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73-714: Brookfield Zoo Chicago is owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County and managed by the Chicago Zoological Society . The society sponsors numerous research and conservation efforts globally. In 1919, Edith Rockefeller McCormick donated land she had received from her father as a wedding gift to the Cook County Forest Preserve District for development as a zoological garden. The district added 98 acres (400,000 m) to that plot and in 1921,

146-625: A healthy diet are also recommended. Supportive care in severe cases includes treatment to relieve symptoms , fluid therapy , oxygen support and prone positioning , and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs. More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone is recommended to reduce mortality. Noninvasive ventilation and, ultimately, admission to an intensive care unit for mechanical ventilation may be required to support breathing. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address

219-593: A pygmy hippo named 'Banana' who arrived at the zoo in May 2022 after an old female hippo passed away in June 2021. Brookfield Zoo Chicago is also known for its majestic fountain named after the 26th president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt . On some days, the fountain's spouting water can reach up to 60 feet high. The zoo has been closed only five times in its history: On September 14, 2008, after damage from

292-627: A variant of concern (VoC) or a variant of interest (VoI). Many of these variants have shared the more infectious D614G . As of May 2023, the WHO had downgraded all variants of concern to previously circulating as these were no longer detected in new infections. Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant (BA.1 – BA.5) were considered separate VoCs by the WHO until they were downgraded in March 2023 as no longer widely circulating. As of 24 September 2024 ,

365-493: A comprehensive international study. Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection). Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic. In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths by the end of 2021 to be 14.9 million compared to 5.4 million reported COVID-19 deaths, with

438-529: A conservation research team. Samples are taken from wildlife such as South American sea lions , Inca terns , Peruvian boobies , guanay cormorants , Grey gulls , and the endangered Humboldt penguins . The team uses the information they gathered to research the environment, observe the species, and monitor populations. Project results further knowledge about the ocean and help save endangered species. Team members also continuously have groups of children, of varying ages, go out to clean up garbage that accumulates on

511-595: A large number of people". During the COVID-19 pandemic, as with other pandemics, the meaning of this term has been challenged. The end of a pandemic or other epidemic only rarely involves the total disappearance of a disease, and historically, much less attention has been given to defining the ends of epidemics than their beginnings. The ends of particular epidemics have been defined in a variety of ways, differing according to academic field, and differently based on location and social group. An epidemic's end can be considered

584-451: A median range of 0.24% to 1.49%. IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of ≈10,000 across the age groups. For comparison, the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude higher than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and much higher than

657-691: A new, $ 27.3 million sprawling exhibit for grizzly and polar bears, opened in 2010. The interiors of several existing buildings were reconfigured into immersion exhibits, based upon ecosystems rather than by clades ; these include the Living Coast (the shores of Chile and Peru ), the Swamp, the Clouded Leopard Rain Forest, Desert's Edge, the African Savanna and Forest, and Australia House. The zoo's reptile house,

730-824: A random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts. Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms. The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, complications of diabetes , anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions. During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic it was not clear whether young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested. A retrospective cohort study in China found that children and adults were just as likely to be infected. Among more thorough studies, preliminary results from 9 April 2020 found that in Gangelt ,

803-461: A social phenomenon, not just a biological one. Time reported in March 2024 that expert opinions differ on whether or not COVID-19 is considered endemic or pandemic, and that the WHO continued to call the disease a pandemic on its website. During the initial outbreak in Wuhan , the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus", "the coronavirus outbreak" and

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876-451: A test. Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included. Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts. Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because excess mortality (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that

949-517: A weekend rainstorm; on February 2, 2011, after a major blizzard; on April 18–19, 2013, after flooding from a severe rainstorm; January 30–31, 2019, due to below-freezing temperatures; January 12, 2024, due a winter storm; and from March 19 to July 1, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In September 2023, the zoo received the largest private donation in the history of the zoo, $ 40 million, from an anonymous donor. Chicago cartoonist John T. McCutcheon

1022-516: A year in 2011 for modifications and no longer exhibits elephants or river hippopotamuses . The Children's Zoo, which opened in August 1953, was dismantled in early 2013, and a new family-based series of exhibits known as Wild Encounters opened on the site on July 1, 2015, which features a red panda , a herd of reindeer , 2 llamas , Bennet's wallabies , 22 Nigerian dwarf goats , and a free-flight parakeet aviary. The Pachyderm building also has

1095-551: Is a governmental commission in Cook County, Illinois , that owns and manages land containing forest , prairie , wetland , streams , and lakes . These land holdings are primarily managed as undeveloped natural areas and for outdoor recreation . The Forest Preserve District encompasses approximately 70,000 acres (110 sq mi; 280 km ) of land or approximately 11% of the land in Cook County, which contains

1168-518: Is associated with COVID-19 and is reported in as many as 88% of cases. The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an aerosol ) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing. Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close to other non-infected individuals. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors. SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to

1241-611: Is discouraged altogether by the World Health Organization (WHO), due to limited evidence of its efficacy. The severity of COVID-19 varies. It may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold . In 3–4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalisation. Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died,

1314-627: Is in a preserved rural one-room schoolhouse built in 1886 and is located in the Palos Division. The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) conservation program designated the Forest Preserve District's Palos Preserves an Urban Night Sky Place. After review, the IDA determined that within the context of its substantial urban setting, the preserve's "planning and design actively promote an authentic nighttime experience in

1387-439: Is intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This knowledge accelerated

1460-490: Is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone. Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 18.2 to 33.5 million (≈27.4 million) by 18 November 2023 by The Economist , as well as over 18.5 million by 1 April 2023 by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and ≈18.2 million (earlier) deaths between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2021, by

1533-452: Is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global CFR was 1.02 percent (6,881,955 deaths for 676,609,955 cases) as of 10 March 2023. The number varies by region and has generally declined over time. Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as

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1606-406: Is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E , NL63 , OC43 , HKU1 , MERS-CoV , and the original SARS-CoV . The standard method of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a nucleic acid test , which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments. As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited." The test

1679-614: Is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab ; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used. The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease. Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home or spending more time outdoors, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, wearing a mask in public, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching

1752-831: The Brookfield Zoo (managed by Chicago Zoological Society under an agreement with the District) and the Chicago Botanic Gardens (managed by the Chicago Horticultural Society) are located on district land. In 2016, a tree-top zipline course was opened in west Cook County's Bemis Woods. Eight significant waterways flow, at least in part, through lands in the Forest Preserve District: the Chicago River ,

1825-950: The Des Plaines River , the Little Calumet River , Salt Creek , Poplar Creek , Thorn Creek , Crooked Creek, and Tinley Creek . The Ned Brown Forest Preserve contains Busse Woods , a National Natural Landmark . The District also administers the Chicago Portage National Historic Site . In addition, the District's Red Gate Woods was the war-time home of the Manhattan Project 's first nuclear facility. A team of district biologists and resource management professionals monitor wildlife and plants (including invasive species ), water quality , and other features within

1898-514: The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market there, but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier. Molecular clock analysis suggests that the first cases were likely to have been between October and November 2019. The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of a zoonotic origin, from bats or another closely related mammal. While other explanations such as speculations that SARS-CoV-2

1971-407: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions. One measure that public health officials and policymakers have used to monitor the pandemic and guide decision-making is the test positivity rate ("percent positive"). According to Johns Hopkins in 2020, one benchmark for a "too high" per cent positive is 5%, which was used by

2044-602: The basic reproduction number (R 0 ) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5, but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent confidence interval of 3.8 to 8.9). In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28   December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected. As of 14 April 2022 , over 500 million cases were confirmed globally. Most cases are unconfirmed, with

2117-479: The coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic ), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan , China, in December 2019. It spread to other areas of Asia, and then worldwide in early 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed

2190-474: The variants of interest as specified by the World Health Organization are BA.2.86 and JN.1, and the variants under monitoring are JN.1.7, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, JN.1.18, LB.1, and XEC. Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Common symptoms include headache, loss of smell and taste , nasal congestion and runny nose , cough, muscle pain , sore throat , fever, diarrhoea , and breathing difficulties . People with

2263-429: The "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak", with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia ". In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent social stigma . WHO finalised

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2336-584: The Chicago Zoological Society was established. Serious construction did not begin until 1926, after a zoo tax was approved. Construction slowed during the Great Depression, but regained momentum by late 1931. Construction went on at an increased pace and the zoo opened on July 1, 1934. By the end of September 1934, over one million people had visited the new zoo; the four millionth visitor was just two years later. The 1950s saw

2409-515: The Cook County Forest Preserve District Act that was signed by the governor and survived legal challenge. The 1913 law allowed a county board: To acquire… and hold lands… containing one or more natural forests or lands connecting such forests or parts thereof, for the purpose of protecting and preserving the flora, fauna and scenic beauties within such district, and to restore, restock, protect, and preserve

2482-569: The Forest Preserve District of Cook County, which operates within a special taxation district across municipal boundaries. While the Forest Preserve District as a unit of government is legally separate from Cook County, the Cook county board of commissioners, the county board president, and county clerk hold the same offices ex officio concurrently, making up the Forest Preserve District Board of Commissioners. In 1905, at

2555-640: The WHO in the past. As of 10 March 2023, more than 6.88   million deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020. These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health. Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality. Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without

2628-419: The WHO, US, European Union, and Australia. On 12 November 2022, the WHO released its Global Vaccine Market Report. The report indicated that "inequitable distribution is not unique to COVID-19 vaccines"; countries that are not economically strong struggle to obtain vaccines. On 14 November 2022, the first inhalable vaccine was introduced, developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company CanSino Biologics , in

2701-515: The addition of a veterinary hospital, a children's zoo, and the famous central fountain. The zoo went through a decline in the 1960s until a large bond issue from the Forest Preserve District, close attention to zoo governance, and visitor services saw the zoo recreate itself as one of the nation's best. Tropic World, the then-largest indoor zoo exhibit in the world, was designed by French architect Pierre Venoa and opened in three phases ( Africa , Asia , and South America ) between 1982 and 1984. During

2774-1005: The beaches of Punta San Juan from the Pacific Ocean. In 2014, revenue of Brookfield Zoo Chicago was made up by $ 26.6 million from admissions and guest services, $ 15.2 million from taxes, $ 11.5 million from membership dues, $ 11.5 million from contributions, sponsorships, and net assets released, and $ 1.2 million from investments and other income. Expenses in 2014 included $ 15.7 million for admissions and guest services, $ 15 million for animal collections and conservation programs, $ 10.7 million for care of buildings and grounds, $ 7.9 million for management and general, $ 5.9 million for public education and communications, $ 3.8 million for marketing and public relations, $ 3.4 million for fundraising, and $ 1.4 million for membership. Revenue totaled $ 66 million and spending totaled $ 63.8 million during 2014. In 2010, Governor Pat Quinn granted Brookfield Zoo Chicago $ 15.6 million to aid repairing and remodeling many parts of

2847-448: The broad family of viruses known as coronaviruses . It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species. Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, fatality rate ≈34%). SARS-CoV-2

2920-648: The centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 per cent of a population sample tested positive for antibodies . Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women in New York City , and blood donors in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported. Seroprevalence -based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies. Initial estimates of

2993-626: The city of Chicago and is the most densely populated urban metropolitan area in the Midwest . The Forest Preserves also owns the lands on which the Brookfield Zoo and the Chicago Botanic Garden operate, and its Chicago Portage area preserve is also affiliated with the United States National Park Service . The Cook County Board of Commissioners also serves ex-officio as the board for

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3066-760: The city of Shanghai, China. For the first two years of the pandemic, no specific and effective treatment or cure was available. In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral protease inhibitor , Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir plus the HIV antiviral ritonavir ), to treat adult patients. FDA later gave it an EUA. Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as paracetamol or NSAIDs to relieve symptoms (fever, body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest. Good personal hygiene and

3139-484: The cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections and excluding vaccinated infected individuals). It is expressed in percentage points. Other studies refer to this metric as the infection fatality risk . In November 2020, a review article in Nature reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found

3212-441: The development of various vaccine platforms during early 2020. The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic and severe illness. The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19. As of March 2023, more than 5.5 billion people had received one or more doses (11.8 billion in total) in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine

3285-482: The director. Brookfield Zoo Chicago has a conservation project in Punta San Juan, Peru. Disney World partnered with the zoo by giving a $ 25,000 grant assigned specifically to the work in Punta San Juan, Peru, which helped the Chicago Zoological Society conservationists gain clearance into the highly restricted and protected area. The CZS has hired multiple people that already worked for the reserve to help build

3358-526: The district. Monitoring may include counting population numbers and tracking the presence of animals across the district and assessing habitat needs for rare species . Through monitoring, it was discovered that river otters had returned to the district after nearly a century of absence. The Forest Preserve District owns 22 sites containing high-quality conservation resources that have been designated as Illinois Nature Preserves ensuring increased management and protection. The District's oldest nature center

3431-590: The district. The Forest Preserve District headquarters is located in River Forest, Illinois . Forest preserves serve a different purpose than urban parks and are typically maintained for the conservation and restoration of habitat . Forest preserves may contain nature centers and other facilities, picnic groves, and hiking , biking , and equestrian trails, but, apart from public golf courses , do not typically contain land set aside for other sports activities. The forest preserves are administered by

3504-513: The eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands. Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by healthcare authorities to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items. A COVID-19 vaccine

3577-575: The first building to open in 1934, closed in 2005 and was converted into the Mary Ann McLean Conservation Leadership Center which does not display live animals, but it details the zoo's larger conservation mission. Because of the expense of constructing Great Bear Wilderness and protests from In Defense of Animals over the deaths of the zoo's African elephants , the Pachyderm House was closed for

3650-474: The general public beginning in December 2020, made available through government and international programs such as COVAX , aiming to provide vaccine equity . Treatments include novel antiviral drugs and symptom control. Common mitigation measures during the public health emergency included travel restrictions , lockdowns , business restrictions and closures, workplace hazard controls , mask mandates , quarantines, testing systems, and contact tracing of

3723-665: The infected. The pandemic caused severe social and economic disruption around the world, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression . Widespread supply shortages , including food shortages , were caused by supply chain disruptions and panic buying . Reduced human activity led to an unprecedented temporary decrease in pollution . Educational institutions and public areas were partially or fully closed in many jurisdictions, and many events were cancelled or postponed during 2020 and 2021. Telework became much more common for white-collar workers as

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3796-504: The instigation of the Cook County Board of Commissioners and private nature groups (partly guided by prominent landscape architect Jens Jensen ), Illinois attempted to pass a forest preserve act, but the act was not signed by the governor. The Forest Preserve District Association was formed in 1911 after a new state law was adopted in 1909; however, the courts declared the law unconstitutional in 1911. In 1913, Illinois adopted

3869-487: The issue of respiratory failure. Existing drugs such as hydroxychloroquine , lopinavir/ritonavir , and ivermectin are not recommended by US or European health authorities, as there is no good evidence they have any useful effect. The antiviral remdesivir is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and

3942-576: The majority of the unreported 9.5 million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths. Some deaths were because people with other conditions could not access medical services . A December 2022 WHO study estimated excess deaths from the pandemic during 2020 and 2021, again concluding ≈14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming and detailing their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like years of potential life lost and may make

4015-13332: The midst of significant artificial light." There are thirteen trail systems within the Forest Preserve District: Poplar Creek Division Includes: Spring Lake Preserve, Crabtree Preserve, Arthur L. Janura Preserve Activity Areas   · Barrington Road Pond   · Beverly Lake   · Bluff Springs Fen   · Bode East   · Bode Lake   · Crabtree Nature Center   · Great Egret Family Picnic Area   · Old Stover Trailhead   · Penny Road Pond   · Poplar Creek Bicycle Lot   · Poplar Creek Equestrian Parking   · Poplar Creek Model Airplane Flying Field   · Shoe Factory Road Woods   · Spring Creek Valley Headwaters   · Spring Lake Nature Preserve Trail Systems   · Crabtree Preserve (Paved)   · Poplar Creek (Paved)   · Poplar Creek (Unpaved)   · Spring Lake (Unpaved) Northwest Division Includes: Deer Grove Preserve, Jens Jensen Preserve, Paul Douglas Preserve, Ned Brown Preserve Activity Areas   · Baker's Lake Overlook   · Baker's Lake Younghusband Prairie   · Busse Forest-Central   · Busse Forest-North   · Busse Forest-South   · Busse Forest-West   · Busse Forest Elk Pasture   · Busse Forest Main Dam   · Busse Lake Beisner Road Access   · Busse Lake Boating Center   · Camp Alphonse   · Camp Reinberg   · Deer Grove   · Deer Grove-East   · Deer Grove-West   · Deer Grove Lake   · Grassy Ridge Meadow   · Highland Woods Driving Range   · Highland Woods Golf Course   · Ned Brown Meadow   · Woodland Meadow Trail Systems   · Busse Forest (Paved)   · Deer Grove (Paved)   · Deer Grove (Unpaved)   · Paul Douglas (Paved) Indian Boundary Division, Des Plaines Division Includes: Seymour Simon Preserve Activity Areas   · Allison Woods   · Axehead Lake   · Beck Lake   · Belleau Lake   · Big Bend Lake   · Blandings Grove Family Picnic Area   · Blue Beach Family Picnic Area   · Camp Baden Powell   · Camp Dan Beard   · Camp Ground Road Woods   · Camp Pine Woods   · Catherine Chevalier Woods   · Che-Che-Pin-Qua Woods   · Chippewa Woods   · Dam No. 1 Woods-East   · Dam No. 1 Woods-West   · Dam No. 2 Woods   · Dam No. 4 Woods-East   · Evans Field   · Fullerton Woods   · Fullerton Woods Family Picnic Area   · Harry H. Semrow Driving Range   · Indian Boundary Family Picnic Area   · Indian Boundary Golf Course   · Iroquois Woods   · Irving Park Road Canoe Landing   · Jerome Huppert Woods   · John E. Traeger Family Picnic Area   · Kloempken Prairie   · Lake Avenue Woods-East   · Lake Avenue Woods-West   · Lions Woods   · Massasauga Family Picnic Area   · Northwestern Woods   · Potawatomi Lake   · Potawatomi Woods   · River Bend Family Picnic Area   · River Trail Nature Center   · Robinson Homestead Family Picnic Area   · Robinson Woods-South   · Schiller Model Airplane Flying Field   · Schiller Playfield   · Schiller Pond   · Schiller Woods-East   · Schiller Woods-South   · Schiller Woods-West   · Sunset Bridge Meadow Trail System   · Des Plaines (Unpaved) North Branch Division, Skokie Division Includes: William N. Erickson Preserves, George F. Nixon Forest, Frank Bobrytzke Forest, Clayton F. Smith Preserves, Roman Pucinski Preserve Activity Areas   · Billy Caldwell Golf Course   · Blue Star Memorial Woods   · Bunker Hill   · Caldwell Woods   · Calvin R. Sutker Grove   · Camp Adahi   · Camp Glenview   · Chick Evans Golf Course   · Chipilly Woods   · Edgebrook Golf Course   · Edgebrook Woods   · Erickson Woods   · Forest Glen Woods   · Forest Way Grove   · Glen Grove Equestrian Center   · Glenview Woods   · Harms Woods-Central   · Harms Woods-North   · Harms Woods-South   · Irene C. Hernandez Family Picnic Area   · LaBagh Woods   · Linne Woods   · Little House of Glencoe   · Mary Mix McDonald Woods   · Mathew Bieszczat–Volunteer Resource Center   · Miami Woods   · Perkins Woods   · St. Paul Woods   · Sidney Yates Flatwoods   · Skokie Lagoons   · Somme Nature Preserve   · Somme Prairie Grove   · Somme Woods   · Thaddeus S. "Ted" Lechowicz Woods   · Tower Road   · Tower Road Boat Launch   · Turnbull Woods   · Watersmeet Woods   · Wayside Woods   · Whealan Pool Aquatic Center Special Activity Site   · Chicago Botanic Garden Trail Systems   · North Branch (Paved)   · North Branch (Unpaved) Salt Creek Division Activity Areas   · Andrew Toman Grove   · Bemis Woods-North   · Bemis Woods-South   · Brezina Woods   · Brookfield Woods   · Callahan Grove   · Cermak Family Aquatic Center   · Cermak Quarry   · Cermak Woods   · Cummings Square (General Headquarters)   · G.A.R. Woods   · Hal Tyrrell Trailside Museum   · LaGrange Park Woods   · Maywood Grove   · McCormick Woods   · Meadowlark Golf Course   · Miller Meadow-North   · Miller Meadow-South   · National Grove-North   · National Grove-South   · Ottawa Trail Woods-North   · Ottawa Trail Woods-South   · Plank Road Meadow Boat Launch   · Possum Hollow Woods   · Quercus Woods Family Picnic Area   · Salt Creek Woods   · Schuth's Grove   · Silver Creek Family Picnic Area   · Stony Ford Canoe Landing   · Thatcher Woods   · Thatcher Woods Glen   · Thomas Jefferson Woods   · Twenty-Sixth Street Woods-East   · Twenty-Sixth Street Woods-West   · Westchester Woods   · White Eagle Woods-North   · White Eagle Woods-South   · Wolf Road Prairie   · Zoo Woods Trail Systems   · Salt Creek (Paved)   · Salt Creek (Unpaved)   · Salt Creek Greenway (Paved) Special Activity Sites   · Brookfield Zoo   · Chicago Portage National Historic Site Salt Creek Division, Palos Division Includes: Palos Preserves Activity Areas   · Arie Crown Forest   · Belly Deep Slough   · Buffalo Woods-Central   · Buffalo Woods Family Picnic Area   · Buffalo Woods-North   · Buffalo Woods-South   · Bullfrog Lake   · Camp Kiwanis Equestrian Staging Area   · Columbia Woods   · Country Lane Woods   · Cranberry Slough   · Crawdad Slough   · Crooked Creek Woods   · Dan McMahon Woods   · Henry De Tonty Woods   · Hickory Hills Woods   · Hidden Pond Woods-East   · Hidden Pond Woods-West   · Joe's Pond   · John Husar I&M Canal–Bicycle Trail Parking Lot   · Lake Ida   · Little Red Schoolhouse Nature Center   · Maple Lake Boating Center   · Maple Lake-East   · Maple Lake   · Maple Lake Overlook   · Morrill Meadow   · Palos Fen   · Paw Paw Woods   · Pioneer Woods   · Pulaski Woods   · Pulaski Woods-East   · Pulaski Woods-South–Mountain Bike Staging Area   · Red Gate Woods   · Saganashkee Slough-Central   · Saganashkee Slough-East   · Saganashkee Slough Boat Launch   · Spears Woods   · Sundown Meadow   · Theodore Stone Forest   · Tuma Lake   · White Oak Woods   · Willow Springs Woods   · Wolf Road Woods Trail Systems   · Arie Crown (Unpaved)   · Centennial (Unpaved)   · John Husar I&M Canal (Paved)   · Palos (Unpaved) Sag Valley Division Includes: Black Partridge Preserve, Cap Sauer's Preserve, John J. Duffy Preserve, Edward M. Sneed Forest Activity Areas   · Bergman Slough   · Black Partridge Woods   · Cap Sauers Holding   · Cherry Hill Woods   · Forty Acre Woods   · Horsetail Lake   · McGinnis Slough   · McClaughrey Spring Woods   · Orland Grassland   · Orland Grove   · Paddock Woods   · Palos Park Woods-North   · Palos Park Woods-South   · Papoose Lake   · Sag Quarries   · Sagawau Environmental Learning Center   · Southland Volunteer Resource Center   · Swallow Cliff Woods-North   · Swallow Cliff Woods-South   · Tampier Greenway Family Picnic Area   · Tampier Lake Boating Center   · Tampier Lake-North   · Tampier Lake-West   · Teason's Woods Trail Systems   · Centennial (Unpaved)   · Sag Valley (Unpaved) Tinley Creek Division Includes: South Green Belt Preserve Activity Areas   · Arrowhead Lake   · Bachelor's Grove Woods   · Bartel Grassland   · Bobolink Family Picnic Area   · Bremen Grove   · Bur Oak Woods   · Camp Falcon   · Camp Sullivan   · Carlson Springs Woods   · Catalina Grove Family Picnic Area   · Coopers Hawk Grove Family Picnic Area   · Elizabeth A. Conkey Forest-North   · Elizabeth A. Conkey Forest-South   · Flossmoor Road Bicycle Lot   · George W. Dunne National Driving Range   · George W. Dunne National Golf Course   · Goeselville Grove Family Picnic Area   · Midlothian Meadows   · Midlothian Reservoir   · Rubio Woods   · St. Mihiel Woods-East   · Tinley Creek Model Airplane Flying Field   · Tinley Creek Woods   · Turtlehead Lake   · Vollmer Road Grove   · Yankee Woods Trail Systems   · Tinley Creek (Paved)   · Tinley Creek (Unpaved) Calumet Division, Thorn Creek Division Includes: Plum Creek Preserve; Powderhorn Prairie and Marsh Naure Preserve COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as

4088-783: The natural forests and said lands together with their flora and fauna, as nearly as may be, in their natural state and condition, for the purpose of the education, pleasure, and recreation of the public. A Cook County referendum required by the 1913 law was passed by voters in 1914, establishing the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, and the first Board meeting was held in February 1915. The Forest Preserve District operates six nature centers used for programming and education, five campgrounds, and three swimming centers as of 2023. The Forest Preserve District also maintains ten public golf courses . In addition to owning and managing tens of thousands of acres of forest, meadow, and wetlands, both

4161-495: The official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus explained: CO   for corona , VI   for virus , D   for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019). WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications. WHO named variants of concern and variants of interest using Greek letters . The initial practice of naming them according to where

4234-427: The outbreak as having become a pandemic on 11 March. COVID-19 symptoms range from asymptomatic to deadly, but most commonly include fever, sore throat , nocturnal cough , and fatigue. Transmission of the virus is often through airborne particles . Mutations have produced many strains (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and virulence . COVID-19 vaccines were developed rapidly and deployed to

4307-407: The pandemic 2021's leading cause of death . The time between symptom onset and death ranges from   6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days. Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions. The infection fatality ratio (IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by

4380-495: The pandemic evolved. Misinformation circulated through social media and mass media , and political tensions intensified . The pandemic raised issues of racial and geographic discrimination , health equity , and the balance between public health imperatives and individual rights . The WHO ended the PHEIC for COVID-19 on 5 May 2023. The disease has continued to circulate, but as of 2024, experts were uncertain as to whether it

4453-415: The population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections. There have also been reviews that have compared the fatality rate of this pandemic with prior pandemics, such as MERS-CoV. For comparison the infection mortality rate of seasonal flu in the United States is 0.1%, which is 13 times lower than COVID-19. Another metric in assessing death rate is the case fatality ratio (CFR), which

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4526-462: The risk of dying from seasonal influenza . In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in

4599-496: The same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, sputum , shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea. In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell

4672-411: The time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged prothrombin time and elevated C-reactive protein levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to intensive care units (ICU). Between 5% and 50% of COVID-19 patients experience long COVID , a condition characterised by long-term consequences persisting after

4745-618: The train still exist as roads for service vehicles, as does the North Gate station (since converted into a snack stand). In the early 21st century, the zoo has undergone significant capital upgrades, constructing the Hamill Family Play Zoo, Regenstein Wolf Woods, butterfly tent, sheltered group catering pavilions, and the largest non-restored, hand-carved, wooden carousel in the United States. Great Bear Wilderness,

4818-694: The typical convalescence period of the disease. The most commonly reported clinical presentations are fatigue and memory problems, as well as malaise , headaches, shortness of breath , loss of smell, muscle weakness , low fever and cognitive dysfunction . Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (known as " zero-COVID ") that aim to completely stop

4891-543: The variants were identified (e.g. Delta began as the " Indian variant") is no longer common. A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's PANGO lineage (e.g., Omicron 's lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants. SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to bat coronaviruses , pangolin coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV . The first known outbreak (the 2019–2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China ) started in Wuhan , Hubei, China, in December 2019. Many early cases were linked to people who had visited

4964-469: The zoo's early decades, a narrow-gauge railroad existed, which carried guests around the outer perimeter of the park from the North Gate to the old Seven Seas dolphin habitat on the park's south end. Bison lived on a small prairie on the west end of the park and could only be seen from the train, reminiscent of the Old West. The railroad was dismantled in the mid-1980s, although the pathways once used by

5037-658: The zoo. This included updating the north entrance to the zoo on 31st Street and Golfview Avenue. The CZS has hosted several fundraising events, Wines in the Wild and Wild Wild Whirl, where they collected various donations ranging in totals from $ 130,000 to $ 1.5 million. A total of 808 volunteers help the zoo with 74,401 community service hours which equates to $ 1.86 million of work. Economic movement approaches $ 150 million, 2,000 jobs, 580 volunteers, and around 2.2 million visitors every year. Forest Preserve District of Cook County The Forest Preserve District of Cook County

5110-443: Was accidentally released from a laboratory have been proposed, as of 2021 these were not supported by evidence. Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19 and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease. Due to the effect of sampling bias , studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from

5183-457: Was still a pandemic. Pandemics and their ends are not well-defined, and whether or not one has ended differs according to the definition used. As of 24 November 2024, COVID-19 has caused 7,075,455 confirmed deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic ranks as the fifth- deadliest pandemic or epidemic in history . In epidemiology , a pandemic is defined as "an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting

5256-509: Was the most widely used. According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 million to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021. On 8 November 2022, the first recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (Novavax's booster Nuvaxovid ) was authorised for use in adults in the United Kingdom. It has subsequently received endorsement/authorisation from

5329-421: Was the president of the Chicago Zoological Society from 1921 until 1948 and oversaw the zoo's construction, opening and its early years, including helping it through the war years, when the zoo saw a decrease in attendance. Grace Olive Wiley briefly worked as a reptile curator at the zoo in 1935. George B. Rabb was the director from 1976 until 2003, having originally worked as a researcher and an assistant to

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