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98-473: A Chauka system is a method for harvesting rainwater , typically used in arid areas that are subject to monsoon rains. Chauka comes from the Hindi word for square. The system consists of square shaped embankments . On three sides there are nine inch walls and one side is left open to allow rainwater to fill the structure. As one structure fills, then the overflow fills the next chauka and so on. Retaining

196-578: A central location in the densely populated region of the west-central European megalopolis . Thereby, along with a strong rail and motorway connection, the airport serves as a major transport node for the greater region, less than two hours by ground to Cologne , the Ruhr Area , and Stuttgart . On 16 November 1909, the world's first airline was founded in Frankfurt am Main: The Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft ( DELAG ). DELAG then built

294-438: A cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall , enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs, enough

392-586: A city district of Frankfurt named Frankfurt-Flughafen , are surrounded by the Frankfurt City Forest . The southern portion of the airport grounds extend partially into the towns of Rüsselsheim am Main and Mörfelden-Walldorf , and a western portion of the grounds lie within the town of Kelsterbach . The airport is centrally located in the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main region , Germany's third-largest metropolitan region , which itself has

490-575: A feasible option for rural areas since less material is required to construct them. They can provide a reliable water source that can be utilized to expand agricultural outputs. Above-ground tanks can collect water for domestic use ; however, such units can be unaffordable to people in poverty. Rainwater harvesting is a widely used method of storing rainwater in countries presenting with drought characteristics. Several pieces of research have derived and developed different criteria and techniques to select suitable sites for harvesting rainwater. Some research

588-604: A freight throughput of 2.076 million metric tonnes in 2015 and is the busiest airport in Europe by cargo traffic . As of 2022, Frankfurt Airport serves 330 destinations in 5 continents, making it the airport with the most direct routes in the world. The southern side of the airport ground was home to the Rhein-Main Air Base , which was a major air base for the United States from 1947 until 2005, when

686-574: A large cistern dating back to around 2500 BC was discovered that had a capacity of nearly 1,700 m (60,000 cu ft). It was carved out of a solid rock, lined with large stones, and sealed with clay to keep it from leaking. The Greek island of Crete is also known for its use of large cisterns for rainwater collection and storage during the Minoan period from 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Four large cisterns have been discovered at Myrtos-Pyrgos , Archanes , and Zakroeach. The cistern found at Myrtos-Pyrgos

784-664: A local village development organisation GVNML , working in the area of Natural Resource Management, has been responsible for its uptake among local villages. Rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households, having been used in South Asia and other countries for many thousands of years. Installations can be designed for different scales, including households, neighborhoods, and communities, and can also serve institutions such as schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. Rooftop rainwater harvesting

882-432: A methodology for rainwater harvesting, and found that the building design (e.g., dimensions) and function (e.g., educational, residential, etc.) play critical roles in the environmental performance of the system. To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems, a new metric was developed – the demand to supply ratio (D/S) – identifying the ideal building design (supply) and function (demand) in regard to

980-476: A new terminal ( Terminal 2 ) began because it was anticipated that Terminal Mitte would reach its capacity limit sooner than expected. The new terminal, divided into concourses D and E, was built to the east of the existing terminal where once the Empfangsanlage Ost had been. With its opening in 1994, Frankfurt Airport increased its terminal capacity to 54 million passengers per year. Along with

1078-448: A professional from outside the community are more friendly to the environment and more likely to benefit the local people for a longer period of time. Thus, rainwater harvesting systems that could be installed and maintained by local people have bigger chances to be accepted and used by more people. The usage of in-situ technologies can reduce investment costs in rainwater harvesting. In-situ technologies for rainwater harvesting could be

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1176-440: A rainwater collection system based on man-made insulated collection wells. Water percolated down the specially designed stone flooring, and was filtered by a layer of sand, then collected at the bottom of the well. Later, as Venice acquired territories on the mainland, it started to import water by boat from local rivers. Still, the wells remained in use and were especially important in times of war when an enemy could block access to

1274-642: A rapid boom in civilian air travel started, and soon the airship base became too small to handle the demand. Plans for a new and larger airport located in the Frankfurt City Forest southwest of Schwanheim were approved in 1930 but were not realized due to the Great Depression . After the Machtergreifung in 1933, the government revived the plans and started the construction of the new airport. A two-storey station building with

1372-534: A result, care must be taken to ensure that female mosquitoes can not access the cistern to lay eggs. Larvae eating fish can also be added to the cistern, or it can be chemically treated. Rainwater harvesting is becoming a procedure that many Canadians are incorporating into their daily lives, although data does not give exact figures for implementation. Rainwater can be used for a number of purposes including stormwater reduction, irrigation , laundry and portable toilets. In addition to low costs, rainwater harvesting

1470-438: A six-storey tower originated in 1935 on the northern part of the airport, as well as other operating and outbuildings for maintenance and storage of aircraft. The approximately 100 hectares runway received a grass cover. The official opening of the new Flug- und Luftschiffhafen Rhein-Main took place on 8 July 1936. The first plane that landed was a Ju 52/3m . Six days later, on 14 July 1936, LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin landed at

1568-403: A storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet flushing, watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system. Rainwater harvesting was adopted at The Velodrome – The London Olympic Park – in order to increase the sustainability of the facility. A 73% decrease in potable water demand by the park was estimated. Despite this, it was deemed that rainwater harvesting

1666-541: A strict ban on night flights between 11 pm and 5 am across the whole airport. In 2001, Fraport applied for approval to build the new runway, with three possible options. The conclusion was that a runway northwest of the airport site would have the least impact on local residents and the surrounding environment. The plans were approved by the Hessian government in December 2007, but the requested ban on night flights

1764-552: A viable way to help meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for cleaner and sustainable cities, health and wellbeing, and food and water security ( Sustainable Development Goal 6 ). The technology is available, however, it needs to be remodeled in order to use water more efficiently, especially in an urban setting. Missions to five Caribbean countries have shown that the capture and storage of rainwater runoff for later use

1862-481: A waiting airman, asked him for a cigarette, and wanted to know whether the airmen were bound for Afghanistan . When the airman said yes, according to German prosecutor Rainer Griesbaum, Uka waited for the airman to turn away and then shot him in the back of the head, killing him. Shouting " Allahu Akbar !" the attacker then entered the bus, shooting and killing the driver, and continued to fire three shots at two other airmen, wounding them. When he pointed his pistol at

1960-601: A water source to developing regions facing poverty, the average cost for an RWH setup can be costly depending on the type of technology used. Governmental aid and NGOs can assist communities facing poverty by providing the materials and education necessary to develop and maintain RWH setups. Some studies show that rainwater harvesting is a widely applicable solution for water scarcity and other multiple usages, owing to its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Constructing new substantial, centralized water supply systems, such as dams,

2058-405: A year previously. The new runway officially went into operation on 20 October 2011, with an aircraft carrying Chancellor Angela Merkel , performing the first landing on 21 October. The centre line separation from the existing north runway is about 1,400 m (4,593 ft). This allows simultaneous instrument landing system (ILS) operations on these two runways, which has not been possible on

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2156-651: A year, was opened in 1994 and is divided into concourses D and E . A continuous concourse between Terminal 1C and 2D provides direct but non-public access between the two terminals. It has eight gates with jetways and 34 apron stands, a total of 42 gates and is able to handle wide-body aircraft such as the Airbus A380. Terminal 2 is primarily used by airlines of the oneworld (e.g. American Airlines and Cathay Pacific ) and SkyTeam alliances (e.g. Delta Air Lines and Vietnam Airlines amongst others). It also used by several further airlines that do not belong to any of

2254-532: Is 1,400 m (4,593 ft). Simultaneous parallel landings were not possible with the north and south runway pairing, because the separation distance did not meet the safety standards. During normal operation, the two outer parallel runways (07L/25R and 07R/25L) are used for landings and the central parallel runway (07C/25C) and the Runway West (18) for take-offs. The three parallel runways have two markings because they can be operated in two directions while

2352-534: Is a clean source of water, often better than groundwater or water from rivers or lakes, the process of collection and storage often leaves the water polluted and non-potable. Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird feces , mosses and lichens , windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea ( Ca , Mg , Na , K , Cl , SO4 ), and dissolved gases ( CO 2 , NO x , SO x ). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with

2450-425: Is a common practice used in the industry to keep the system healthy and ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediments. A concept of rainwater harvesting and cleaning it with solar energy for rural household drinking purposes has been developed by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute . Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end-user. However, in most of

2548-792: Is a major renewable resource for any land. Vast areas are being covered by solar PV panels every year in all parts of the world. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them and drinking quality water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration and disinfection processes as rainwater is very low in salinity . Exploiting rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall or cloudy areas by generating additional income. Recently, cost-effective rainwater collection in existing wells has been found highly effective in raising groundwater levels in India. The Groasis Waterboxx

2646-504: Is able to significantly reduce the risk of losing some or all of the year's harvest because of soil or water scarcity . In addition, the risks associated with flooding and soil erosion during high rainfall seasons would decrease. Small farmers, especially those farming on hillsides, could benefit the most from rainwater harvesting because they are able to capture runoff and decrease the effects of soil erosion. Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as

2744-497: Is an example of low scale technology, in this case to assist planting of trees in arid area. It harvests rainwater and dew. Rainwater harvesting provides the independent water supply during regional water restrictions, and in developed countries, it is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained. Rainwater harvesting increases

2842-467: Is available to irrigate crops. Frankfurt Airport has the largest rainwater harvesting system in Germany, saving approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per year. The cost of the system was 1.5 million dm (US$ 63,000) in 1993. This system collects water from the roofs of the new terminal which has an area of 26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport in six tanks with

2940-444: Is called Flugsteig A-Plus and is exclusively used by Lufthansa mainly for their long-haul flights. Flugsteig A-Plus features eight parking positions that are able to handle four Airbus A380s or seven Boeing 747-8 / 747–400 at once. In November 2016, Ryanair announced the opening of a new base at Frankfurt Airport with four routes to Spain and Portugal . This move by Ryanair was heavily blasted, especially by Lufthansa, as Ryanair

3038-719: Is claimed that in the South East of England there is less water available per person than in many Mediterranean countries. The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater can be traced back to the Neolithic Age , when waterproof lime plaster cisterns were built in the floors of houses in village locations of the Levant , a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains , bounded by

Chauka - Misplaced Pages Continue

3136-454: Is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs and tanks can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater. In addition, rainwater harvesting decreases the demand for water from wells, enabling groundwater levels to be further sustained rather than depleted. Life-cycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a system from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al, developed such

3234-439: Is often harvested to be used as a supplemental source of water rather than the main source, but the harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a household's water costs or overall usage levels. Rainwater is safe to drink if the consumers do additional treatments before drinking. Boiling water helps to kill germs. Adding another supplement to the system such as a first flush diverter is also a common procedure to avoid contaminants of

3332-438: Is operated by Fraport and serves as the main hub for Lufthansa , including Lufthansa City Airlines , Lufthansa CityLine and Lufthansa Cargo as well as Condor and AeroLogic . It covers an area of 2,300 hectares (5,683 acres) of land and features two passenger terminals with capacity for approximately 65 million passengers per year; four runways; and extensive logistics and maintenance facilities. Frankfurt Airport

3430-527: Is prone to damage local ecosystems, generates external social costs, and has limited usages, especially in developing countries or impoverished communities. On the other hand, installing rainwater harvesting systems is verified by a number of studies to provide local communities a sustainable water source, accompanied by other various benefits, including protection from flood and control of water runoff, even in poor regions. Rainwater harvesting systems that do not require major construction or periodic maintenance by

3528-532: Is scheduled to be built by Fraport, south of the existing terminals on the grounds of the former Rhein-Main Air Base. The new Terminal 3 is to accommodate up to 25 million passengers and will feature 75 new aircraft positions when completely constructed. An extension of the SkyLine people mover system is planned to connect the new terminal to Terminals 1 and 2 and the airport train stations. In August 2014,

3626-417: Is substantially free of salinity and other salts. Applications of rainwater harvesting in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution systems, less generated stormwater in sewer systems , and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies. A large body of work has focused on

3724-502: Is the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany as well as the 6th busiest in Europe after Istanbul Airport , London–Heathrow , Paris–Charles de Gaulle , Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport . The airport is also the 13th busiest worldwide by total number of passengers in 2016, with 60.786 million passengers using the airport in 2016. In 2017, Frankfurt Airport handled 64.5 million passengers and nearly 70 million in 2018. It also had

3822-420: Is the older and larger one of the two passenger terminals. The landside is 420 metres long. It has been enlarged several times and is divided into concourses A , B , C and Z and has a capacity of approximately 50 million passengers per year. Terminal 1 is functionally divided into three levels, the departures level on the upper floor with check-in counters, the arrivals level with baggage claim areas on

3920-514: Is used to provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels. Kenya has already been successfully harvesting rainwater for toilets, laundry, and irrigation. Since the establishment of the 2016 Water Act, Kenya has prioritized regulating its agriculture industry. Additionally, areas in Australia use harvested rainwater for cooking and drinking. Studies by Stout et al. on

4018-765: Is useful for landscape irrigation . Many Canadians have started implementing rainwater harvesting systems for use in stormwater reduction, irrigation, laundry, and lavatory plumbing. Provincial and municipal legislation is in place for regulating the rights and uses for captured rainwater. Substantial reform to Canadian law since the mid-2000s has increased the use of this technology in agricultural, industrial, and residential use, but ambiguity remains amongst legislation in many provinces. Bylaws and local municipal codes often regulate rainwater harvesting. While rainwater harvesting in an urban context has gained traction in recent years, evidence points toward rainwater harvesting in rural India since ancient times. Rainwater harvesting in

Chauka - Misplaced Pages Continue

4116-582: The Hindenburg, flying from Frankfurt to New York City, exploded shortly before it was scheduled to dock at Lakehurst . 36 people died. The accident marked the end of scheduled airship traffic and the end of the airship era. After the beginning of World War II in 1939, all foreign airlines left the airport, and control of air traffic was transferred to the Luftwaffe . The airships were dismantled and their huge hangars demolished on 6 May 1940 during

4214-563: The Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. By the late 4000 BC , cisterns were essential elements of emerging water management techniques used in dry-land farming . Many ancient cisterns have been discovered in some parts of Jerusalem and throughout what is today Israel/Palestine. At the site believed by some to be that of the biblical city of Ai (Khirbet et-Tell),

4312-727: The Middle East . RWH is useful for developing areas as it collects water for irrigation and domestic purposes. However, the gathered water should be adequately filtered to ensure safe drinking. Rainwater may need to be analyzed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In the Gansu province, for example, solar water disinfection is used by boiling harvested rainwater in parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking. These so-called " appropriate technology " methods provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking. While rainwater itself

4410-493: The Startbahn West protests for good. Because of its orientation in the north–south direction, in contrast to the other east–west runways, the use of the third runway is limited. The Startbahn West can only be used for takeoffs to the south to avoid interference with air traffic on the other runways. Owing to this restriction the runway must be partially or fully closed when northward winds are too strong. In 1990, work on

4508-519: The people mover "The Squaire Metro" connects the Squaire with the nine-storey parking structure. On a length of about 300 metres the so-called MiniMetro system with its two cabins can carry up to 1,300 passengers per hour. The constructor of the system was the Italian manufacturer Leitner. Plans to build a fourth runway at Frankfurt Airport were underway in 1997, but owing to violent conflicts with

4606-697: The A380, including the installation of a third boarding bridge at several gates. Lufthansa's first Airbus A380 went into operation in June 2010 and was named Frankfurt am Main . In 2011, a large office building called The Squaire (a blend of square and air ) opened at Frankfurt Airport. It was built on top of the Airport long-distance station and is considered the largest office building in Germany with 140,000 m (1,500,000 sq ft) floor area. The main tenants are KPMG and two Hilton Hotels . Since 2012,

4704-547: The Airbus A380. Terminal 1 is primarily used by the Lufthansa Group and its Star Alliance partners, amongst them Air Canada , All Nippon Airways , Ethiopian Airlines and United Airlines . Some airlines that are not part of the Lufthansa Group or Star Alliance however also use Terminal 1 with Condor being the largest tenant among others. Terminal 2, which has a capacity of 15 million passengers

4802-749: The Empire. For example, in Pompeii , rooftop water storage was common before the construction of the aqueduct in the 1st century BC. This history continued with the Byzantine Empire; for example, the Basilica Cistern in Istanbul. Though little known, the town of Venice for centuries depended on rainwater harvesting. The lagoon surrounding Venice is brackish water, which is unsuitable for drinking. Venice's ancient inhabitants established

4900-567: The Federal Republic of Germany gained its air sovereignty back from the Allies. In 1957, the northern runway was extended, first to 3,000 m (9,843 ft) and then to 3,900 m (12,795 ft), to make it compatible with jet aircraft . The airport did not emerge as a major international airline hub until 1958 when a new passenger terminal called Empfangsanlage Ost (Terminal East, literally "Arrival Facility East") opened in

4998-468: The Soviet Union ended their blockade. In 1951, restrictions for German air travellers were lifted and civil air traffic started to grow again. In 1952, Frankfurt Airport handled more than 400,000 passengers; a year later it was more than half a million. About 100 to 120 aeroplanes took off from and landed in Frankfurt daily. In 1955, Lufthansa resumed flights to and from Frankfurt and in the same year

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5096-579: The United Kingdom is a practice of growing importance. Rainwater harvesting in the UK is both a traditional and a reviving technique for collecting water for domestic uses. The water is generally used for non-hygienic purposes like watering gardens, flushing toilets, and washing clothes. In commercial premises like supermarkets it is used for things like toilet flushing where larger tank systems can be used collecting between 1000 and 7500 litres of water. It

5194-507: The air base was closed and the property was acquired by Fraport (now occupied by Terminal 3). The airport celebrated its 80th anniversary in July 2016. Frankfurt Airport lies 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of central Frankfurt , near the Autobahn interchange Frankfurter Kreuz , where two of the most heavily used motorways in Europe ( A3 and A5 ) meet. The airport grounds, which form

5292-794: The airport ground was occupied to build the Rhein-Main Air Base as an Air Force Base for the United States Air Forces in Europe . In 1948, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' rail and road access to the sectors of West Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the Western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over

5390-417: The airport. In 1936, 800 tons of cargo and 58,000 passengers were transported, and in 1937 these figures increased to 70,000 passengers and 966 tons of cargo. In the coming years, the new airport was the home base for the two largest German airships, LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin and LZ 129 Hindenburg . In 1938, Frankfurt was a central distribution point for the transport of airmail to North America. On 6 May 1937,

5488-633: The airport. The Allies of World War II destroyed the runway system with airstrikes in 1944, and the Wehrmacht blew up buildings and fuel depots in 1945, shortly before the US Army took control of the airport on 25 March 1945. After the German Instrument of Surrender , the war in Europe ended and the US Army started to build a new temporary runway at Frankfurt Airport. The southern part of

5586-435: The availability of water during dry seasons by increasing the levels of dried borewells and wells. Surface water supply is readily available for various purposes thus reducing dependence on underground water. It improves the quality of ground by diluting salinity. It does not cause pollution and is environmentally friendly. It is cost-effective and easily affordable. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater

5684-616: The available surface water fully for use in the dry season. Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building's terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water. There are common components that are installed in such systems, such as pre-filters (see e.g. vortex filter ), drains/gutters, storage containers, and depending on whether

5782-513: The benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during combined sewer overflow events. Generally, check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata. The water percolation in the water-impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining . Thus, local aquifers can be recharged quickly using

5880-409: The captured water. For low-tech systems, many low-tech methods are used to capture rainwater: rooftop systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns). Good quality water resources near populated areas are becoming scarce and costly for consumers. In addition to solar and wind energy, rainwater

5978-466: The city of Frankfurt granted building permission for the first phase of Terminal 3. The groundbreaking for the new terminal took place on 5 October 2015. Its first phase, consisting of the main building and two of the planned four piers (concourses 3H and 3J), is planned to open by 2026 and will be able to handle 15 million additional passengers per year. Total costs are estimated at 3 billion euros. In 2017, Frankfurt Airport first indicated that

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6076-457: The concept Fraport let residents' groups and environmentalists participate in the process to find a mutually acceptable solution. In 2000, a task force presented their conclusion which generally approved a new runway, but of shorter length (only 2.8 kilometres compared to the other three 4-kilometre-long runways), which would serve as a landing-only runway for smaller aircraft. Additional requirements included improved noise protection arrangements and

6174-458: The conversion of the base to military use. Luftwaffe engineers subsequently extended the single runway and erected hangars and other facilities for German military aircraft. On 9 May 1940, the first bombers took off to attack France. From August to November 1944, a concentration camp was established in Walldorf , close to the airport site, where Jewish female prisoners were forced to work for

6272-479: The cutting down of protected trees in the Frankfurt City Forest. While the protests and related lawsuits were unsuccessful in preventing construction, the Startbahn West protests were one of the major crystallisation points for the German environmental movement of the 1980s. The protests even continued after the runway had been opened in 1984 and in 1987 two police officers were killed by a gunman. This incident ended

6370-764: The decoration, citing their "exemplary courage and action which helped the Federal Police arrest the suspect". Uka was sentenced to Life and will be deported. Portions of the airport were closed in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The Northwest Runway and Runway 18 West were closed on 23 March and re-purposed for parking unused aircraft. Terminal 2 was also closed, and all passenger operations were concentrated in Terminal 1. The Northwest Runway re-opened in July to handle summer tourist demand, while Runway 18 West remained closed. With almost no passenger traffic in

6468-466: The developed world, high-quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts on the environment. Supplying rainwater that has gone through preliminary filtration measures for non-potable water uses, such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and laundry, may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy. Rainwater cisterns can also act as habitat for pathogen-bearing mosquitoes. As

6566-433: The development of life cycle assessment and its costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems. Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during water restrictions. In areas where clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a critical source of clean water. In developed countries, rainwater

6664-659: The entire city. In response, the Western Allies organised the Berlin Airlift to carry supplies via air to the people in West Berlin. The airports in Frankfurt, Hamburg and Hannover were the primary bases for Allied aircraft. The heavy use of these so-called " Raisin Bombers " caused damage to the runway in Frankfurt and forced the US Army to build a second parallel runway. The airlift ended in September 1949 after

6762-424: The environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing. With the idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network (thereby requiring treatment), the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one. Although standard RWH systems can provide

6860-924: The feasibility of RWH in India found it most beneficial for small-scale irrigation, which provides income from produce sales, and for groundwater recharge. In regards to urban agriculture, rainwater harvesting in urban areas reduces the impact of runoff and flooding. The combination of urban 'green' rooftops with rainwater catchments have been found to reduce building temperatures by more than 1.3 degrees Celsius ref name Amos 174–190 Cite journal last1 Amos first1 Caleb Christian last2=Rahman first2=Ataur last3=Karim first3=Fazlul last4=Gathenya first4=John Mwangi date=November 2018 title=A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus journal=Journal of Cleaner Production volume=202 pages=174–190 doi=10.1016 j.jclepro.2018.08.108 =2018JCPro.202..174A s2cid=158718294|issn=0959-6526 ref Rainwater harvesting in conjunction with urban agriculture would be

6958-465: The first airport in Frankfurt, called Airship Base at Rebstock , which was located in Bockenheim in the western part of the city and was primarily used for airships in the beginning. It opened in 1912 and was extended after World War I , but in 1924, an expert's report already questioned the possibility of further expansions at this location. With the foundation of Deutsche Luft Hansa in 1926,

7056-558: The ground floor and, underneath, a distribution floor with access to the regional station and underground and multilevel parking. Departures and arrivals levels each have separate street approaches. A bus station is located at the arrivals level. Terminal 1 has a total of 103 gates, which include 54 gates equipped with jetways (25 in Concourse A, 18 in Concourse B, 11 in Concourse C). Concourse Z sits on top of Concourse A sharing

7154-516: The head of another airman and pulled the trigger, the weapon jammed. Uka fled, but was pursued by the civilian airport employee Lamar Joseph Conner and Staff Sergeant Trevor Donald Brewer and shortly afterwards overpowered by two German police officers. He was subsequently arrested. Conner and Brewer later received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in a ceremony on 16 January 2012. Federal Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich presented

7252-424: The highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell; the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, withdraw from the last in series. Prefiltration

7350-473: The housing area for the soldiers, called Gateway Gardens , which was located northeast of the airport site, was given back to the city of Frankfurt in the same year and will be developed as a business district in the following years. From 2005 to 2007, a large Airbus A380 maintenance facility was built at Frankfurt Airport because Lufthansa wanted to station their future A380 aircraft fleet there. Both terminals also underwent major renovations in order to handle

7448-572: The mainland water. Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt Airport ( German : Flughafen Frankfurt Main [ˈfluːkhaːfn̩ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ˈmaɪn] ) ( IATA : FRA , ICAO : EDDF ), is Germany's main international airport by passenger numbers, located in Frankfurt , Germany's fifth-largest city. In the German Aeronautical Information Publication , its name is Frankfurt Main Airport . The airport

7546-647: The new runway, and therefore overrode the approval from the Hessian government from 2007 which allowed 17 scheduled flights per night. On 4 April 2012, the German Administrative Court confirmed the decision of the Hessian Administration Court, banning night flights between 11pm and 5am. To handle the predicted passenger amount of about 90 million in 2020, a new terminal section adjacent to Terminal 1 for an additional six million passengers opened on 10 October 2012. It

7644-481: The north-east corner of the airport site. Only four years later it was clear that the terminal was already too small for the demand. In 1961, Frankfurt already had 2.2 million passengers and 81,000 take-offs and landings, making it the second busiest airport in Europe behind Heathrow Airport , London. In 1962, it was decided to build an even larger terminal with a capacity of 30 million passengers per year. Work on this terminal began in 1965. The southern runway

7742-415: The other parallel runways, which do not meet the 3,500 feet (1,100 m) minimum separation for ILS operations. This allowed the airport to increase its capacity from 83 to 126 aircraft movements per hour. On 11 October 2011, the Hessian Administration Court ruled that night flights between 11pm and 5am (the so-called Mediationsnacht ) are no longer allowed at Frankfurt Airport after the inauguration of

7840-408: The other terminals Concourse 3K (westernmost pier): Possible third-phase expansion depending on the development of passenger numbers Frankfurt Airport has four runways of which three are arranged parallel in an east–west direction and one in a north–south direction. In 2010 three runways (Runways North, South and West) handled 464,432 aircraft movements, which equated to 83 movements per hour. With

7938-568: The rainwater in this way helps prevent soil erosion and recharges the surface water enabling various grasses to thrive. This has the effect of holding the soil together and, as the chauka system is used mostly on common land, provides grazing areas for cow and goat herds. For this to be effective it is combined with the planting of grass seeds and trees. This system is widely in use in the Dudu block of Jaipur district in Rajasthan , India. Here

8036-516: The same jet bridges between both concourses. Flights to non-Schengen destinations depart from the Z gates and Schengen flights depart from the A gates. Pier A was extended by 500 metres in 2000, and a link between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2, as well as the Hall C extension opened in 2008. On 10 October 2012, an 800-metre-long westward expansion of Terminal 1 called Pier A-Plus went into operation. It provides more stands for wide-body aircraft like

8134-554: The same time local and regional rail services were based at the existing underground station, now renamed Frankfurt Airport regional station . On 30 December 2005, the Rhein-Main Air Base in the southern part of the airport ground was closed and the US Air Force moved to Ramstein Air Base . The property was handed back to Fraport which allows the airport to use it to build a new passenger terminal. The property of

8232-700: The second-phase construction of the easternmost pier (concourse 3G) could be moved forward so that low-cost carriers can use this pier from 2021. After approval by municipal authorities in 2018, the piers will be constructed and used according to the following timetable: In March 2021, Fraport announced that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the opening of the new terminal had been postponed to 2026. Concourse 3G (easternmost pier for low-cost carriers) Check-in area, concourses 3H and 3J (central piers): Construction well underway for opening with 3G in 2026 including transport systems for visitors, passengers and luggage to

8330-646: The spring months, Frankfurt's total passenger volume in 2020 fell to 18.8 million, the lowest figure recorded since 1984. Frankfurt Airport features two large main passenger terminals (Terminals 1 and 2), with Terminal 3 under construction, as well as a much smaller dedicated First Class Terminal which is operated and exclusively used by Lufthansa . As is the case at London–Heathrow , Tokyo–Narita and other major airports, terminal operations are grouped for airlines and airline alliances rather than into domestic and international routes. However, there are dedicated sections for Schengen and non-Schengen routes. Terminal 1

8428-522: The start of operation of the Northwest Runway in October 2011 the airport was predicted to be able to handle 126 movements per hour. It is predicted that aircraft movements will increase up to 700,000 in the year 2020. By using the fourth runway, Frankfurt Airport is able for the first time to handle simultaneous parallel landings, because the distance between the north and the north-west runways

8526-462: The system is pressurized, also pumps, and treatment devices such as UV lights, chlorination devices and post-filtration equipment. Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain an adequate flow of water. The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain

8624-407: The terminal opening, a people mover system called Sky Line was established to provide a fast connection between Terminal 2 and Terminal Mitte (now renamed Terminal 1 ). In 1999 a second railway station, primarily for InterCityExpress long-distance trains (called Frankfurt Airport long-distance station ), opened near Terminal 1 as part of the new Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line . At

8722-612: The three major airline alliances, including airBaltic , Emirates , Etihad Airways and Icelandair among others. Fraport announced in late 2022 that Terminal 2 will be temporarily closed for refurbishment starting in 2026. All tenants are to be relocated into the then fully completed Terminal 3. In 2009, the German government decided to create third terminals for both Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport in order to handle expected passenger flows of 90 million in Frankfurt by 2020 and 50 million in Munich by 2017. The new terminal

8820-510: The water. When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months can be used. If rain is scarce but also unpredictable, the use of a rainwater harvesting system can be critical to capturing the rain when it does fall. Many countries with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running downhills. Even in periods of low rainfall , enough water

8918-606: Was a less efficient use of financial resources to increase sustainability than the park's blackwater recycling program. Traditionally, stormwater management using detention basins served a single purpose. However, optimized real-time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity. This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events, thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse. This has

9016-514: Was assumed that the terminal capacity would be sufficient for the next 30 years. Along with the new terminal, a railway station (Frankfurt Airport station) was opened, the first airport railway station in the Federal Republic of Germany. A few days later the old Empfangsanlage Ost was closed. Planning for a third runway (called Startbahn 18 West ) began in 1973. This project spawned massive protests by residents and environmentalists. The main points of conflict were increasing noise and pollution and

9114-720: Was collected in Shivaganga tank. During the later Chola period, the Vīrānam tank was built (1011 to 1037 AD) in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-km-long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cu ft (41,500,000 m ). Rainwater harvesting was also common in the Roman Empire . While Roman aqueducts are well-known, Roman cisterns were also commonly used and their construction expanded with

9212-422: Was extended to 3,750 m (12,303 ft) in 1964. In 1970, a new hangar was inaugurated; this accommodated six jet aircraft and was the world's largest hangar at the time. The new terminal, called Terminal Mitte (Central Terminal, today known as Terminal 1) is divided into three concourses (A, B and C) with 56 gates and an electric baggage handling system . Everything opened to the public on 14 March 1972. It

9310-696: Was found to have a capacity of more than 80 m (2,800 cu ft) and to date back to 1700 BC. Around 300 BC, farming communities in Balochistan (now located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran), and Kutch , India, used rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other uses. Rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings as well. Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple (located in Balaganapathy Nagar, Thanjavur , India)

9408-436: Was granted high discounts and incentives regarding the airport's fees. On 28 February 2017, Ryanair announced its winter programme for Frankfurt which will see a further 20 new routes being added. Albanian citizen, Arid Uka, a 21 year old at the time, targeted a United States Air Force bus parked outside the terminal building that was supposed to transport fifteen U.S. airmen to Ramstein Air Base . He reportedly walked up to

9506-501: Was identified and selected suitable sites for the potential erection of dams, as well as derived a model builder in ArcMap 10.4.1. The model combined several parameters, such as slope, runoff potential, land cover/use, stream order, soil quality , and hydrology to determine the suitability of the site for harvesting rainwater. Harvested water from RWH systems can be minimal during below-average precipitation in arid urban regions such as

9604-478: Was lifted because it was argued that an international airport like Frankfurt would need night flights, especially for worldwide freight transport. Construction of the new 2,800 m (9,186 ft) long Runway Northwest in the Kelsterbach Forest began in early 2009. In 2012, the website Airport Watch reported weekly protests had been occurring at the airport since the opening of a fourth runway

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