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102-531: The North Caucasus has been invaded numerous times throughout history. Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chechen community ethos and helped shape its national character. Chechen society is largely egalitarian and organized around tribal autonomous local clans, called teips , informally organized into loose confederations called tukkhums . According to popular tradition,

204-642: A compound formed with Nakh ('people') attached to Chuo ('territory'). The Chechens are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya . There are also significant Chechen populations in other subdivisions of Russia , especially in Aukh (part of modern-day Dagestan ), Ingushetia and Moscow . Outside Russia, countries with significant diaspora populations are Kazakhstan , Turkey and Arab states (especially Jordan and Iraq ). Those in Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan are mainly descendants of families who had to leave Chechnya during

306-535: A 2021 Rosstat study Chechnya ranked as the tallest region in Russia for men (179.1 cm) and second tallest for women (168.2), similar to that of Lithuania and Poland . Prior to the adoption of Islam, the Chechens practiced a unique blend of religious traditions and beliefs. They partook in numerous rites and rituals, many of them pertaining to farming; these included rain rites, a celebration that occurred on

408-533: A brutal policy of " scorched earth " and deportations; he also founded the fort of Grozny (now the capital of Chechnya) in 1818. Chechen resistance to Russian rule reached its peak under the leadership of the Dagestani leader Imam Shamil . The Chechens were finally defeated in 1861 after a bloody war that lasted for decades, during which they lost most of their entire population. In the aftermath, large numbers of refugees also emigrated or were forcibly deported to

510-547: A certain objective from the beginning of the play. However, Murray clarifies that strict constancy is not always the rule in Greek tragedy characters. To support this, he points out the example of Antigone who, even though she strongly defies Creon at the beginning of the play, begins to doubt her cause and plead for mercy as she is led to her execution. Several other aspects of the character element in ancient Greek tragedy are worth noting. One of these, which C. Garton discusses,

612-502: A character's habit as well (The Essential Guide to Rhetoric, 2018). The person's character is related to a person's habits (The Essential Guide to Rhetoric, 2018). Aristotle links virtue, habituation, and ethos most succinctly in Book II of Nicomachean Ethics : "Virtue, then, being of two kinds, intellectual and moral, intellectual virtue in the main owes both its birth and its growth to teaching [...] while moral virtue comes about as

714-526: A closer relationship of the Caucasus with Europe (Nasidze et al. 2001), while the Y chromosome indicated a closer relationship with West Asia (Nasidze et al. 2003). A 2004 study of the mtDNA showed Chechens to be diverse in the mitochondrial genome, with 18 different haplogroups out of only 23 samples. This correlates with all other North Caucasian peoples such as the Ingush , Avars , and Circassians where

816-474: A kinship to other peoples in some tests. Balanovsky's study showed the Ingush to be the Chechens' closest relatives by far. Russian military historian and Lieutenant General Vasily Potto describes the appearance of the Chechens as follows: "The Chechen is handsome and strong. Tall, brunette, slender, with sharp features and a quick, determined look, he amazes with his mobility, agility, dexterity." According to

918-795: A long tradition among the Chechens, and thus it remains the most practiced. Some adhere to the mystical Sufi tradition of muridism , while about half of Chechens belong to Sufi brotherhoods, or tariqah . The two Sufi tariqas that spread in the North Caucasus were the Naqshbandiyya and the Qadiriyya (the Naqshbandiyya is particularly strong in Dagestan and eastern Chechnya, whereas the Qadiriyya has most of its adherents in

1020-562: A mountain for 12 years: When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones. This twelve-year-old siege is not found in any other report, however,

1122-451: A result of habit, whence also its name ethike is one that is formed by a slight variation from the word ethos (habit)" (952). Discussing women and rhetoric, scholar Karlyn Kohrs Campbell notes that entering the public sphere was considered an act of moral transgression for females of the nineteenth century: "Women who formed moral reform and abolitionist societies, and who made speeches, held conventions, and published newspapers, entered

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1224-469: A speaker's or writer's durable position of authority in the world; invented ethos relies more on the immediate circumstances of the rhetorical situation. Ethos, or character, also appears in the visual art of famous or mythological ancient Greek events in murals, on pottery, and sculpture referred to generally as pictorial narrative. Aristotle even praised the ancient Greek painter Polygnotos because his paintings included characterization. The way in which

1326-440: A unified identity that is similar to human nature is usually fulfilled. Thirdly, characters in tragedies include incongruities and idiosyncrasies. Another aspect stated by Garet is that tragedy plays are composed of language, character, and action, and the interactions of these three components; these are fused together throughout the play. He explains that action normally determines the major means of characterization. For example,

1428-501: A way as to multiply the positions from which women may speak" (83). Rhetorical scholar and Kate Ronald's claim that "ethos is the appeal residing in the tension between the speaker's private and public self", (39) also presents a more postmodern view of ethos that links credibility and identity. Similarly, Nedra Reynolds and Susan Jarratt echo this view of ethos as a fluid and dynamic set of identifications, arguing that "these split selves are guises, but they are not distortions or lies in

1530-431: Is based on the central lowland dialect. Other related languages include Ingush , which has speakers in the neighbouring Ingushetia , and Batsbi , which is the language of the people in the adjoining part of Georgia . At various times in their history, Chechens used Georgian , Arabic and Latin alphabets; as of 2008, the official script is Russian Cyrillic . Traditionally, linguists attributed both Ingush and Batsbi to

1632-526: Is intertwined with the discussion of the mysterious origins of Nakh peoples as a whole. The only three surviving Nakh peoples are Chechens, Ingush and Bats , but they are thought by some scholars to be the remnants of what was once a larger family of peoples. They are thought to be descended from the original settlers of the Caucasus (North and/or South). Ancestors of the modern Chechens and Ingush were known as Durdzuks . According to The Georgian Chronicles , before his death, Targamos [Togarmah] divided

1734-487: Is known about Alarodians except that they "were armed like the Colchians and Saspeires ," according to Herodotus . Colchians and Saspeires are generally associated with Kartvelians or Scythians . Additionally, leading Urartologist Paul Zimansky rejected a connection between Urartians and Alarodians. Genetic tests on Chechens have shown roots mostly in the Caucasus and Europe. Studies on North Caucasian mtDNA indicated

1836-904: Is notable that J2 suddenly collapses as one enters the territory of non-Nakh Northeast Caucasian peoples, dropping to very low values among Dagestani peoples. The overwhelming bulk of Chechen J2 is of the subclade J2a4b* (J2-M67), of which the highest frequencies by far are found among Nakh peoples: Chechens were 55.2% according to the Balanovsky study, while Ingush were 87.4%. Other notable haplogroups that consistently appeared at high frequencies included J1 (20.9%), L (7.0%), G2 (5.5%), R1a (3.9%), Q-M242 (3%) and R1b-M269 (1.8%, but much higher in Chechnya itself as opposed to Dagestani or Ingushetian Chechens). Overall, tests have shown consistently that Chechens are most closely related to Ingush, Circassians and other North Caucasians , occasionally showing

1938-546: Is of Nakh origin and originates from the word Che ("inside") attached to the suffix - cha / chan , which altogether can be translated as "inside territory". The villages and towns named Chechan were always situated in the Chechan-are ("Chechen flatlands or plains") located in contemporary central Chechnya. The name "Chechens" is an exoethnonym that entered the Georgian and Western European ethnonymic tradition through

2040-600: Is structured around tukkhums (unions of clans ) and about 130 teips , or clans. The teips are based more on land and one-side lineage than on blood (as exogamy is prevalent and encouraged), and are bonded together to form the Chechen nation. Teips are further subdivided into gar (branches), and gars into nekye ( patronymic families). The Chechen social code is called nokhchallah (where Nokhchuo stands for "Chechen") and may be loosely translated as "Chechen character". The Chechen code of honor and customary law ( adat ) implies moral and ethical behaviour, generosity and

2142-423: Is the fact that either because of contradictory action or incomplete description, the character cannot be viewed as an individual, or the reader is left confused about the character. One method of reconciling this would be to consider these characters to be flat, or type-cast, instead of round. This would mean that most of the information about the character centers around one main quality or viewpoint. Comparable to

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2244-665: Is troubling for black women. Pittman writes, "Unfortunately, in the history of race relations in America, black Americans' ethos ranks low among other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. More often than not, their moral characters have been associated with a criminalized and sexualized ethos in visual and print culture" (43). The ways in which characters were constructed is important when considering ethos, or character, in Greek tragedy . Augustus Taber Murray explains that

2346-452: Is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology ; and the balance between caution and passion. The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions, behaviors, and even morals . Early Greek stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way. The word's use in rhetoric is closely based on the Greek terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of

2448-578: The Battle of the Terek River . The Chechens bear the distinction of being one of the few peoples to successfully resist the Mongols and defend themselves against their invasions; not once, but twice, though this came at great cost to them, as their states were utterly destroyed. These events were key in the shaping of the Chechen nationhood and their martial-oriented and clan-based society. The Caucasus

2550-621: The Canadian community. [REDACTED] Of some 4,000 Chechens who have sought safety in neighbouring Georgia , the majority have settled in Pankisi Gorge and over 1,100 registered refugees remain there as of 2008. [REDACTED] Some 3,000 to 4,000 Chechens arrived in Turkey , of which most also moved on further, but as of 2005 some 1,500 stayed. Many of the Chechen refugees in Turkey are yet to be given official refugee status by

2652-723: The Caucasus War , which led to the annexation of Chechnya by the Russian Empire in 1859, and the forcible transfer of Chechens from Terek Oblast to the Ottoman Empire in 1865. Those in Kazakhstan originate from the ethnic cleansing of the entire population carried out by Joseph Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria in 1944. Tens of thousands of Chechen refugees settled in the European Union and elsewhere as

2754-619: The Czech Republic were said to be "overwhelmed" due to an overwhelming number of Chechen refugees. [REDACTED] As of 2009, Denmark is one of the six countries in Europe with the biggest Chechen diasporas. [REDACTED] As of early 2008, about 10,000 Chechens live in France. The largest Chechen communities in France exist in Nice (where there were reports of sharp conflict with

2856-519: The Georgian Patriarch Cyril Donauri, who mentions the 'People of Nakhche' among Tushetians , Avars and many other Northeast Caucasian nations. The term Nakhchiy has also been connected to the city Nakhchivan and the nation of Nakhchamatyan (mentioned as one of the peoples of Sarmatia in the 7th-century Armenian work Ashkharhatsuyts ) by many Soviet and modern historians, although the historian N. Volkova considers

2958-600: The Itum-Kale region of Chechnya. Georgian historian Giorgi Melikishvili posited that although there was evidence of Nakh settlement in Southern Caucasus areas, this did not rule out the possibility that they also lived in the North Caucasus. The state of Durdzuketi has been known since the 4th century BC. The Armenian Chronicles mention that the Durdzuks defeated Scythians and became a significant power in

3060-486: The Kazakh and Kirghiz SSRs; and their republic and nation were abolished. At least one-quarter—and perhaps half—of the entire Chechen population perished in the process, and a severe blow was made to their culture and historical records. Though " rehabilitated " in 1956 and allowed to return the next year, the survivors lost economic resources and civil rights and, under both Soviet and post-Soviet governments, they have been

3162-565: The Middle Ages , the lowland of Chechnya was dominated by the Khazars and then the Alans . Local culture was also subject to Georgian influence and some Chechens converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity . With a presence dating back to the 14th century, Islam gradually spread among the Chechens, although the Chechens' own pagan religion was still strong until the 19th century. Society

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3264-707: The Russian language in the 18th century. From the middle of the 19th century to the first few years of the Soviet state , some researchers united all Chechens and Ingush under the name "Chechens". In modern science, another term is used for this community — "the Vainakh people ". Although Chechan (Chechen) was a term used by Chechens to denote a certain geographic area (central Chechnya), Chechens called themselves Nakhchiy (highland dialects) or Nokhchiy (lowland dialects). The oldest mention of Nakhchiy occurred in 1310 by

3366-597: The United Arab Emirates . [REDACTED] In the United Kingdom there is a large number of Chechen refugees. Some of them are wanted by Russia but the UK government refuses to extradite them on grounds of concern for human rights . Some of the original Chechen separatist government figures, such as Akhmed Zakayev relocated to the UK. [REDACTED] A small, but growing Chechen community exists in

3468-551: The interdependence between ethos and cultural context by arguing that "To have ethos is to manifest the virtues most valued by the culture to and for which one speaks" (60). While scholars do not all agree on the dominant sphere in which ethos may be crafted, some agree that ethos is formed through the negotiation between private experience and the public, rhetorical act of self-expression. Karen Burke LeFevre's argument in Invention as Social Act situates this negotiation between

3570-563: The self (47). In the era of mass-mediated communication, Oddo contends, one's ethos is often created by journalists and dispersed over multiple news texts. With this in mind, Oddo coins the term intertextual ethos, the notion that a public figure's "ethos is constituted within and across a range of mass media voices" (48). In "Black Women Writers and the Trouble with Ethos", scholar Coretta Pittman notes that race has been generally absent from theories of ethos construction and that this concept

3672-812: The 2008 study by the Norwegian Refugee Council , some 139,000 Chechens remained displaced in the Russian Federation. In the nearby republic of Ingushetia , at the peak of the refugee crisis after the start of the Second Chechen War in 2000, estimated 240,000 refugees almost doubled the Ingushetia's pre-war population of 300,000 (350,000 including the refugees from the Ingush-Ossetian conflict ) and resulting in an epidemic of tuberculosis . Estimated 325,000

3774-449: The Chechen language (as its dialects) before the endoethnonym Vainakh appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Most Chechens living in their homeland can understand Ingush with ease. The two languages are not truly mutually intelligible, but it is easy for Chechens to learn how to understand the Ingush language and vice versa over time after hearing it for a while. In 1989, 73.4% spoke Russian, though this figure has declined due to

3876-766: The Chechen migrant communities living there to return to their homeland. [REDACTED] Austria granted asylum rights to more than 2,000 Chechen refugees in 2007, bringing the total number to 17,000 in January 2008, the largest diaspora in Europe then. As of 2018, there were some 30,000 Chechens residing in Austria. [REDACTED] As of early 2008, some 7,000-10,000 Chechens live in Belgium, many of them in Aarschot . At least 2,000 of them were granted political asylum in 2003. [REDACTED] In 2003, refugee camps in

3978-602: The European Union (EU), according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , making them the largest group of new refugees arriving in developed nations . According to unofficial reports from January 2008, the number of Chechens in Europe may reach 70,000. According to another estimate from March 2009, there were some 130,000 Chechen refugees in Europe, including former fighters. In September 2009 Kadyrov said that Chechnya would open representative offices in Europe in an attempt to convince

4080-634: The Ottoman Empire. Since then, there have been various Chechen rebellions against Russian/Soviet power in 1865–66, 1877, during the Russian Civil War and World War II , as well as nonviolent resistance to Russification and the Soviet Union 's collectivization and anti-religion campaigns. In 1944, all Chechens, together with several other peoples of the Caucasus , were ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to be deported en masse to

4182-516: The Russian historian A. I. Krasnov connected this battle with two Chechen folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the Dakuoh mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. He also reported to have found several arrowheads and spears from the 13th century near the very mountain the battle took place at: The next year, with the onset of summer,

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4284-848: The Russian military already in December 1999, and the refugee camps were forcibly closed after 2001 by the new Chechen government of President Akhmad Kadyrov and the new Ingush government of President Murat Zyazikov . About 180,000 Chechens remained in Ingushetia by February 2002 and 150,000 by June 2002, most of them housed in a " tent city " camps, abandoned farms and factories and disused trains , or living with sympathetic families. As of early 2007, less than 20,000 Chechens remained in Ingushetia and many of them were expected to integrate locally rather than return to Chechnya. As of 2006, more than 100,000 people remain internally displaced persons (IDP) within Chechnya, most of whom live in substandard housing and poverty . All official IDP centers in

4386-589: The Russian oppressors in order to feed Chechen children in a Robin Hood -like fashion). A common greeting in the Chechen language, marsha oylla , is literally translated as "enter in freedom". The word for freedom also encompasses notions of peace and prosperity. Chechnya is predominantly Sunni Muslim . Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi schools of jurisprudence, fiqh . The Shafi'i school has

4488-497: The Russian term Chechency (Чеченцы) comes from central Chechnya , which had several important villages and towns named after the word Chechen . These places include Chechan, Nana-Checha ("Mother Checha") and Yokkh Chechen ("Greater Chechena"). The name Chechen occurs in Russian sources in the late 16th century as "Chachana", which is mentioned as a land owned by the Chechen Prince Shikh Murza. The etymology

4590-658: The Turkish government, without this status they will be unable to legally attend school or have jobs. [REDACTED]   Ukraine is the main transit country for Chechen refugees traveling to Europe (some others travel through Belarus ). There is also a small number of Chechens settled in Crimea . Since Yanukovich was elected, he has begun harassing the Chechen refugee settlements through police raids and sudden deportations, sometimes even separating families. [REDACTED] As of early 2008, some 2,000-3,000 refugees live in

4692-593: The Urarto-Hurrians. Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Uralicist and Indo-Europeanist Petri Kallio argues that the matter is hindered by the lack of consensus about how to reconstruct Proto-Northeast-Caucasian, but that Alarodian is the most promising proposal for relations with Northeast Caucasian, greater than rival proposals to link it with Northwest Caucasian or other families. However, nothing

4794-521: The above violations of ethos is an informal fallacy ( Appeal to motive ). The argument may indeed be suspect; but is not, in itself, invalid. Although Plato never uses the term "ethos" in his extant corpus; scholar Collin Bjork, a communicator, podcaster, and digital rhetorician, argues that Plato dramatizes the complexity of rhetorical ethos in the Apology of Socrates . For Aristotle, a speaker's ethos

4896-443: The agrarian ethos and the reception of...the ethos of rapid development". In rhetoric , ethos (credibility of the speaker) is one of the three artistic proofs ( pistis , πίστις) or modes of persuasion (other principles being logos and pathos ) discussed by Aristotle in ' Rhetoric ' as a component of argument. Speakers must establish ethos from the start. This can involve "moral competence" only; Aristotle, however, broadens

4998-547: The armed Chechen separatist movement has become dominated by Salafis (popularly known in Russia as Wahhabis and present in Chechnya in small numbers since the 1990s), mostly abandoning nationalism in favor of Pan-Islamism and merging with several other regional Islamic insurgencies to form the Caucasus Emirate . At the same time, Chechnya under Moscow-backed authoritarian rule of Ramzan Kadyrov has undergone its own controversial counter-campaign of Islamization of

5100-599: The behavior of politicians". Similarly the historian Orlando Figes wrote in 1996 that in Soviet Russia of the 1920s "the ethos of the Communist party dominated every aspect of public life". Ethos may change in response to new ideas or forces. For example, according to the Jewish historian Arie Krampf, ideas of economic modernization which were imported into Palestine in the 1930s brought about "the abandonment of

5202-437: The character cannot exist without plot, and so the character is secondary to the plot. Murray maintains that Aristotle did not mean that complicated plot should hold the highest place in a tragedy play. This is because the plot was, more often than not, simple and therefore not a major point of tragic interest. Murray conjectures that people today do not accept Aristotle's statement about character and plot because to modern people,

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5304-454: The character's choice, the pictorial narrative often shows an earlier scene than when the action was committed. Stansbury-O'Donnell gives an example of this in the form of a picture by the ancient Greek artist Exekia which shows the Greek hero Ajax planting his sword in the ground in preparation to commit suicide, instead of the actual suicide scene (Stansbury-O'Donnell, p. 177). Additionally, Castriota explains that ancient Greek art expresses

5406-420: The concept of persona has emerged from the literary tradition, and is associated with a theatrical mask. Roger Cherry explores the distinctions between ethos and pathos to mark the distance between a writer's autobiographical self and the author's discursive self as projected through the narrator. The two terms also help to refine distinctions between situated and invented ethos. Situated ethos relies on

5508-401: The concept to include expertise and knowledge. For the most part, this perspective of ethos is the one discussed the most by schools and universities. Ethos is limited, in his view, by what the speaker says. Others, however, contend that a speaker's ethos extends to and is shaped by the overall moral character and history of the speaker—that is, what people think of his or her character before

5610-490: The country amongst his sons, with Kavkasos [Caucas], the eldest and most noble, receiving the Central Caucasus. Kavkasos engendered the Chechen tribes, and his descendant, Durdzuk, who took residence in a mountainous region, later called "Dzurdzuketia" after him, established a strong state in the fourth and third centuries BC. Among the Chechen teips, the teip Zurzakoy , consonant with the ethnonym Dzurdzuk, live in

5712-428: The depiction of a character was limited by the circumstances under which Greek tragedies were presented. These include the single unchanging scene, necessary use of the chorus, small number of characters limiting interaction, large outdoor theatres , and the use of masks, which all influenced characters to be more formal and simple. Murray also declares that the inherent characteristics of Greek tragedies are important in

5814-497: The enemy hordes came again to destroy the highlanders. But even this year they failed to capture the mountain, on which the brave Chechens settled down. The battle lasted twelve years. The main wealth of the Chechens – livestock – was stolen by the enemies. Tired of the long years of hard struggle, the Chechens, believing the assurances of mercy by the enemy, descended from the mountain, but the Mongol-Tatars treacherously killed

5916-430: The epic hero, Turpalo-Nokhchuo ("Chechen Hero"). There is a strong theme of representing the nation with its national animal , the wolf . Due to their strong dependence on the land, its farms and its forests (and indeed, the national equation with the wolf), Chechens have a strong affection for nature. According to Chechen philosopher Apty Bisultanov, ruining an ant-hill or hunting Caucasian goats during their mating season

6018-661: The first day of plowing, as well as the Day of the Thunderer Sela and the Day of the Goddess Tusholi. In addition to sparse written record from the Middle Ages, Chechens traditionally remember history through the illesh , a collection of epic poems and stories. Chechens are accustomed to democratic ways, their social structure being firmly based on equality, pluralism and deference to individuality. Chechen society

6120-791: The first eight months of 2007 alone and over 6,000 in the next four months. As of 2008, the Chechens are the greatest group (90% in 2007 ) of refugees arriving in Poland, on the eastern border of the EU. [REDACTED] Spain has granted hundreds of Chechen families asylum since 1999. Thousands of others settled in the other EU countries, such as Sweden or Finland. [REDACTED] Of 12,000 Chechen refugees who arrived in Azerbaijan , most moved on to Europe later (leaving some 5,000 in 2003, 2,000 in 2007, 586 in 2014, and 377 in 2019 ). [REDACTED] As of early 2008, several hundred people live in

6222-528: The first military encounter between Imperial Russia and the Chechens. Sheikh Mansur led a major Chechen resistance movement in the late 18th century. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Russia embarked on full-scale conquest of the North Caucasus in the Caucasian War . Much of the campaign was led by General Yermolov who particularly disliked the Chechens, describing them as "a bold and dangerous people". Angered by Chechen raids, Yermolov resorted to

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6324-526: The flat character option, the reader could also view the character as a symbol. Examples of this might be the Eumenides as vengeance, or Clytemnestra as symbolizing ancestral curse. Yet another means of looking at character, according to Tycho von Wilamowitz and Howald, is the idea that characterization is not important. This idea is maintained by the theory that the play is meant to affect the viewer or reader scene by scene, with attention being only focused on

6426-593: The idea that character was the major factor influencing the outcome of the Greeks' conflicts against their enemies. Because of this, "ethos was the essential variable in the equation or analogy between myth and actuality". Chechen refugees During the inter-ethnic strife in Chechnya and the First and Second Chechen Wars for independence hundreds of thousands of Chechen refugees have left their homes and left

6528-439: The immigrants from North Africa ), Strasbourg and Paris (the home of the Chechen-French Center). Chechens also live in Orléans , Le Mans , Besançon , Montpellier , Toulouse and Tours . As of 2008, thousands more are trying to get to France from Poland. [REDACTED] As of early 2008, approximately 10,000 Chechens live in Germany. [REDACTED] In Poland, almost 3,600 Chechens have applied for refugee status in

6630-403: The influence that such ethical representation may exert upon the public". Castriota also explains that according to Aristotle, "[t]he activity of these artists is to be judged worthy and useful above all because exposure of their work is beneficial to the polis ". Accordingly, this was the reason for the representation of character, or ethos, in public paintings and sculptures. In order to portray

6732-432: The languages of the Avars , Dargins , Lezghins , Laks , Rutulians , etc. However, this relationship is not a close one: the Nakho-Dagestani family is of comparable or greater time-depth than Indo-European , meaning Chechens are only as linguistically related to Avars or Dargins as the French are to the Russians or Iranians . Some researchers suggest a linguistic relationship between the Nakhsk-Dagestani languages and

6834-441: The latter connection unlikely and states that the term Nakhchmatyan could have been mistaken for the Iaxamatae , a tribe of Sarmatia mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography , who have no connection to the Chechen people. Chechen manuscripts in Arabic from the early 1820s do mention a certain Nakhchuvan (near modern-day Kağızman , Turkey ) as the homeland of all Nakhchiy. The etymology of the term Nakhchiy can also be understood as

6936-422: The leaders of Chechnya (indeed, Chechen refugees indicated that they feared Chechen security forces more than Russian troops). Another explanation is that after a decade of war and lawlessness, many Chechens have given up hope of ever rebuilding a normal life at home and instead try to start a new life in exile . In 2003, some 33,000 Russian citizens (over 90% of them presumed to be Chechens) applied for Asylum in

7038-475: The majority, and the rest were taken into slavery. This fate was escaped only by Idig and a few of his companions who did not trust the nomads and remained on the mountain. They managed to escape and leave Mount Dakuoh after 12 years of siege. Tamerlane's late 14th-century invasions of the Caucasus were especially costly to the Chechen kingdom of Simsir which was an ally of the Golden Horde and anti-Timurid. Its leader Khour Ela supported Khan Tokhtamysh during

7140-451: The makeup of the characters. One of these is the fact that tragedy characters were nearly always mythical characters. This limited the character, as well as the plot, to the already well-known myth from which the material of the play was taken. The other characteristic is the relatively short length of most Greek plays. This limited the scope of the play and characterization so that the characters were defined by one overriding motivation toward

7242-412: The meaning of ethos within rhetoric as expressing inherently communal roots. This stands in direct opposition to what she describes as the claim "that ethos can be faked or 'manipulated'" because individuals would be formed by the values of their culture and not the other way around (336). Rhetorical scholar John Oddo also suggests that ethos is negotiated across a community and not simply a manifestation of

7344-724: The mitochondrial DNA is very diverse. The most recent study on Chechens, by Balanovsky et al. in 2011, sampled a total of 330 Chechens from three sample locations (one in Malgobek , one in Achkhoy-Martan , and one from two sites in Dagestan) and found the following frequencies: A weak majority of Chechens belong to Haplogroup J2 (56.7%), which is associated with Mediterranean , Caucasian and Fertile Crescent populations. Other notable values were found among North Caucasian Turkic peoples ( Kumyks (25%) and Balkars (24%)). It

7446-415: The most memorable things about tragedy plays are often the characters. However, Murray does concede that Aristotle is correct in that "[t]here can be no portrayal of character [...] without at least a skeleton outline of plot". One other term frequently used to describe the dramatic revelation of character in writing is " persona ". While the concept of ethos has traveled through the rhetorical tradition,

7548-432: The nation). Several of these appeared during the late Middle Ages such as Aldaman Gheza , Tinavin-Visa, Zok-K'ant and others. The administration and military expeditions commanded by Aldaman Gheza during the 1650–1670s led to Chechnya being largely untouched by the major empires of the time. Alliances were concluded with local lords against Persian encroachment and battles were fought to stop Russian influence. One such battle

7650-490: The objects of both official and unofficial discrimination and discriminatory public discourse. Chechen attempts to regain independence in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union led to the first and the second war with the new Russian state, starting in 1994. The main language of the Chechen people is Chechen . Chechen belongs to the family of Nakh languages ( Northeast Caucasian languages ). Literary Chechen

7752-442: The philosopher's sense. Rather they are 'deceptions' in the sophistic sense: recognition of the ways one is positioned multiply differently" (56). Rhetorical scholar Michael Halloran has argued that the classical understanding of ethos "emphasizes the conventional rather than the idiosyncratic , the public rather than the private" (60). Commenting further on the classical etymology and understanding of ethos , Halloran illuminates

7854-495: The play Julius Caesar, is a good example for a character without credibility, Brutus. Another principle he states is the importance of these three components' effect on each other; the important repercussion of this being character's impact on action. Augustus Taber Murray also examines the importance and degree of interaction between plot and character. He does this by discussing Aristotle's statements about plot and character in his Poetics: that plot can exist without character, but

7956-407: The private and the public, writing that ethos "appears in that socially created space, in the 'between', the point of intersection between speaker or writer and listener or reader" (45–46). According to Nedra Reynolds, "ethos, like postmodern subjectivity , shifts and changes over time, across texts, and around competing spaces" (336). However, Reynolds additionally discusses how one might clarify

8058-455: The public sphere and thereby lost their claims to purity and piety " (13). Crafting an ethos within such restrictive moral codes, therefore, meant adhering to membership of what Nancy Fraser and Michael Warner have theorized as counter publics. While Warner contends that members of counter publics are afforded little opportunity to join the dominant public and therefore exert true agency, Nancy Fraser has problematized Habermas 's conception of

8160-623: The public sphere as a dominant "social totality" by theorizing "subaltern counter publics", which function as alternative publics that represent "parallel discursive arenas where members of subordinated social groups invent and circulate counterdiscourses, which in turn permit them to formulate oppositional interpretations of their identities, interests, and needs" (67). Though feminist rhetorical theorists have begun to offer ways of conceiving of ethos that are influenced by postmodern concepts of identity, they remain cognizant of how these classical associations have shaped and still do shape women's use of

8262-656: The region in the first millennium BC. The Vainakh in the east had an affinity to Georgia, while the Malkh Kingdom of the west looked to the new Greek kingdom of Bosporus on the Black Sea coast (though it may have also had relations with Georgia as well). According to a legend, Adermalkh , chief of the Malkh state, married the daughter of the Bosporan king in 480 BCE. Malkhi is one of the Chechen tukkhums . During

8364-518: The republic for elsewhere in Russia and abroad. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) reports that hundreds of thousands of people fled their homes in Chechnya since 1990. This included majority of Chechnya non- Chechen population of 300,000 (mostly Russians , but also Armenians , Ingush , Georgians , Ukrainians and many more) who had left the republic in the early 1990s and as of 2008 never returned. Many ethnic Chechens have also moved to Moscow and other Russian cities. According to

8466-488: The republic were closed down and the foreign NGO aid severely limited by the government (including the ban of the Danish Refugee Council ). Since 2003 there is a sharp surge of Chechen asylum-seekers arriving abroad, at a time when major combat operations had largely ceased. One explanation is the process of " Chechenization ", which empowered former separatists Ahmed Kadyrov and his son Ramzan Kadyrov as

8568-607: The republic, with the government and the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic actively promoting and enforcing their own version of a so-called "traditional Islam", including introducing elements of Sharia that replaced Russian official laws. Ethos Ethos ( / ˈ iː θ ɒ s / or US : / ˈ iː θ oʊ s / ) is a Greek word meaning 'character' that

8670-412: The rest of Chechnya and Ingushetia). There are also small Christian and atheist minorities, although their numbers are unknown in Chechnya; in Kazakhstan, they are roughly 3% and 2% of the Chechen population respectively. A stereotype of an average Chechen being a fundamentalist Muslim is incorrect and misleading. By the late 2000s, however, two new trends have emerged in Chechnya. A radicalized remnant of

8772-693: The result of the recent Chechen Wars , especially in the wave of emigration to the West after 2002. The Chechens are one of the Nakh peoples , who have lived in the highlands of the North Caucasus region since prehistory. There is archeological evidence of historical continuity dating back to 3000 B.C. as well as evidence pointing to their ancestors' migration from the Fertile Crescent c. 10,000–8,000 B.C. The discussion of their origins

8874-446: The rhetorical tool. Johanna Schmertz draws on Aristotelian ethos to reinterpret the term alongside feminist theories of subjectivity, writing that, "Instead of following a tradition that, it seems to me, reads ethos somewhat in the manner of an Aristotelian quality proper to the speaker's identity, a quality capable of being deployed as needed to fit a rhetorical situation, I will ask how ethos may be dislodged from identity and read in such

8976-425: The root of ethikos ( ἠθικός ), meaning " morality , showing moral character". As an adjective in the neuter plural form ta ethika. In modern usage, ethos denotes the disposition, character, or fundamental values peculiar to a specific person, people, organization, culture, or movement. For example, the poet and critic T. S. Eliot wrote in 1940 that "the general ethos of the people they have to govern determines

9078-522: The rule of either empire. As Russia expanded slowly southwards as early as the 16th century, clashes between Chechens and Russians became more frequent, and it became three empires competing for the region. During these turbulent times, the Chechens were organized into semi-independent clans that were loyal to the Mehk-Khel (National Council). The Mehk-Khel was in charge of appointing the Mehk-Da (ruler of

9180-436: The section at hand. This point of view also holds that the different figures in a play are only characterized by the situation surrounding them, and only enough so that their actions can be understood. Garet makes three more observations about a character in Greek tragedy. The first is an abundant variety of types of characters in Greek tragedy. His second observation is that the reader or viewer's need for characters to display

9282-401: The speech has even begun (cf Isocrates ). According to Aristotle , there are three categories of ethos: In a sense, ethos does not belong to the speaker but to the audience and it's appealing to the audience's emotions. Thus, it is the audience that determines whether a speaker is a high- or a low-ethos speaker. Violations of ethos include: Completely dismissing an argument based on any of

9384-460: The subject and his actions are portrayed in visual art can convey the subject's ethical character and through this the work's overall theme, just as effectively as poetry or drama can. This characterization portrayed men as they ought to be, which is the same as Aristotle's idea of what ethos or character should be in tragedy. (Stansbury-O'Donnell, p. 178) Mark D. Stansbury-O'Donnell states that pictorial narratives often had ethos as its focus, and

9486-416: The three artistic proofs or modes of persuasion alongside pathos and logos . It gives credit to the speaker, or the speaker is taking credit. Ethos ( ἦθος , ἔθος ; plurals: ethe , ἤθη ; ethea , ἤθεα ) is a Greek word originally meaning "accustomed place" (as in ἤθεα ἵππων "the habitats of horses/", Iliad 6.511, 15.268), "custom, habit", equivalent to Latin mores . Ethos forms

9588-465: The wars for a large number of reasons (including the lack of proper education, the refusal to learn the language, and the mass dispersal of the Chechen diaspora due to the war). Chechens in the diaspora often speak the language of the country they live in ( English , French , German , Arabic , Polish , Georgian , Turkish , etc.). The Nakh languages are a subgroup of Northeast Caucasian , and as such are related to Nakho-Dagestanian family, including

9690-424: The will to safeguard the honor of women. The traditional Chechen saying goes that the members of Chechen society, like its teips, are (ideally) "free and equal like wolves". Chechens have a strong sense of community, which is enforced by the old clan network and nokhchalla – the obligation to clan, tukkhum, etc. This is often combined with old values transmuted into a modern sense. They are mythically descended from

9792-669: Was a major competing area for two neighboring rival empires: the Ottoman and Turco-Persian empires ( Safavids , Afsharids , Qajars ). Starting from 1555 and decisively from 1639 through the first half of the 19th century, the Caucasus was divided by these two powers, with the Ottomans prevailing in Western Georgia , while Persia kept the bulk of the Caucasus, namely Eastern Georgia, Southern Dagestan , Azerbaijan , and Armenia . The Chechens, however, never really fell under

9894-405: Was a rhetorical strategy employed by an orator whose purpose was to "inspire trust in his audience" ( Rhetorica 1380). Ethos was therefore achieved through the orator's "good sense, good moral character, and goodwill", and central to Aristotelian virtue ethics was the notion that this "good moral character" was increased in virtuous degree by habit ( Rhetorica 1380). Ethos also is related to

9996-402: Was considered extremely sinful. The glasnost era Chechen independence movement Bart (unity) originated as a simple environmentalist organization in the republic's capital of Grozny. Chechen culture strongly values freedom. This asserts itself in multiple ways. A large majority of the nation's national heroes fought for independence (or otherwise, like the legendary Zelimkhan , robbed from

10098-455: Was organised along feudal lines. Chechnya was devastated by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century and those of Tamerlane in the 14th. The Mongol invasions are well known in Chechen folktales which are often connected with military reports of Alan-Dzurdzuk wars against the Mongols. According to the missionary Pian de Carpine , a part of the Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on

10200-584: Was the Battle of Khachara between Gheza and the rival Avar Khanate that tried to exert influence on Chechnya. As Russia set off to increase its political influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of Safavid Persia, Peter I launched the Russo-Persian War , in which Russia succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories for several years. The conflict notably marked

10302-412: Was the total number of people that have entered Ingushetia as refugees in the first year of the Second Chechen War . Some 185,000 were in the republic already by November 1999 and 215,000 lived in Ingushetia by June 2000. In October 1999 the border with Ingushetia was closed down by the Russian military and a refugee convoy bombed after being turned away. Thousands of them were pressured to return by

10404-408: Was therefore concerned with showing the character's moral choices. (Stansbury-O'Donnell, p. 175) David Castriota, agreeing with Stansbury-O'Donnell's statement, says that the main way Aristotle considered poetry and visual arts to be on equal levels was in character representation and its effect on action. However, Castriota also maintains about Aristotle's opinion that "his interest has to do with

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