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69-823: The Garden is owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County and managed by the Chicago Horticultural Society. It opened to the public in 1972, and is home to the Joseph Regenstein Jr. School which offers educational classes and certificate programs. The Chicago Botanic Garden is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums and is a member of the American Public Gardens Association . The architectural design for

138-403: A Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics . In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County. By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as white flight – as Blacks continued to move beyond

207-495: A heart attack soon after. Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderperson Eugene Sawyer , who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley , son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development , as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying

276-491: A minimal use of fertilizer and pesticides. The Chicago Botanic Garden also encourages others to garden sustainably by composting food waste , installing backyard rain barrels, using native plants , removing invasive species , and establishing perennials . The Windy City Harvest program offers workshops in sustainable urban horticulture and urban agriculture. In 2010, the Corporate Roundtable on Sustainability

345-665: A model for the new field of social work . During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera , smallpox , and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states. The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks , which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago

414-479: A new grade with the use of jackscrews for raising buildings. While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River , and subsequently into Lake Michigan , polluting the city's primary freshwater source. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs . In 1900,

483-551: Is a governmental commission in Cook County, Illinois , that owns and manages land containing forest , prairie , wetland , streams , and lakes . These land holdings are primarily managed as undeveloped natural areas and for outdoor recreation . The Forest Preserve District encompasses approximately 70,000 acres (110 sq mi; 280 km ) of land or approximately 11% of the land in Cook County, which contains

552-627: Is in a preserved rural one-room schoolhouse built in 1886 and is located in the Palos Division. The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) conservation program designated the Forest Preserve District's Palos Preserves an Urban Night Sky Place. After review, the IDA determined that within the context of its substantial urban setting, the preserve's "planning and design actively promote an authentic nighttime experience in

621-407: Is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as " Checagou " was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. Henri Joutel , in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area. According to his diary of late September 1687: ... when we arrived at

690-554: Is routinely ranked among the world's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic , and the region is also the nation's railroad hub. The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $ 689 billion in 2018. Chicago's economy is diverse , with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. Chicago is a major destination for tourism , including visitors to its cultural institutions , and Lake Michigan beaches . Chicago's culture has contributed much to

759-675: Is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States . With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 census , it is the third-most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles . As the seat of Cook County , the second-most populous county in the U.S., Chicago is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area , often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents. Located on

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828-479: The Black Belt . While home loan discriminatory redlining against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known as blockbusting , completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods. Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in

897-769: The Brookfield Zoo (managed by Chicago Zoological Society under an agreement with the District) and the Chicago Botanic Gardens (managed by the Chicago Horticultural Society) are located on district land. In 2016, a tree-top zipline course was opened in west Cook County's Bemis Woods. Eight significant waterways flow, at least in part, through lands in the Forest Preserve District: the Chicago River ,

966-719: The Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city. Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. When Chicago

1035-562: The Chicago School , the development of the City Beautiful movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance, culture , commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation . It has the largest and most diverse finance derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone. O'Hare International Airport

1104-950: The Des Plaines River , the Little Calumet River , Salt Creek , Poplar Creek , Thorn Creek , Crooked Creek, and Tinley Creek . The Ned Brown Forest Preserve contains Busse Woods , a National Natural Landmark . The District also administers the Chicago Portage National Historic Site . In addition, the District's Red Gate Woods was the war-time home of the Manhattan Project 's first nuclear facility. A team of district biologists and resource management professionals monitor wildlife and plants (including invasive species ), water quality , and other features within

1173-599: The Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy . The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were called futures contracts . In

1242-542: The Jefferson Township , which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side . The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents. Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States . Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in

1311-511: The Miami , Sauk and Meskwaki peoples in this region. The first known permanent settler in Chicago was trader Jean Baptiste Point du Sable . Du Sable was of African descent, perhaps born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago." In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in

1380-592: The New Negro Movement , in art, literature, and music. Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 , also occurred. The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition

1449-836: The Northwest Indian War , an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville . In 1803, the U.S. Army constructed Fort Dearborn , which was destroyed during the War of 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt. After the War of 1812, the Ottawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to

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1518-754: The Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . The goal is to collect 10,000 seeds from each of 1,500 native species of the Midwest for conservation and restoration efforts. The garden also leads the Plants of Concern initiative to monitor rare species in northeastern and southern Illinois . The first generation of sustainable gardens at the Chicago Botanic Garden were the victory gardens of World Wars I and II. Today's gardens incorporate food and paper scrap composting, sustainable irrigation, and

1587-577: The U.S. Green Building Council for its sustainable design. The building features a green roof garden . Scientists working at the Chicago Botanic Garden contribute to rare plant species conservation research and are active in regional, national and international organizations that promote plant conservation . The garden is a partner in the Seeds of Success project, a branch of the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership managed by

1656-469: The University of Chicago , Northwestern University , and the University of Illinois Chicago , among other institutions of learning . Professional sports in Chicago include all major professional leagues , including two Major League Baseball teams. The name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami–Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion ; it

1725-698: The Washington and Jackson Parks. During World War I and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the Southern United States . Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903. This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance , part of

1794-494: The 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones . This system for telling time spread throughout the continent. In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at

1863-477: The 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas , the champion of the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery. These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln , to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the 1860 Republican National Convention , which

1932-705: The 57th mayor of Chicago. Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the Chicago Metropolitan Area , situated in both the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region . The city rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds . In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and

2001-662: The Chicago Botanic Garden began with the creation of the master plan by John O. Simonds and Geoffrey Rausch. Several famous buildings have been designed by well-known architects since 1976. The Chicago Botanic Garden opened the Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Plant Conservation Science Center on its ground on September 23, 2009. In September 2010, the Plant Conservation Science Center earned a Gold LEED ( Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ) rating from

2070-455: The Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been a Democrat . From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis

2139-515: The Cook County Forest Preserve District Act that was signed by the governor and survived legal challenge. The 1913 law allowed a county board: To acquire… and hold lands… containing one or more natural forests or lands connecting such forests or parts thereof, for the purpose of protecting and preserving the flora, fauna and scenic beauties within such district, and to restore, restock, protect, and preserve

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2208-569: The Forest Preserve District of Cook County, which operates within a special taxation district across municipal boundaries. While the Forest Preserve District as a unit of government is legally separate from Cook County, the Cook county board of commissioners, the county board president, and county clerk hold the same offices ex officio concurrently, making up the Forest Preserve District Board of Commissioners. In 1905, at

2277-535: The Mississippi River. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time. Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards , survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction. During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed

2346-578: The South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards. On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project . This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945. Mayor Richard J. Daley ,

2415-624: The United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis . The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the 1833 Treaty of Chicago and sent west of the Mississippi River as part of the federal policy of Indian removal . On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago

2484-787: The United States of foreign parentage. Germans , Irish , Poles , Swedes , and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population). Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886, and in 1894 the Pullman Strike . Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889. Programs that were developed there became

2553-565: The city include the central business district, called the Loop , and the North, South , and West Sides . The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes. The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront. The South Side is the largest section of

2622-571: The city of Chicago and is the most densely populated urban metropolitan area in the Midwest . The Forest Preserves also owns the lands on which the Brookfield Zoo and the Chicago Botanic Garden operate, and its Chicago Portage area preserve is also affiliated with the United States National Park Service . The Cook County Board of Commissioners also serves ex-officio as the board for

2691-545: The city was affected by a series of tenant rent strikes , which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924,

2760-415: The city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019. All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk was Anna Valencia and the city treasurer was Melissa Conyears-Ervin . On May 15, 2023, Brandon Johnson assumed office as

2829-424: The city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden Cabrini-Green housing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis. In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of

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2898-527: The convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower , which in 1974 became the world's tallest building ), University of Illinois at Chicago , McCormick Place , and O'Hare International Airport , were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure. In 1979, Jane Byrne ,

2967-483: The district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power. The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $ 1.95 billion. On February 23, 2011, Rahm Emanuel , a former White House Chief of Staff and member of the House of Representatives , won the mayoral election. Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015. Lori Lightfoot ,

3036-526: The district. Monitoring may include counting population numbers and tracking the presence of animals across the district and assessing habitat needs for rare species . Through monitoring, it was discovered that river otters had returned to the district after nearly a century of absence. The Forest Preserve District owns 22 sites containing high-quality conservation resources that have been designated as Illinois Nature Preserves ensuring increased management and protection. The District's oldest nature center

3105-590: The district. The Forest Preserve District headquarters is located in River Forest, Illinois . Forest preserves serve a different purpose than urban parks and are typically maintained for the conservation and restoration of habitat . Forest preserves may contain nature centers and other facilities, picnic groves, and hiking , biking , and equestrian trails, but, apart from public golf courses , do not typically contain land set aside for other sports activities. The forest preserves are administered by

3174-539: The fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding. During World War II , the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than Nazi Germany from 1943 – 1945. The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave , as hundreds of thousands of blacks from

3243-504: The instigation of the Cook County Board of Commissioners and private nature groups (partly guided by prominent landscape architect Jens Jensen ), Illinois attempted to pass a forest preserve act, but the act was not signed by the governor. The Forest Preserve District Association was formed in 1911 after a new state law was adopted in 1909; however, the courts declared the law unconstitutional in 1911. In 1913, Illinois adopted

3312-451: The lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park , and Jackson Park . There are 24 public beaches across 26 miles (42 km) of

3381-13292: The midst of significant artificial light." There are thirteen trail systems within the Forest Preserve District: Poplar Creek Division Includes: Spring Lake Preserve, Crabtree Preserve, Arthur L. Janura Preserve Activity Areas   · Barrington Road Pond   · Beverly Lake   · Bluff Springs Fen   · Bode East   · Bode Lake   · Crabtree Nature Center   · Great Egret Family Picnic Area   · Old Stover Trailhead   · Penny Road Pond   · Poplar Creek Bicycle Lot   · Poplar Creek Equestrian Parking   · Poplar Creek Model Airplane Flying Field   · Shoe Factory Road Woods   · Spring Creek Valley Headwaters   · Spring Lake Nature Preserve Trail Systems   · Crabtree Preserve (Paved)   · Poplar Creek (Paved)   · Poplar Creek (Unpaved)   · Spring Lake (Unpaved) Northwest Division Includes: Deer Grove Preserve, Jens Jensen Preserve, Paul Douglas Preserve, Ned Brown Preserve Activity Areas   · Baker's Lake Overlook   · Baker's Lake Younghusband Prairie   · Busse Forest-Central   · Busse Forest-North   · Busse Forest-South   · Busse Forest-West   · Busse Forest Elk Pasture   · Busse Forest Main Dam   · Busse Lake Beisner Road Access   · Busse Lake Boating Center   · Camp Alphonse   · Camp Reinberg   · Deer Grove   · Deer Grove-East   · Deer Grove-West   · Deer Grove Lake   · Grassy Ridge Meadow   · Highland Woods Driving Range   · Highland Woods Golf Course   · Ned Brown Meadow   · Woodland Meadow Trail Systems   · Busse Forest (Paved)   · Deer Grove (Paved)   · Deer Grove (Unpaved)   · Paul Douglas (Paved) Indian Boundary Division, Des Plaines Division Includes: Seymour Simon Preserve Activity Areas   · Allison Woods   · Axehead Lake   · Beck Lake   · Belleau Lake   · Big Bend Lake   · Blandings Grove Family Picnic Area   · Blue Beach Family Picnic Area   · Camp Baden Powell   · Camp Dan Beard   · Camp Ground Road Woods   · Camp Pine Woods   · Catherine Chevalier Woods   · Che-Che-Pin-Qua Woods   · Chippewa Woods   · Dam No. 1 Woods-East   · Dam No. 1 Woods-West   · Dam No. 2 Woods   · Dam No. 4 Woods-East   · Evans Field   · Fullerton Woods   · Fullerton Woods Family Picnic Area   · Harry H. Semrow Driving Range   · Indian Boundary Family Picnic Area   · Indian Boundary Golf Course   · Iroquois Woods   · Irving Park Road Canoe Landing   · Jerome Huppert Woods   · John E. Traeger Family Picnic Area   · Kloempken Prairie   · Lake Avenue Woods-East   · Lake Avenue Woods-West   · Lions Woods   · Massasauga Family Picnic Area   · Northwestern Woods   · Potawatomi Lake   · Potawatomi Woods   · River Bend Family Picnic Area   · River Trail Nature Center   · Robinson Homestead Family Picnic Area   · Robinson Woods-South   · Schiller Model Airplane Flying Field   · Schiller Playfield   · Schiller Pond   · Schiller Woods-East   · Schiller Woods-South   · Schiller Woods-West   · Sunset Bridge Meadow Trail System   · Des Plaines (Unpaved) North Branch Division, Skokie Division Includes: William N. Erickson Preserves, George F. Nixon Forest, Frank Bobrytzke Forest, Clayton F. Smith Preserves, Roman Pucinski Preserve Activity Areas   · Billy Caldwell Golf Course   · Blue Star Memorial Woods   · Bunker Hill   · Caldwell Woods   · Calvin R. Sutker Grove   · Camp Adahi   · Camp Glenview   · Chick Evans Golf Course   · Chipilly Woods   · Edgebrook Golf Course   · Edgebrook Woods   · Erickson Woods   · Forest Glen Woods   · Forest Way Grove   · Glen Grove Equestrian Center   · Glenview Woods   · Harms Woods-Central   · Harms Woods-North   · Harms Woods-South   · Irene C. Hernandez Family Picnic Area   · LaBagh Woods   · Linne Woods   · Little House of Glencoe   · Mary Mix McDonald Woods   · Mathew Bieszczat–Volunteer Resource Center   · Miami Woods   · Perkins Woods   · St. Paul Woods   · Sidney Yates Flatwoods   · Skokie Lagoons   · Somme Nature Preserve   · Somme Prairie Grove   · Somme Woods   · Thaddeus S. "Ted" Lechowicz Woods   · Tower Road   · Tower Road Boat Launch   · Turnbull Woods   · Watersmeet Woods   · Wayside Woods   · Whealan Pool Aquatic Center Special Activity Site   · Chicago Botanic Garden Trail Systems   · North Branch (Paved)   · North Branch (Unpaved) Salt Creek Division Activity Areas   · Andrew Toman Grove   · Bemis Woods-North   · Bemis Woods-South   · Brezina Woods   · Brookfield Woods   · Callahan Grove   · Cermak Family Aquatic Center   · Cermak Quarry   · Cermak Woods   · Cummings Square (General Headquarters)   · G.A.R. Woods   · Hal Tyrrell Trailside Museum   · LaGrange Park Woods   · Maywood Grove   · McCormick Woods   · Meadowlark Golf Course   · Miller Meadow-North   · Miller Meadow-South   · National Grove-North   · National Grove-South   · Ottawa Trail Woods-North   · Ottawa Trail Woods-South   · Plank Road Meadow Boat Launch   · Possum Hollow Woods   · Quercus Woods Family Picnic Area   · Salt Creek Woods   · Schuth's Grove   · Silver Creek Family Picnic Area   · Stony Ford Canoe Landing   · Thatcher Woods   · Thatcher Woods Glen   · Thomas Jefferson Woods   · Twenty-Sixth Street Woods-East   · Twenty-Sixth Street Woods-West   · Westchester Woods   · White Eagle Woods-North   · White Eagle Woods-South   · Wolf Road Prairie   · Zoo Woods Trail Systems   · Salt Creek (Paved)   · Salt Creek (Unpaved)   · Salt Creek Greenway (Paved) Special Activity Sites   · Brookfield Zoo   · Chicago Portage National Historic Site Salt Creek Division, Palos Division Includes: Palos Preserves Activity Areas   · Arie Crown Forest   · Belly Deep Slough   · Buffalo Woods-Central   · Buffalo Woods Family Picnic Area   · Buffalo Woods-North   · Buffalo Woods-South   · Bullfrog Lake   · Camp Kiwanis Equestrian Staging Area   · Columbia Woods   · Country Lane Woods   · Cranberry Slough   · Crawdad Slough   · Crooked Creek Woods   · Dan McMahon Woods   · Henry De Tonty Woods   · Hickory Hills Woods   · Hidden Pond Woods-East   · Hidden Pond Woods-West   · Joe's Pond   · John Husar I&M Canal–Bicycle Trail Parking Lot   · Lake Ida   · Little Red Schoolhouse Nature Center   · Maple Lake Boating Center   · Maple Lake-East   · Maple Lake   · Maple Lake Overlook   · Morrill Meadow   · Palos Fen   · Paw Paw Woods   · Pioneer Woods   · Pulaski Woods   · Pulaski Woods-East   · Pulaski Woods-South–Mountain Bike Staging Area   · Red Gate Woods   · Saganashkee Slough-Central   · Saganashkee Slough-East   · Saganashkee Slough Boat Launch   · Spears Woods   · Sundown Meadow   · Theodore Stone Forest   · Tuma Lake   · White Oak Woods   · Willow Springs Woods   · Wolf Road Woods Trail Systems   · Arie Crown (Unpaved)   · Centennial (Unpaved)   · John Husar I&M Canal (Paved)   · Palos (Unpaved) Sag Valley Division Includes: Black Partridge Preserve, Cap Sauer's Preserve, John J. Duffy Preserve, Edward M. Sneed Forest Activity Areas   · Bergman Slough   · Black Partridge Woods   · Cap Sauers Holding   · Cherry Hill Woods   · Forty Acre Woods   · Horsetail Lake   · McGinnis Slough   · McClaughrey Spring Woods   · Orland Grassland   · Orland Grove   · Paddock Woods   · Palos Park Woods-North   · Palos Park Woods-South   · Papoose Lake   · Sag Quarries   · Sagawau Environmental Learning Center   · Southland Volunteer Resource Center   · Swallow Cliff Woods-North   · Swallow Cliff Woods-South   · Tampier Greenway Family Picnic Area   · Tampier Lake Boating Center   · Tampier Lake-North   · Tampier Lake-West   · Teason's Woods Trail Systems   · Centennial (Unpaved)   · Sag Valley (Unpaved) Tinley Creek Division Includes: South Green Belt Preserve Activity Areas   · Arrowhead Lake   · Bachelor's Grove Woods   · Bartel Grassland   · Bobolink Family Picnic Area   · Bremen Grove   · Bur Oak Woods   · Camp Falcon   · Camp Sullivan   · Carlson Springs Woods   · Catalina Grove Family Picnic Area   · Coopers Hawk Grove Family Picnic Area   · Elizabeth A. Conkey Forest-North   · Elizabeth A. Conkey Forest-South   · Flossmoor Road Bicycle Lot   · George W. Dunne National Driving Range   · George W. Dunne National Golf Course   · Goeselville Grove Family Picnic Area   · Midlothian Meadows   · Midlothian Reservoir   · Rubio Woods   · St. Mihiel Woods-East   · Tinley Creek Model Airplane Flying Field   · Tinley Creek Woods   · Turtlehead Lake   · Vollmer Road Grove   · Yankee Woods Trail Systems   · Tinley Creek (Paved)   · Tinley Creek (Unpaved) Calumet Division, Thorn Creek Division Includes: Plum Creek Preserve; Powderhorn Prairie and Marsh Naure Preserve Chicago Chicago

3450-783: The natural forests and said lands together with their flora and fauna, as nearly as may be, in their natural state and condition, for the purpose of the education, pleasure, and recreation of the public. A Cook County referendum required by the 1913 law was passed by voters in 1914, establishing the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, and the first Board meeting was held in February 1915. The Forest Preserve District operates six nature centers used for programming and education, five campgrounds, and three swimming centers as of 2023. The Forest Preserve District also maintains ten public golf courses . In addition to owning and managing tens of thousands of acres of forest, meadow, and wetlands, both

3519-506: The present location of Jackson Park . The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history. The University of Chicago , formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance , a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects

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3588-613: The problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River , which flows into

3657-522: The runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term. In 1992, a construction accident near the Kinzie Street Bridge produced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of an abandoned freight tunnel system extending throughout the downtown Loop district. The tunnels filled with 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m ) of water, affecting buildings throughout

3726-436: The said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. The city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City , Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi , an indigenous tribe who had succeeded

3795-426: The shore of Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed . It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century. In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless, but Chicago's population continued to grow. Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture , such as

3864-447: The steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement , which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention , which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside

3933-448: The unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the Memorial Day massacre of 1937 in the neighborhood of East Side. In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida , during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition World's Fair . The theme of

4002-449: The visual arts, literature , film, theater , comedy (especially improvisational comedy ), food , dance, and music (particularly jazz , blues , soul , hip-hop , gospel , and electronic dance music , including house music ). Chicago is home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Lyric Opera of Chicago , while the Art Institute of Chicago provides an influential visual arts museum and art school . The Chicago area also hosts

4071-514: The waterfront. Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier , Northerly Island , the Museum Campus , and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront. An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions. Major sections of

4140-413: The world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township , which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and

4209-431: Was John H. Rauch, M.D. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago. In

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4278-418: Was called the Society for Human Rights . It produced the first American publication for homosexuals, Friendship and Freedom . Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband. The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of

4347-588: Was chosen as one of 10 "Great Place" (Public Space) for providing food locally, excellence in design, education and outreach, and sustainability by the American Planning Association , which selects "Great Places" in the United States annually to highlight good places for people to work and to live, representing a "true sense of place, cultural and historical interest". 42°8′54″N 87°47′24″W  /  42.14833°N 87.79000°W  / 42.14833; -87.79000 Forest Preserve District of Cook County The Forest Preserve District of Cook County

4416-401: Was established to encourage companies to act sustainably. In 2006, the Chicago Botanic Garden received the 'Award for Garden Excellence', given yearly by the APGA and Horticulture magazine to a public garden that exemplifies the highest standards of horticultural practices and has shown a commitment to supporting and demonstrating best gardening practices. In 2012, the Chicago Botanic Garden

4485-462: Was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks. The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m) above sea level . While measurements vary somewhat,

4554-458: Was held in a purpose-built auditorium called the Wigwam . He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War . To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough 's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system. The project raised much of central Chicago to

4623-414: Was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837, and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city. As the site of the Chicago Portage , the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad , and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on

4692-402: Was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era . Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran. From 1920 to 1921,

4761-411: Was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago. Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, with Unemployed Councils contributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 the Workers Alliance of America begun organizing the poor, workers,

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