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102-530: Marian civil war (1568 – 1573) The Chaseabout Raid was a rebellion by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray , against his half sister, Mary, Queen of Scots , on 26 August 1565, over her marriage to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley . The rebels also claimed to be acting over other causes including bad governance, and religion in the name of the Scottish Reformation . As the government and rebel forces moved back and forth across Scotland without fighting,

204-583: A French diplomat who had arrived with munitions, Alexander Master of Livingstone, and an Englishman named Johnson were captured. The Regent Lennox came to view the castle. Verac and the Englishmen were released, Fleming of Boghall was imprisoned, and the Archbishop was taken to Stirling and hanged. In September 1571, cannon from Dumbarton were taken to Edinburgh to use against the Queen's men who had built

306-679: A barricade across the High Street and were holding Edinburgh Castle on behalf of the deposed Queen. Edinburgh Castle was initially delivered by its captain, James Balfour , to the Regent Moray, who appointed Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange as its Keeper. Grange was a trusted lieutenant of the Regent, but after Moray's murder in January 1570 his allegiance to the King's cause wavered. After

408-438: A conference at St Andrews with Argyll and Lord James Stewart, who had been suspected of leanings towards the regent's party since the destruction of the monasteries. Soon afterwards Wishart and William Cunningham of Cunninghamhead were appointed to negotiate with Mary of Guise, on the subject of liberty of worship. A second deputation, of which Wishart was one, failed to obtain more than vague promises, and they proceeded to demand

510-475: A diversionary attack on Merchiston Castle which was being held for the King. The King's party appealed to Elizabeth I of England for assistance, as they lacked the artillery and money required to reduce Edinburgh Castle, and feared that Grange would receive aid from France. Elizabeth sent ambassadors to negotiate, and in July 1572 a truce was agreed and the blockade lifted. The town was effectively surrendered to

612-821: A flood on the way to Callendar . On 31 August, Moray and his supporters arrived in Edinburgh with 1,000 or 1,200 men. The English diplomat Thomas Randolph doubted that this force could withstand the Queen and King's army, as they lacked " harquebusiers ," soldiers with hand-guns. Edinburgh Castle was held for the Queen and began to shoot its cannon at the rebels in the town. The rebel lords left Edinburgh. Mary came back to Edinburgh from Glasgow in early September and retired to Stirling Castle . Moray and his followers contemplated making for Carlisle in England. She visited Glasgow on 8 September, then on 9 September went to St Andrews securing Castle Campbell and Lochleven Castle on

714-589: A force north from Edinburgh with orders to "offend the Forbeses all they can." The Forbes were again defeated when they marched against the Gordons at Aberdeen at the battle of Craibstone on 20 November 1571, and Arthur Forbes was killed. The son of Lord Forbes was imprisoned at Huntly Castle . One of Adam Gordon's men, Captain Thomas Ker, was sent to demand the surrender of Corgarff Castle . Adam ordered

816-729: A great number of Protestants from association openly with the other. She hath sent for the Earl Moray, but the mistrust is so far entered on both sides, that I think it will fall to an evil end, for she hath put the Earl of Moray to the horn (outlawed him) and prohibited all persons to aid him. Nevertheless, the Duke, the Earls of Argyll and Rothes are together with him. The rebels gathered in Ayrshire . Both sides needed money to support their troops in

918-496: A half-brother of Mary, Queen of Scots. Someone told her that Lord John's deathbed wish was that she would become a Protestant. Mary declared without hesitation that this was a lie invented by Wishart and her brother Moray's secretary John Wood . Pitarrow and his wife Janet Falconer dined with the English diplomat Thomas Randolph and the Earl of Moray on 27 February 1564. Pitarrow hoped Mary would marry "a good Christian" and "both

1020-714: A letter to John Knox , who was then at Geneva, inviting him to return to Scotland. During the next few years Wishart continued one of the leading members of the Protestant party in Scotland. On 24 May 1559 they met at Perth to organise resistance to the queen regent Mary of Guise . Wishart and Erskine were chosen to assure her envoys that, while the Lords of the Congregation had no disloyal intentions, but would firmly assert their privileges. On 4 June Wishart and Erskine had

1122-492: A loss of appetite after hearing the news. In Scotland, news and opinion was circulated in the form of printed ballads which satirised the characters and actions of the leaders of the opposing parties. Lord Fleming's defence of Dumbarton for Mary was satirized in a ballad The tressoun of Dumbertane , printed in Edinburgh by Robert Lekprevik in May 1570. The verses, attributed to Robert Sempill , describe Fleming's failed ambush of

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1224-411: A mile from Dumbarton. Crawford marched on the castle before daybreak, first encountering the obstacle of a broken bridge and a scare caused by the sight of a will-o'-the-wisp . While they were helped by the mist, their scaling ladders proved unwieldy. When all was going well, one of the soldiers froze on the ladder and had to be tied to it so the others could pass. At the top of the hill Alexander Ramsay

1326-459: A military expedition in June 1568 called the 'Raid of Dumfries' or 'Raid of Hoddom.' The Regent's army with the royal artillery marched to Biggar , where his allies were commanded to muster on 10 June, and on to Dumfries . Biggar was the home area of Lord Fleming who had declared on behalf of Mary. The King's army was protected by a scouting party led by Alexander Hume of Manderston , the vanguard

1428-547: A number of Lord Maxwell 's supporters surrendered. Moray was responsible for the destruction of Rutherglen castle , which he burned to the ground in 1569 in retribution against the Hamiltons for having supported Mary at Langside. In June 1569 Moray went north to Brechin where he accepted hostages sent by the Earl of Huntly , then on to Aberdeen where he held talks with Huntly himself. At Inverness , on 4 June 1569, Moray met

1530-542: A promise of financial support. Still trying to subvert the Scottish soldiers, he was captured and tortured on the rack. The Scottish soldiers then mutinied until he was released. The King's party also wrote a number of letters and took initiatives to increase their following and secure aid from England. Amidst the opportunities for disinformation , when uncertain news of the capture of Dumbarton reached London in April 1571,

1632-546: A similar custom persisted in the election of Clan Chiefs among the Highlanders or "Old Scots" . The same legend had already been used by Mary's adherents to opposite effect. In December 1569, a supporter of Mary, perhaps John Lesley, had argued that the election of Fergus I and the resultant nature of Scottish kingship meant that the Scottish parliament could not have been competent to accept Mary's abdication. Buchanan's views would later be described as monarchomachic by

1734-505: A sympathiser of the Queen's party, David Chalmers of Ormond published the Histoire Abbregee de tous les Roys de France, Angleterre et Escosse (Paris, 1579). These works, like Buchanan's History of Scotland (1572), retold the stories of ancient Scottish Kings, many mythical who had been deposed justly or unjustly by their subjects, and might be compared with Mary. Both Buchanan and Chambers were patriotic writers and shared

1836-456: A trick or "slight." Broughty was delivered back to the Regent in April 1572. On 24 April 1572, another attempt was made to send soldiers north from Edinburgh to fight for Adam Gordon in the Queen's cause. The men were to have embarked from Blackness Castle but were forced to surrender at Cramond Bridge to a much larger force of horse and foot commanded by the Earl of Morton. Fifteen of the prisoners "denudit of their weapons" were executed, and

1938-491: A view of Scottish kingship drawn largely from myth, that the Scots had been a migrant people from Scythia who had elected their first king, Fergus I , in response to a crisis, 251 years after their arrival in Scotland. The historian Roger A. Mason describes the central premiss of Buchanan's De Jure Regni , which is at odds with ideas of absolute monarchy ; Buchanan expounded a theory of popular sovereignty whose central premiss

2040-533: Is sometimes confused with Henry Echlin of Pittadro , who was at this time the Constable of Edinburgh Castle with William Kirkcaldy of Grange . On 11 July 1573, Wishart was denounced as a rebel for not paying a debt, and his lands and goods conferred on his nephew John Wishart, "son to Mr James Wishart of Balfeith". He was also deprived of his judicial office, but on 18 January 1574 he was reappointed an extraordinary lord of session, and on 20 March took his seat in

2142-514: The Casket letters in England, which were intended to incriminate Mary in the death of Lord Darnley . Moray also raised money in London by selling items from the royal jewels , including what was claimed to be a unicorn horn. Queen Elizabeth and her advisors were at first reluctant to intervene but their actions, and support of Moray, served to prevent reconciliation in Scotland. The Regent Moray

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2244-518: The Duke of Châtelherault . He was however nominated as one of Moray's executors. In 1570 he was protected from debts incurred during his term of office as comptroller by an act of the privy council. In February 1572–3 he was appointed in the pacification between Châtelherault and the Earl of Morton one of the arbitrators to see that the conditions were carried out north of the Tay. As Laird of Pitarrow, he

2346-559: The Duke of Norfolk , on behalf of Queen Elizabeth , agreed to support the Lords of the Congregation with military force. In April the English army reached Edinburgh, and Wishart was prominent in welcoming it and promising co-operation. On 11 April he took part in a conference with the English envoys. Wishart was named one of the commissioners of burghs in the Reformation parliament held at Edinburgh on 1 August 1560. and on 10 Aug. he

2448-575: The Earl of Huntly had met Morton at Aberdour Castle , all Queen Mary's other supporters in Scotland surrendered to Morton except Grange and the Castilians. Grange resolved to continue in the Castle, despite water shortages. With him remained William Maitland of Lethington , Mary's former secretary, his brother John Maitland, Alexander Lord Home , Robert Melville of Murdocairnie , Robert Crichton Bishop of Dunkeld , Robert Logan of Restalrig , and

2550-593: The Earl of Huntly , fought for the Queen. Regent Mar encouraged the Clan Forbes who had long feuded with the Gordons in Aberdeenshire to fight for him. Gordon's force was attacked by the Forbes, commanded by Black Arthur Forbes, at the battle of Tillieangus on 10 October 1571, and the Forbes were defeated. Mar sent an army commanded by Captains Chisholm and Wedderburn northwards, and the Earl of Huntly sent

2652-411: The battle of Corrichie , near Aberdeen, on 5 November 1562, by his services against the followers of the Earl of Huntly . In the parliament held at Edinburgh on 5 June 1563 he was one of those appointed to determine who should be included in the act of oblivion for offences committed between 6 March 1558 and 1 September 1560. John Knox told a story about the last words of Lord John Stewart in 1563,

2754-400: The "Castilians" demolished more houses from February 1572 onwards. The timber from the houses was used as fuel that was needed because the King's forces had sabotaged the coal mines, but the demolitions continued into the summer. The Castilians seem to have been trying to extort loans from the wealthy burgesses who had resorted to Leith, and as many as 50 houses were dismantled by the "Captain of

2856-645: The Burgh of Edinburgh after Mary promised the town rights over Leith , the neighbouring port town. The comptroller of the Scottish exchequer , John Wishart of Pitarrow , had sided with the rebellion and was replaced by William Murray of Tullibardine . The Provost of Edinburgh was also removed and Simon Preston of Craigmillar , a friend of Mary put in his place. Mary restored the honours of Lord Gordon as Earl of Huntly to ensure his support. The English diplomat Thomas Randolph claimed thieving and murder were rife, William Murray's lands were raided by Highlanders. Mary

2958-616: The Captain of Biggar , and Lord Sempill , who stocked the castle with provisions from the surrounding countryside. It was rumoured that armed support for Mary would land there; in December 1569, William Drury , Marshall of Berwick , heard that the Spanish Duke of Alva was sending troops there from Flanders. The Regent Moray declared that he would explore all means to take the Castle and would have taken it in May 1569, if he had then

3060-476: The Castle from France and George, Lord Seton , negotiated for support with Duke of Alba in the Spanish Netherlands . In July 1571, John Chisholm , controller of the royal artillery, was captured after setting out from Dieppe with money from the exiled Bishop of Glasgow , cannonballs of four different calibres, and pikes . He was arrested by Patrick, Lord Lindsay , but managed to pass some of

3162-419: The Castle's Governor, Henry Echlin of Pittadro. The garrison continued to bombard the town, killing a number of citizens. They also made sorties to set fires, burning 100 houses in the town, and then firing on anyone attempting to put out the flames. Some townspeople, like Robert Moubray moved to Leith, and set up an alternative Edinburgh burgh council there. On 17 April, Lord Ruthven finalised terms with

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3264-471: The Chimneys." Grange was more successful in raising money from loans on the security of the crown jewels, which were "laid in wed and pledge" with wealthy merchants and aristocratic allies. Subsequently, an inquest found that two merchants who loaned large sums to the Queen's party had been personal friends of Moray and John Knox . Meanwhile, in the north of Scotland, Adam Gordon of Auchindoun , brother of

3366-578: The Countess, who had previously sought refuge in Scotland, to France. The Historie and Life of James the Sext recorded what must have been a popular account of the mission to the Duke of Alba. Seton tried to convince him to provide an army of 10,000 men by persuading Scottish soldiers fighting against Spain in the Netherlands to change sides. However, Alba could not spare the men, and Seton only received

3468-648: The English arrived on 18 May, and returned to their homelands, the Hamiltons to Arran and Craignethan Castle , and Drury attempted a siege of Dumbarton Castle. For Elizabeth's foreign policy this intervention had the effect of making France and Spain less likely to offer tangible pro-Marian support. After the Rising of the North and the discovery of the Ridolfi plot which further damaged Mary's reputation, Regent Mar and James Douglas, Earl of Morton were able to broker

3570-732: The English at Flodden . Drury's men built a battery on the Castle Hill, facing its eastern defences, and five other batteries to the north, west, and south. Some of the trenches were made by a Scottish workforce directed by their overseer John Scarlat. Scarlat, a stone mason, was killed while working in the trenches, and Regent Morton gave his widow Marion Ellane an income to support her four children. The cannon emplacements were fortified with gabions , baskets of stone made from "rysse" (willow twigs and brushwood) brought from Haddingtonshire and West Lothian to Greyfriar's Port. Three Scottish cannon were brought from Stirling Castle by boat on

3672-641: The English commander William Drury , Marshall of Berwick , at Lamberton Kirk to bring an English army and artillery to take the castle. There was a list of those who should be taken prisoner and handed over by the English to be tried by the laws of Scotland, including the leading Castilians and the negotiator Henry Echlin . By 20 April, a force of around 1,000 English troops, led by William Drury , arrived in Edinburgh. They were followed by 27 cannon from Berwick-upon-Tweed , including one that had been cast within Edinburgh Castle and previously captured by

3774-475: The English commander William Drury . Another ballad, an Answeir to the Englisch Ballad , criticised Regent Mar, the Earl of Morton and colleagues for the rendition of the Earl of Northumberland to England after the Rising of the North ; Thocht sum have playit Judas' pairt, In selling gud Northumberland, Quhy sould the whoill, for thair desert, That faine wald have that fact withstand? Or yit

3876-399: The English diplomat Thomas Randolph reported John Lesley pretending that Dunbar Castle had fallen, a fortress-port on the opposite coast of Scotland which had little significance in the war since Moray's parliament had ordered it to be demolished in December 1567. The Earl of Shrewsbury wrote that Mary herself seemed to discount the loss of Dumbarton in her conversation, but had suffered

3978-455: The Forth, supervised by Michael Gardiner , and a small "yetling" gun from Tantallon Castle , and Edinburgh castle's well (outside near Princes's Street Gardens) was poisoned. Morton gave the workers who made gabions a bonus drinksilver payment after the castle surrendered. Grange's sister became ill, and he requested that she be allowed to leave the castle. Morton refused. By 17 May 1573

4080-664: The French ambassadors. Moray had hoped his pregnant wife Agnes Keith would join him in England, sailing in Charles Wilson's ship. She stayed in St Andrews , and had their eldest daughter, Elizabeth, later Countess of Moray . It was said that Mary and Darnley's relationship decayed after the Chaseabout Raid, or "Journey of Dumfreis". Darnley became jealous of David Rizzio who had a role in brokering pardons for

4182-589: The Highland and island chiefs along with the Earls of Caithness and Sutherland and Lord Lovat . His secretary, John Wood , said that "such a power had seldom been seen there"; Moray wrote that "the journey is to put down troubles in the north." The supporters of the exiled Queen were in possession of Dumbarton Castle , a fortress and port that commanded the Clyde . The castle was held for Mary by Lord Fleming, helped by other "Queen's men" including his relation,

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4284-399: The King's party, with Grange confined to the castle. The truce expired on 1 January 1573 and Grange began bombarding the town. His supplies of powder and shot, however, were running low, and despite having 40 cannon available, there were only seven gunners in the garrison. The King's forces, under the new Regent, the Earl of Morton, progressed plans for a siege. Trenches were dug to surround

4386-640: The Quarry Holes (where present-day Easter Road meets Abbey Mount). Morton's men pursued them back to the Water Gate at the eastern end of the Canongate. In July, the King's men garrisoned the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Grange responded on 25 July by placing guns in an entrenchment at the "Black Friar Yard" (the modern High School Yards) to shoot at the palace. Attempts were made to supply Grange and

4488-477: The Saxt tells this part of the story differently, having Douglas and Drumquhassle setting out to recruit the former member of the garrison whose name was Robesoun. The Privy Council of the Regent adopted the plan for a small-scale assault, to be led by Thomas Crawford of Jordanhill , and set the date for this as 1 April. Crawford only informed his men of their objective the night before the attack, at Dumbuck Hill ,

4590-426: The Scottish jurist William Barclay . James VI rejected Buchanan's position and attempted to have his works censored. In September 1583, he dismissed advice given by Francis Walsingham in person, saying he was an "absolute King." Contemporary Marian writers, including Adam Blackwood, argued that Buchanan's views reflected more the conditions and institutions of Ancient Rome rather than Scotland at any period, and that

4692-406: The assassination of David Rizzio on 9 March 1566 and the alienation of Mary from Darnley enabled him to return. He received a royal pardon on 21 March, but he did not recover the office of comptroller, which was held by William Murray of Tullibardine . In 1567 he joined the confederacy against the Earl of Bothwell , and on 25 July subscribed the articles in the general assembly. On 19 November he

4794-476: The banishment of her French supporters from the kingdom. Finding it impossible to gain satisfactory assurances from her, the protestant lords met at Edinburgh in October and elected a council of authority, to which Wishart was chosen. They drew up a manifesto in which it was declared that Mary of Guise had forfeited the office of Regent. In February 1560 he attended as commissioner the convention of Berwick , where

4896-446: The batteries were ready, and the bombardment began, lasting 12 days with the guns expending around 3,000 shots. The castle guns returned fire with "hot shooting". Grange's allies sent coded letters into the castle attached to arrows. Drury's men found a letter and were able to decipher it. The letter described the strength of the English force, and suggested a counter-attack. On 21 May Drury had to encourage his terrified gunners by firing

4998-561: The cannon on Inchkeith and returned to Berwick-upon-Tweed . Jenkynson intended to prevent Lord Seton bringing more munitions for Mary from France. Tents, called "palyeonis" in the Scots language , were sent from Edinburgh to Mary's troops in Nithsdale and Annandale . According to George Buchanan , the Queen's cause was aided by John Maxwell, 4th Lord Herries of Terregles who changed sides. Moray failed to gather significant support and

5100-515: The cannon were deployed, and Annan where he rendezvoused with Lord Scrope , the Captain of Carlisle Castle , to discuss border matters. Scrope estimated the Regent's army at 6,000 men. He then returned to Carlisle where he saw Queen Mary's servants play football on 14 June. Moray then took Lochmaben Castle , which the Laird of Drumlanrig was left to hold, and then captured Lochwood and Lochhouse before returning to Edinburgh via Peebles . At Dumfries,

5202-451: The cannons himself. David's Tower fell on 23 May. On 26 May, the English attacked and captured the Spur, the outer fortification of the castle. The following day, Grange emerged from the castle, having called a ceasefire to allow a surrender to be negotiated. When it was made clear that he would not be allowed to go free even after a surrender, Grange resolved to continue the resistance, but

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5304-447: The capture of Dumbarton Castle by the King's men in April 1571, Grange changed sides, occupying the castle and town for Queen Mary against the new Regent, the Earl of Lennox . There now followed what became known as the "Lang Siege", from the Scots word for "long". On 2 March 1571, William Kirkcaldy organised a military exercise , with some of his troops pretending to be an English army attacking Edinburgh Castle. Hostilities began at

5406-471: The castle and St Margaret's Well, one of its main sources of water, was poisoned with white arsenic, lime, and rotten meat. The surveyor of Berwick, Rowland Johnson, and the Master Gunner, John Fleming, made plans to place cannon to bombard the castle. Peace talks involving the English diplomat Henry Killigrew and the Queen's party resulted in the "Pacification of Perth" on 15 February 1573, and after

5508-399: The castle to be burnt with its occupants, thirty-eight members of the family including Margaret Forbes, Lady Towie. This incident is recalled in "The ballad of Edom o’Gordon ." Gordon then marched on Montrose and forced the town to submit to him and give him £2000 and two tuns of wine. Also at this time Broughty Castle was captured by a Queen's man, the Laird of Parbroath , apparently by

5610-571: The castle. Randolph noted that Drury and Archibald were involved in the sale of Mary's jewels for cash and loans raised against them. The goldsmiths James Mosman and James Cockie valued the jewels and managed the loans. The goldsmiths' receipts and Grange's accounts regarding Mary's jewels survived the siege. Drury took the chest of remaining jewels from the castle to Leith after the siege, and most of Mary's jewels were returned to him and Mr Archibald Douglas there. Regent Moray and his secretary John Wood tried to gain English support by producing

5712-525: The common amity of both the realms; whereunto for sundry respects it seemeth convenient for us to have regard. The Duke, the Earls of Argyll, Moray, and Rothes with sundry barons are joined together, not to allow of the mariage otherwise than to have the Religion established by law, but the Queen refuseth in this sort, she will not suffer it to have the force of law, but of permission to every man to live according to his conscience; and herewith she hath retained

5814-413: The conflict became known as the "chase about raid." Queen Mary's forces were superior and the rebel lords fled to England where Queen Elizabeth censured the leader. There were fears that Mary's marriage to Darnley signaled a return to Roman Catholicism . Moray is reported to have declared that he aimed at nothing else than "the maintenance of the true religion." The group of nobles and lairds opposing

5916-465: The countrey beir the blame? Let thame that sauld him have the schame. Mar, and the divelishe Douglassis, And namelie, Morton and Lochlevin, (Robert Douglas of Lochleven) Mackgill and Orknay, Scottisch assis, ( Adam Bothwell , Bishop of Orkney )) And Cleisch quhom to the gold wes gevin, (Robert Colville of Cleish) Dunfermling that the py prepaird, ( Robert Pitcairn , Commendator of Dunfermline : "pie prepared" plotted) And lowse Lindsay quho

6018-621: The deployment of an English army against Mary's supporters at Edinburgh Castle. The English diplomat Henry Killigrew worked on the reconciliation of the Scottish nobility at Perth in February 1572, where many promised not to support Mary as Queen. The fall of Edinburgh Castle concluded the civil war. Mary's secretary, John Lesley , Bishop of Ross maintained a daily correspondence to canvass for her release and enlist support for her cause. George Seton, 7th Lord Seton made unsuccessful attempts to acquire Spanish soldiers to fight in Scotland. Seton

6120-429: The elective aspect of Scotland's monarchy ended with the initial binding oath of allegiance of the Scottish people to Fergus I and his successors. Potter, Harry, Edinburgh Under Siege 1571–1573 (Tempus, 2003) John Wishart of Pitarrow Sir John Wishart of Pitarrow (died 1585) was a Scottish lawyer, courtier, comptroller of the exchequer, and rebel. He was the eldest son of James Wishart of Cairnbeg in

6222-535: The end of April, after Grange arrested the Provost of Edinburgh , James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour . The period is sometimes called the "War between Leith and Edinburgh" because the Earl of Morton and the King's army based themselves in Leith . On 22 April two Marian supporters, Arthur Hamilton of Merrynton and Alexander Baillie of Lamington , captured the king's tailor James Inglis near St Cuthbert's Church . He

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6324-566: The execution of Queen Mary, Adam Blackwood wrote the Martyre de la Royne d'Escosse, Douairiere de France (1587) which painted an unflattering picture of Regent Moray as a scheming fox and of Regent Morton, who he said was cursed by his own father as an infant after eating a toad. The late 16th-century narrative Historie of King James Sext , a major source for the civil war, sometimes attributed to John Colville (first published selectively in 1706 by David Crawford of Drumsoy and in full in 1804)

6426-470: The fall of Dumbarton. According to his account, a soldier of the garrison deserted after Lord Fleming had had his wife whipped as a thief. The deserter met Robert Douglas, a relation of the Regent Lennox, and John Cunningham of Drumquhassle and discussed with them ways of capturing the castle. The deserter promised to take the castle with a small band of soldiers. The chronicle Historie of King James

6528-546: The field. Nicolas Elphinstone is said to have obtained £10,000 from England for the rebels. An English diplomat, John Tamworth , brought 3,000 crowns which was delivered to the Countess of Moray . Mary tried to pawn some of her jewels in Edinburgh for 2,000 English marks , but no-one would lend this sum. Mary spoke to the rich burgesses of Edinburgh, asking for loans to crush the rebellion. Six leading merchants were imprisoned till they obliged. Mary discussed her response to

6630-401: The garrison threatened to mutiny. Grange negotiated for Drury and his men to come into the castle on 28 May, surrendering to the English rather than to Regent Morton. The Privy Council made a proclamation that none should trouble the "gentlewomen and other women" who were in the castle, or those offering them hospitality. Drury paid Scottish labourers a bawbee for each cannon-ball dug out of

6732-474: The money to Grange. Although Chisholm was taken at North Queensferry it was thought he had intended to capture Tantallon Castle , linking up with Mary's supporters who unsuccessfully attacked the castle on 2 July 1571. At this time, Grange began to the demolish houses at the top of the Canongate close to the Netherbow Port (town gate), to create an open killing ground. Grange's men, now being called

6834-414: The opportunity to take his army west; "Towards Dumbarton, I leif na moyen unsocht to obteyn it, and doubt not, befoir May to have had the same, gif I mycht have reparit to the west countrie my selff." The Spanish troops did not materialise, but the "King's men" did not take Dumbarton Castle until April 1571. George Buchanan , a contemporary historian and polemicist for the King's party gave an account of

6936-588: The parish of Fordoun in Aberdeenshire . His grandfather, James Wishart of Pittarrow had been clerk of the justiciary court and king's advocate. John succeeded his uncle, John Wishart, in the lands and barony of Pittarrow in 1545. Pittarrow is also often spelled "Pitarro". On 14 March 1557 he joined Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll , Alexander Cunningham, 5th Earl of Glencairn , the Lord James Stewart , and John Erskine of Dun , in signing

7038-490: The privy council. Wishart died on 25 September 1576. He married Janet Falconer, sister of Sir Alexander Falconer of Halkerton in Kincardineshire , they had no children. He was succeeded in his estates by his nephew John Wishart, eldest son of James Wishart of Balfeith. In 1573 John Davidson dedicated to Wishart his poem on Knox, Ane Brief Commendatiovn of Vprichtnes . The English ambassador Thomas Randolph had

7140-456: The realms to live in friendship". Between 1557 and July 1565 he grants of lands in Aberdeenshire and Kincardine. But his fortunes met with a sudden reverse. According to Knox, the queen hated him "because he flattered her not in her dancing and other things". In August 1565 he joined the Earl of Moray in opposing Mary's marriage with Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley . He was denounced as a rebel, and compelled to fly to England, where he remained until

7242-444: The rebellion was easily crushed by Mary, forcing Moray to flee. This was a victory for Mary, although she had not confronted and defeated the rebels forces. On 19 October, Randolph described her return to Edinburgh, the "Queen is nowe retorned from her paynefull and greate jornaye. She roode farre with great expedition, myche troble of the whole countrie, and found not them whome she soughte, when she cam to her jornies ende". Most of

7344-452: The rebellion with Michel de Castelnau , the French ambassador in London, who came to Edinburgh and had audiences with her in the garden of Holyroodhouse . Mary and Darnley issued a letter calling for armed support to come to Edinburgh on 25 August. They set out from Holyrood to Linlithgow and Stirling on 26 August 1565, to move to Glasgow and confront the rebel force. Her cannon followed, brought by John Chisholm , who had obtained funds from

7446-543: The rebels including Moray and Châtellerault crossed the border at Carlisle, then made their way to Newcastle upon Tyne , but the Earl of Argyll stayed in Scotland in his western lands. Moray decided to go to London, and got as far as Royston in Hertfordshire , until he received a letter from Elizabeth I of England to stop as he was not invited and a rebel against his own queen. He was then brought to Westminster on 23 October 1565 to explain himself to Elizabeth and

7548-563: The rebels, including Moray. Elizabeth told Moray that "itt were no Prince's part to think well of your doinges, ... and, she wolde putt allso her helping hande too make them to understand the dutye which the subject owght to bear towarddes the Prynce." Moray declared he had not intended anything to the danger of Mary's person. Moray stayed in England at Newcastle over the winter and returned to Scotland on 10 March 1566. Mary had summoned him for trial, and David Rizzio had just been murdered. Moray

7650-417: The reformed clergy, many of whom resented the scantiness of their stipends. According to Knox, the saying was current, "The good laird of Pittarro was ane earnest professour of Christ; but the mekle Devill receave the comptrollar". Wishart appointed a kinsman George Wishart of Drymme as a sub-collector, and his account includes payments made by Mary to Knox and his servants. Wishart distinguished himself at

7752-518: The remaining five men were taken to Leith and hanged. According to the anti-Morton chronicle Historie of James the Sext , this "forme of law" was called the "Dowglas Warres." Adam Gordon was besieging the House of Glenbervie in the Mearns in July 1572, when he encountered and defeated the King's army at Brechin . Archibald Douglas received money from Flanders for the garrison of Edinburgh Castle. He

7854-410: The rest of the army wore jacks which were usual worn in Scotland. In York, Thomas Gargrave heard that Mary's forces had "500 hagbushes (hand-guns) and certain field peices: the others hath neither shot nor ordinance, nor any better holds than their dwelling houses". The rebels left Hamilton, and Mary's force, nearby, turned to follow them and in stormy weather several of her followers were drowned in

7956-600: The rubble of the castle. The crown jewels or Honours of Scotland were found in a chest in a "cave" or cellar. The keeping of Edinburgh Castle was handed over to George Douglas of Parkhead , the Regent's brother, and most of the garrison were allowed to go free. The defeated Marian leaders were held briefly in Robert Gourlay's house , and then taken to Dury's lodging in Leith. After a week he handed them to Regent Morton. William Kirkcaldy of Grange, his brother James, with

8058-524: The rumours were spread by the Queen's party to discredit Moray and Argyll. After the wedding, Moray's faction assembled at Glasgow in July, and Duke and the earls met up at Dunoon Castle in Argyll in August 1565. The English politician William Cecil gave a summary of the causes and situation in a letter: In the mean time, troubles arise there betwixt her and the Earl of Moray and others being friendly to

8160-488: The text of the casket letters. Later histories retained the bias of the antagonists. In France in these years, despite much sympathy for Mary in Catholic court and Guisian circles, there were no publications in her support, probably because it was foreseen they would damage diplomatic relations with England. The first printed work to champion her cause was the anonymous L'Innocence de Marie Roine d'Ecosse (Reims, 1573). This

8262-607: The tolbooth. The blockade of the castle and skirmishing continued. On 2 June 1571 soldiers from the Edinburgh castle were in the grounds of Craigmillar Castle . Captain Melville was fatally injured when a barrel of gunpowder exploded. There was a struggle at the Gallow Hill of Leith (modern Shrubhill) on 10 June 1571. On 26 June, known subsequently as "Black Saturday", the Earl of Morton brought his soldiers to Hawkhill at Restalrig , which provoked Grange to bring his men out to

8364-584: The two jewellers James Mosman and James Cockie who had been minting coins in Mary's name inside the castle, were hanged at the Cross in Edinburgh on 3 August. Ten years after these events, the English diplomat Thomas Randolph wrote to Francis Walsingham to certify that Drury had found Mr Archibald Douglas a "fit instrument" to secretly negotiate with Grange, William Maitland of Lethington , Robert Melville , and others, especially to persuade them to surrender

8466-406: The way. She went on to Dundee and Perth, then back to Glasgow. Moray's supporters retreated to Dumfries. On 10 September they sent Robert Melville to ask Elizabeth I of England for guns, money, troops, support from Lord Scrope at Carlisle, and naval assistance in the Forth. The English ship, The Aide captained by Anthony Jenkinson arrived in the Forth on 25 September, but was bombarded by

8568-403: The wedding now included the Duke of Châtelherault , the Earls of Argyll , Glencairn , and Rothes , and several lairds from Fife and Ayrshire. He had the support of John Knox . There were rumours of a plot to kidnap Mary and Darnley in June as they were travelling near Loch Leven . They would be imprisoned at St Andrews Castle and Castle Campbell . It was unclear if there was a real plot, or

8670-727: Was a response to the publication in London of a French version of George Buchanan's arguments against Mary, the Histoire de Marie Royne d'Ecosse & l'Aduterie commis avec le Comte de Bothwell , and L'Innocence sought to discredit the late Regent Moray's actions and his faction in Scotland. L'Innocence , however only ran to two editions. A French Protestant, Huguenot, response came later with Le Reveille-Matin , attributed to Nicolas Barnaud and printed in Latin, Dutch and German and French in 1575. This work situated Mary with her Guise relatives and vilified them and called for her execution. After

8772-401: Was anxious for her crown, and wrote from Glasgow to Philip II of Spain , for help. She sent the letter with an English servant of Darnley, possibly Anthony Standen or his brother. Thomas Randolph heard, but was sceptical, that Mary herself carried a pistol in her hand near while riding near Hamilton . Only one of one her ladies in waiting followed her. Darnley wore a "gylte corslet ", while

8874-508: Was appointed a commissioner to value ecclesiastical property, with a view to compelling the clergy to surrender a third of their revenues for the support of the royal household. On 8 February 1562 he was knighted on the occasion of the marriage of the Earl of Mar and Annabell Murray . On 1 March he was appointed comptroller and collector-general of teinds, He became a member of the privy council . where, however, he had sat as early as 6 December 1560. In this capacity he became paymaster of

8976-433: Was appointed an extraordinary lord of session, and in October 1568 accompanied the regent Moray to York to support his charges against Mary. He preserved his loyalty during the Earl of Huntly's rebellion in 1568, and was appointed an arbitrator in regard to the compensation to be made to those who had suffered by it. Before Moray's assassination in January 1570, however, he had left his party, and attached himself to that of

9078-585: Was assassinated in January 1570 by a member of the Hamilton family. Elizabeth sent an army into Scotland in May 1570, which reached Glasgow, where the Queen's party were besieging Glasgow Castle . The army was commanded by the Earl of Sussex from Berwick, its leader in Scotland was William Drury , styled "Captain General." The Earl of Lennox was in their company, arriving at Edinburgh on 14 May 1570. The Marian lords abandoned their siege of Glasgow Castle before

9180-519: Was captured in April 1572, with a number of letters in cipher code , which the king's party deciphered. Douglas was a double agent and the cipher letters were obtained as a ruse devised with William Drury. Niddry Castle , about 11 miles west of Edinburgh, was held for the Queen by Lord Seton . According to the Historie of James the Sext , when Niddry was attacked, in April and June 1572, the garrison of Edinburgh Castle supported Niddry by carrying out

9282-415: Was chosen a temporal lord of the articles. This parliament ratified the confession of faith. The government of the state in the interval between the death of the queen regent and the arrival of Mary, Queen of Scots was entrusted to a body of fourteen chosen from twenty-four persons nominated by parliament, of whom six, including Wishart, were selected by the nobility, and eight by Mary. On 24 January 1562 he

9384-543: Was commanded by the Earl of Morton and Lord Hume . Behind was the "carriage", namely the artillery train, followed by Moray himself. The Laird of Cessford followed, and the army was flanked by the scouting parties of the lairds of the Merse and Buccleuch . Along the way Moray captured castles belonging to Mary's supporters, including Lord Fleming's castle of Boghall, as well as Skirling Castle, Crawford Castle , Sanquhar Castle , Kenmure Castle , and Hoddom Castle , where

9486-444: Was first over the inner wall. Three garrison sentinels spotted him and his two companions and pelted them with rocks, but Alexander killed them. Behind Alexander, the old wall collapsed, allowing the rest of the King's men to enter. According to Buchanan, they shouted "A Darnley, A Darnley," and the garrison scattered. Lord Fleming escaped, but John Fleming, Captain of Boghall (or Biggar), John Hamilton , Archbishop of St Andrews , Verac

9588-545: Was followed by a month-long siege of the town of Edinburgh by the King's party, and a short second siege in October. On 13 May, the King's men built a small artillery redoubt for three cannon on the "Dow Craig" of the Calton Hill above Trinity College Kirk , which was attacked the same night. The King's party gathered in the Canongate in a meeting known as the "creeping parliament", from their attempts to assemble inconspicuously, on 14–16 May, while Mary's supporters met in

9690-429: Was given a commission by the Duke of Châtellerault, the Earl of Huntly and the Earl of Argyll to treat with the Duke of Alba , Viceroy of Lower Germany , as Mary's ambassador in August 1570. Seton became involved with Elizabeth's exiles. In September 1570, Lord Morley met him in the household of Katherine Neville, Countess of the exiled Earl of Northumberland at Bruges . Seton told Morley that he had come to escort

9792-675: Was his gaird, These onlie wer the Judassis. The ballad accurately identified Robert Colville of Cleish as the principle broker for delivering Northumberland to Berwick and his subsequent execution. After the Ridolphi plot was made public in 1571, George Buchanan's short anti-Marian narrative, describing the murder of Lord Darnley , the Detectio , Ane Detectioun , and Detection of Mary Stewart were published in London and St Andrews in Latin and Scots . The Detection included some of

9894-424: Was imprisoned there by Queen Elizabeth I . The Earl of Moray was Regent of Scotland and ruled with a council of regency. Mary had depended on the support of the Hamilton family at Langside, and existing rivalries with Hamiltons partly determined who came to join her side. Other supporters of the Queen objected to Moray as a ruler. Moray moved against the supporters of Queen Mary in their south-west power base with

9996-584: Was reconciled with Mary and back on the Scottish Privy Council by 29 April 1566. The rebels at Dumfries justified their cause by listing their complaints against Mary and her rule, which were sent to England in the hope of gaining recognition and support. These included specific details of the finance of the Church of Scotland , and were, in summary; Marian civil war The supporters of Queen Mary had popular international support for what

10098-534: Was returning from Stirling Castle, where he had been fitting the king's clothes. Inglis was released two days later after the Deacon of Crafts had spoken with Kirkcaldy. Kirkcaldy now began to strengthen the castle defences and work began on the spur fortification . The first clash of arms came in May 1571 with a chance encounter at the "Lousie-Law", a hill on the Burgh Muir within sight of Edinburgh Castle. This

10200-696: Was seen as the legitimate cause of supporters of an unjustly deposed monarch. The King's party claimed that their cause was a war of religion, like that in France , and that they were fighting for the Protestant cause . Mary had escaped from her imprisonment in Lochleven Castle to join her main supporters in the west of Scotland, but they were defeated at the Battle of Langside by her half-brother James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray . Mary fled to England and

10302-517: Was sympathetic to the Hamiltons and hostile to the Regents. After the civil had ended, and while Mary remained captive, full-length books were published, not only setting out the context and events of the struggle, but examining the historical and theoretical aspects of monarchical rule in Scotland. George Buchanan wrote De Jure Regni apud Scotos (The Law of Kingship Amongst the Scots) (1579) and, as

10404-613: Was that kings were appointed by the people to perform on their behalf a set of well-defined functions. It followed that if they failed to carry out their duties satisfactorily, thereby breaking the contract entered into by terms of their coronation oath, the people had the right to depose them in favour of someone more able to fulfil the duties of the royal office. Monarchy, in short, was an elective form of government and kings were accountable to those who elected them. Buchanan wrote that "wicked kings, so often as they intended tyranny over their subjects, were restrained" insisting that in his day

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