well as via the road from Pangong Tso & 18,314-feet-high Marsimik La (pass) to Tsogtsalo pastureland near the confluence of Rimdi Chu and Chang Chenmo rivers. In the next phase tourists will be able to travel up to
270-615: Is constructing this motorable black-topped road. It used to be a dirt track built earlier in 1983 under the supervision of Everester Sonam Paljore. Marsimik La in Chang-Chemno Mountain Range is 20 km line of sight and 42 km driving distance northwest of the Pangong Tso, and 4 km south of LAC. Since May 2023, India has opened the Changchenmo sector for the tourism, no Inner Line Permit (ILP) are needed, BRO
300-591: Is joined by Silung Barma , Silung Yokma , Kugrang River , Rimdi River , and numerous other streams before flowing into the Shyok River. Changchenmo Range is the name given to the mass of mountains lying between the Chang Chenmo Valley and the Pangong Tso to the south. It has several glaciated spurs which slop down and jut into the northern bank of Pangong Tso, and these spurs are called as
330-533: Is the largest tributary river by volume in the world with an average discharge of 31,200 m /s (1.1 million cu ft/s). A confluence , where two or more bodies of water meet, usually refers to the joining of tributaries. The opposite to a tributary is a distributary , a river or stream that branches off from and flows away from the main stream. Distributaries are most often found in river deltas . Right tributary , or right-bank tributary , and left tributary , or left-bank tributary , describe
SECTION 10
#1732790485939360-509: The Indian subcontinent and Tarim Basin , the British attempted to promote a caravan route via the Chang Chenmo Valley as an alternative to the difficult and tariffed Karakoram Pass . The Maharaja Ranbir Singh at the request of the British made improvements to the trails and facilities of the campsites in Chang Chenmo Valley. Unfortunately, in addition of being longer and higher elevation than
390-589: The Khurnak Plain in the middle of the Pangong Lake. The description of Marsimik La in the Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak (1890) states: This pass, though very high, is by no means difficult in summer. It is free from glaciers, and generally clear of snow during the summer and early autumn. The pass is on the shortest route from Lukung to Kongka Pass area some 45 km (28 mi) away, where
420-403: The Lanak Pass , which lies on a low ridge in the middle of the valley. The southern mountains are much more glaciated than the north and possibly much of Changchenmo's waters are derived from them. The Changchenmo flows on gravel bed for much of its course, described as "stony and bare". Numerous tributary streams flow into it from the north as well as the south, bringing alluvium. Grass grows in
450-769: The fingers . From west to east, these are named as the Finger-1 to Finger-8 . According to the Britannica , the Changchenmo Range and Pangong Range are sometimes considered easternmost part of the Karakoram Range . Prominent features in Changchenmo Range are the Marsimik La , eight "fingers", the Sirijap alluvial plain, Khurnak Plain , etc. In the late 1800s, in order to facilitate trade between
480-592: The "detailed project report" (DPR) to upgrade this road to a single-lane national highway with a 700-metre tunnel. The DPR must be completed in 10 months. The road will be updgraded as per the international standards including "highway design, pavement design, service roads wherever needed, type of intersections, rehabilitation and widening of existing and construction of new bridges and structures, road safety features, quantities of materials, cost estimates, and economic analysis". " Phobrang - Marsimik La -Tsogtsalu-Hot Springs Road" (PMTHR) or "Marsimik La Road" (MLR): BRO
510-497: The China-India Line of Actual Control runs. Within the vicinity of Marsimik La, the line runs at a distance of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the east on a sharp ridgeline. The " Phobrang-Marsimik La-Tsogtsalu-Hot Springs Road " (PMTHR) or "Marsimik La Road" via Phobrang -Marsimik La- Tsogstsalu to Hot Springs , This Marsimik La Road via Lukung to Pamzal, constructed by India's Border Roads Organisation , traverses
540-678: The Hot Springs and the Police Memorial. The Memorial was constructed to commemorate the sacrifice and martyrdom of ten CRPF soldiers killed on 21 October 1959 by the Chinese while they were on a patrol. "Chak Mandir" is a Hindu temple near the Marsimik La which tourist can visit. Tributary A tributary , or an affluent , is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream ( main stem or "parent" ), river, or
570-577: The Karakoram Range in the north and the Changchenmo Range in the south. The depression continues into Tibet, all the way to Yeshil Kul (Bangda Co) and Lake Lighten (Guozha Co) on the Khotan border. The depression is now recognized as a geological fault called the Longmu Co fault , part of the larger Longmu–Guozha Co fault system. The Chang Chenmo River has its origin in a glacier southwest of
600-495: The alluvial beds, which is said to be used by the Ladakhis for autumn grazing. However, there is the ever-present danger of snowfall, which can cover up the grass. Unless the animals can be brought back over the high passes they would be in danger of starvation. In the middle of the Changchenmo valley, a large spur of the Karakoram Range inserts itself, causing the river to zigzag its way through its hills. The Kongka Pass lies on
630-407: The arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third and higher orders, with the first-order tributary being typically the least in size. For example, a second-order tributary would be the result of two or more first-order tributaries combining to form the second-order tributary. Another method is to list tributaries from mouth to source, in the form of a tree structure , stored as
SECTION 20
#1732790485939660-730: The last of these hills. To the west of the spur, the large tributary of the Kugrang River flows into the river. To its east the Kyapsang River does the same. Three prominent grazing grounds are found to the west of the Kongka Pass, viz., Kyam (or Kiam , also called Hot Springs ), Tsolu (or T sogstalu), and Pamzal . Another one called Gogra is to the northwest in the Kugrang River valley, where another tributary called Changlung flows into Kugrang. After Pamzal,
690-628: The middle of its course lies the Kongka Pass , part of the Line of Actual Control between India and China passes. Continuing west, the river enters a deep gorge in the Karakoram Range until it joins the Shyok River in Ladakh . Chang Chenmo means "Great Northern" in Tibetic languages . It is primarily the name of the valley rather than the river. The Chang Chenmo Valley lies in a depression between
720-723: The midpoint. In the United States, where tributaries sometimes have the same name as the river into which they feed, they are called forks . These are typically designated by compass direction. For example, the American River in California receives flow from its North, Middle, and South forks. The Chicago River 's North Branch has the East, West, and Middle Fork; the South Branch has its South Fork, and used to have
750-428: The orientation of the tributary relative to the flow of the main stem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream, that is, facing the direction the water current of the main stem is going. In a navigational context, if one were floating on a raft or other vessel in the main stream, this would be the side the tributary enters from as one floats past; alternately, if one were floating down
780-415: The river enters a narrow gorge through the main Karakoram Range, where it becomes a rapid stream. This part of the valley is not traversable except in winter when the river is frozen. In Chinese-administered Aksai Chin , the Changchenmo is joined by Toglung Marpo , Kyapsang , and Silung Kongma . It crosses the Line of Actual Control to Indian-administered Ladakh near the Kongka Pass . In Ladakh, it
810-618: The tip of Pangong Lake , and 15 km (9 mi) southwest of Pamzal in the Chang Chenmo Valley. The ridge line of Marsimik La divides the basin of the Pangong Lake from the Chang Chenmo River . About 4 km to the east of Marsimik La is another ridge line with the pass Kiu La (also called Kangseng La ). Via this pass lies the Ladakhi route to the valley of Chang Parma (also called Changlung Lungpa), leading to
840-446: The traditional route, this route also goes through the desolate desert of Aksai Chin. By 1890s, traders have mostly given up on this route. At the time, Chang Chenmo valley was also a popular hunting spot for British officers on leave. Since the 1950s, the river is in the disputed territory between China and India . As such, it hosts numerous border outposts from both sides, such as Kongka Pass , Hot Springs , and Tsogstsalu. The region
870-472: The tributary, the main stream meets it on the opposite bank of the tributary. This information may be used to avoid turbulent water by moving towards the opposite bank before approaching the confluence. An early tributary is a tributary that joins the main stem river closer to its source than its mouth, that is, before the river's midpoint ; a late tributary joins the main stem further downstream, closer to its mouth than to its source, that is, after
900-420: Was also the site of numerous tensions in the past, such as the 1959 Kongka Pass incident . "Changchenmo-Tsogtsalu Road" (CTR), 55 km long: India's BRO will complete the construction of the 55 km long road, from the confluence of Changchenmo & Shyok rivers to Tsogtsalu by December 2023 (August 2023 update), to connect the strategic Changchenmo sector. In October 2023, NHIDCL invited proposal to complete
#938061