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91-589: Chiang Mai (meaning "new city" in Thai) was founded in 1296 as the new capital of Lan Na , succeeding the former capital, Chiang Rai . The city's location on the Ping River (a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River ) and its proximity to major trading routes contributed to its historic importance. The city municipality of Chiang Mai ( thesaban nakhon ) officially only covers parts (40,2 km²) of

182-488: A "Smart City" (part of the "Thailand 4.0" vision). DEPA has also provided funding to Chiang Mai's Maejo University , to develop wireless sensor systems for better farmland irrigation techniques, to reduce use of water sprinklers and increase productivity. The university is also developing agricultural drones that can spray fertilizers and pesticides on crops which, if successful, will result in lower costs. The drones may also detect and monitor fires and smoke pollution. Under

273-401: A 90 rai plot of land as a community for tech start-ups, Internet of Things technology, software programmers and business process outsourcing services. It is aimed to both increase the size of Chiang Mai's digital workforce, as well as attract foreign digital talent to Chiang Mai. In January 2018, it was announced that Chiang Mai would be launching "Mobike In", a bike-sharing app that would see

364-514: A Million Rice Fields"; Thai : อาณาจักรล้านนา , RTGS :  Anachak Lan Na , pronounced [ʔāː.nāː.tɕàk láːn nāː] ), also known as Lannathai , and most commonly called Lanna or Lanna Kingdom , was an Indianized state centered in present-day Northern Thailand from the 13th to the 18th centuries. The cultural development of the Northern Thai people had begun long before as successive kingdoms preceded Lan Na. As

455-521: A city municipality ( thesaban nakhon ) on 29 March 1935. First covering just 17.5 square kilometres (6.8 sq mi), the city was enlarged to 40.2 square kilometres (15.5 sq mi) on 5 April 1983. In May 2006 Chiang Mai was the site of the Chiang Mai Initiative , concluded between ASEAN and the "ASEAN+3" countries, (China, Japan, and South Korea). Chiang Mai was one of three Thai cities contending for Thailand's bid to host

546-654: A continuation of the kingdom of Ngoenyang , Lan Na emerged strong enough in the 15th century to rival the Ayutthaya Kingdom , with whom wars were fought. However, the Lan Na Kingdom was weakened and became a vassal state of the Toungoo dynasty in 1558. Lan Na was ruled by successive vassal kings, though some enjoyed autonomy. The Burmese rule gradually withdrew but then resumed as the new Konbaung dynasty expanded its influence. In 1775, Lan Na chiefs left

637-557: A population of 127,000, already exceeded the municipal city limits, and has grown to over one million people in 2022. Chiang Mai Municipality has now become a small part of the current city-scape, making up only most parts of the capital district Amphoe Mueang Chiang Mai in the inner city. To reflect the city's growth beyond the municipal borders, official government documents by the Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Organization and

728-481: A series of publicity to solicit readers, the gazette gained a greater number of subscribers that, in 1893, it publicly expressed its gratitude to its subscribers, saying they were "source of its delight". Also in 1893, King Chulalongkorn established a cabinet ministry called Murathathon and had the Royal Scribal Department affiliated to it. The work of publishing this gazette thus became under

819-411: A substantial degree of autonomy for Lan Na but strictly controlled the corvée and taxation. After Bayinnaung, his massive empire quickly unraveled. Siam successfully revolted (1584–93) , after which all the vassals of Pegu went their own way by 1596–1597. Lan Na's Nawrahta Minsaw declared independence in 1596. In 1602, Nawrahta Minsaw became a vassal of King Naresuan of Siam. However, Siam's control

910-500: A tourist attraction are its topography, climate, and cultural history. Chiang Mai is estimated to have 32,000–40,000 hotel rooms and Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) is Thailand's fourth largest airport, after Suvarnabhumi (BKK), Don Mueang (DMK), and Phuket (HKT). The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau (TCEB) aims to market Chiang Mai as a global MICE city as part of a five-year plan. The TCEB forecasts revenue from MICE to rise by 10 percent to 4.24 billion baht in 2013 and

1001-801: Is Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital , run by the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University . The Ministry of Public Health does not operate any hospitals in Chiang Mai Municipality, with the closest one being Nakornping Hospital , a regional hospital in Mae Rim District and the MOPH's largest hospital in the province. A continuing environmental issue in Chiang Mai is the incidence of air pollution that primarily occurs every year between December and April. In 1996, speaking at

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1092-639: Is a legal requirement that laws enacted by the Thai government be published in this gazette prior to coming into force . The first formal constitution of Thailand, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Siam 1932, stated in section 38 that bills passed by the House of Representatives and signed by the monarch took effect upon publication in the gazette. Of all the hundreds of copies printed between 1858 and 1859 in

1183-557: Is also home to 16 international schools, the second highest amount in the country after Bangkok. Chiang Mai University, the city's main and most important institution, was the first government university established outside of Bangkok in the year 1964. As of 2024, Chiang Mai University holds the rank of the third best university in Thailand behind Chulalongkorn and Mahidol University. The largest hospital in Chiang Mai City

1274-483: Is lower costs of living. Quality services at low prices are a major selling point in mainstream healthcare, dental and ophthalmologic care as well as Thai traditional medicine. Its local university is also developing specializations in robotic surgery and geriatric medicine to accommodate a future aging population. DEPA also reported that it has developed a mobile app that uses augmented reality technology to showcase various historical attractions in Chiang Mai, in line with

1365-591: Is situated in a valley on a river basin in the Thai highlands and is on average at 300 m (1,000 ft) elevation. Chiang Mai's city centre sits west of the Ping River , a tributary to the Chao Phraya River , while the city's sprawl extends north-west, south-west, north-east and east of the river. To the west side of Chiang Mai lies the Thanon Thong Chai Mountain Range , with one major peak, Doi Suthep mountain , prominently rising above

1456-418: Is the modern spoken form of the old Lan Na language. Kham Mueang means "language of the principalities" ( Kham , language or word; mueang , town, principality, kingdom) as opposed to the languages of many hill tribe peoples in the surrounding mountainous areas. The language may be written in the old Lan Na script, which somewhat resembles that of the Thai, but differs significantly in spelling rules. Due to

1547-544: The Tourism Authority of Thailand (Chiang Mai Office), together with local universities, public and private sectors. The project aims to promote non-motorised transportation and support eco-tourism. Speaking at the launch at the Lanna Folklife Museum, Deputy Governor Puttipong Sirimart stated that the introduction of such "smart transportation" was a positive move in Chiang Mai's transformation into

1638-554: The Ayutthaya-Lan Na War over the Upper Chao Phraya valley (i.e. the Kingdom of Sukhothai). In 1460, the governor of Chaliang surrendered to Tilokkarat. Trailokanat then used a new strategy and concentrated on the wars with Lan Na by moving the capital to Pitsanulok. Lan Na suffered setbacks and Tilokkarat eventually sued for peace in 1475. Tilokkarat was also a strong patron of Theravada Buddhism. In 1477,

1729-695: The Buddhist Council to recompile the Tripitaka was held near Chiang Mai. Tilokkarat also built and rehabilitated many notable temples. Tilokkarat then expanded west to the Shan States of Laihka , Hsipaw , Mong Nai , and Yawnghwe . After Tilokkarat, Lan Na was then subjected to old-style princely struggles that prevented the kingdom from defending itself against powerful growing neighbors. The Shans then broke themselves free of Lan Na control that Tilokkarat had established. The last strong ruler

1820-566: The Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning - published in the Royal Thai Government Gazette - regularly update and outline the current city boundaries. The first revision of such a updated urban area ( Thai : เขตเมือง ) was published in 1989, with the second one following in 1999. The third revision from 2012 expands the old municipal city border inside Muaeng Chiang Mai district to Mae Rim in

1911-516: The Emerald Buddha from Chiangmai to Luang Prabang (the one that would be later taken to Bangkok by Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke ). The nobles then chose Mekuti , the Shan saopha of Mong Nai whose family was related to Mangrai, to be the new king of Lan Na. It was said that, as a Shan king, Mekuti violated several Lan Na norms and beliefs. The kingdom then came to conflict over Shan states with

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2002-709: The Laotian language , it is known as Anachak Lan Na ( Lao : ອານາຈັກລ້ານນາ ). The Pali chronicles refer to the kingdom as Yonaraṭṭha (Kingdom of the Yun) or Bingaraṭṭha (Kingdom of the Mae Ping). In the Chinese History of the Yuan , it is called Babai Xifu (Pa-pai-si-fu) ( Chinese : 八百媳妇 ; pinyin : Bābǎi Xífù ), first attested in 1292. Mangrai , the 25th king of Ngoenyang (modern Chiang Saen ) of

2093-484: The Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai (centered on modern Lamphun ) in 1281. Mangrai moved the capital several times. Leaving Lamphun due to heavy flooding, he drifted until settling at and building Wiang Kum Kam in 1286/7, staying there until 1292 at which time he relocated to what would become Chiang Mai. He founded Chiang Mai in 1296, expanding it to become the capital of Lan Na. Claimed territories of Mangrai's Lan Na include

2184-487: The Mueang Chiang Mai district in the city centre and has a population of 127,000. This census area dates back to 1983 when Chiang Mai's municipal area was enlarged for the first and last time since becoming the first City Municipality in Thailand (then under Siam ) in 1935. The city's sprawl has since extended into several neighboring districts, namely Hang Dong in the south, Mae Rim in the north, Suthep in

2275-470: The Vesak at Doi Suthep mountain where thousands of Buddhists make the journey on foot after sunset, from the bottom of the mountain to the temple at the top Wat Doi Suthep. Makha Bucha Day is celebrated at large temples (Wat Phra Singh, Wat Chedi Luang, Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, and Wat Sri Soda) with thousands of attendees. While most inhabitants speak Thai , there are many older inhabitants that also speak

2366-545: The dhatu of Doi Suthep in 1386. Kue Na promoted the Lankawongse sect and invited monks from Sukhothai to replace the existing Mon Theravada that Lan Na inherited from Haripunchai. Lan Na enjoyed peace under Saenmuengma (which means ten thousand cities arrive — to pay tribute). The only disturbing event was the failed rebellion by his uncle Prince Maha Prommatat. Maha Prommatat requested aid from Ayutthaya. Borommaracha I of Ayutthaya sent his troops to invade Lan Na but

2457-532: The 1720s, the Toungoo dynasty was on its last legs. In 1727, Chiang Mai revolted because of high taxation. The resistance forces drove back the Burmese army in 1727–1728 and 1731–1732, after which Chiang Mai and Ping valley became independent. Chiang Mai became a vassal again in 1757 to the new Burmese dynasty . It revolted again in 1761 with Siamese encouragement but the rebellion was suppressed by January 1763. In

2548-569: The 1765, the Burmese used Lan Na as a launching pad to invade the Laotian states, and Siam itself. In the early 1770s, Burma was at the peak of its military power since Bayinnaung, having defeated Siam (1765–67) and China (1765–69) , the Burmese army commanders and governors became "drunk with victory". This arrogant repressive behavior by the local Burmese government caused a rebellion in Lan Na. The new Burmese governor at Chiang Mai, Thado Mindin,

2639-592: The 1790s, Kawila consolidated his hold of Lan Na, taking over Chiang Saen . He then tried to take over Burma's Shan state of Kengtung and Sipsongpanna (1803–1808) but failed. Nonetheless, the Kingdom of Chiang Mai , as a vassal state of Siam, had come into existence. Under Siamese suzerainty, Lan Na kingdom was divided into five smaller principalities, namely the Chiang Mai , Nan , Lampang , Lamphun , and Phrae . Lan Na ceased to be an entity on its own after it

2730-519: The 2011 IBM "Smarter Cities Challenge", IBM experts recommended smarter food initiatives focused on creating agricultural data for farmers, including price modelling, farmer-focused weather forecasting tools, an e-portal to help farmers align crop production with demand, as well as branding of Chiang Mai produce. Longer-term recommendations included implementing traceability, enabling the tracking of produce from farm to consumer, smarter irrigation as well as flood control and early warning systems. As part of

2821-475: The British and French. The Lan Na kingdom is known by a number of exonyms in neighboring languages. In Burmese chronicles and sources, it is called Zinme Pyi ( Burmese : ဇင်းမယ်ပြည် , pronounced [zɪ́ɰ̃mɛ̀ pjì] ), Zinme being a Burmese language transcription of Chiang Mai ; or Yun Pyi ( ယွန်းပြည် , [yʊ́ɰ̃ pjì] ), Yun being the Burmese term for the Northern Thai people . In

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2912-695: The Burmese control to join Siam, leading to the Burmese–Siamese War (1775–76) . Following the retreat of the Burmese force, Burmese control over Lan Na came to the end. Siam, under King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom , gained control of Lan Na in 1776. From then on, Lan Na became a vassal state of Siam under the succeeding Chakri dynasty . Throughout the latter half of the 1800s, the Siamese state dismantled Lan Na independence, absorbing it into

3003-764: The Cabinet (SOC) newly established in the Office of the Prime Minister . The work of publishing this gazette has since been under the responsibility of the SOC, in which a specific section, called the Royal Gazette Subdivision ( Thai : กลุ่มงานราชกิจจานุเบกษา ), has been set up to take charge of the work, and a printer, called the Cabinet and Royal Gazette Publishing Office ( Thai : สำนักพิมพ์คณะรัฐมนตรีและราชกิจจานุเบกษา ), has been created for printing

3094-533: The Faculty of Medicine at Chiang Mai University, the team of experts aim to enhance the quality of medical care available to the community, both urban and rural, as well as develop Chiang Mai into a centre for medical tourism with the infrastructure for supporting international visitors seeking long-term medical care. As the largest city in northern Thailand, Chiang Mai already receives some long stay healthcare visitors, largely Japanese. Its main advantage over Bangkok

3185-705: The Fourth International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement conference—held in Chiang Mai that year—the Governor Virachai Naewboonien invited guest speaker Dr. Jakapan Wongburanawatt, Dean of the Social Science Faculty of Chiang Mai University , to discuss air pollution efforts in the region. Dr. Wongburanawatt stated that, in 1994, an increasing number of city residents attended hospitals suffering from respiratory problems associated with

3276-479: The Internet of Things (IOT)), is viewed to be critical both for secondary cities with burgeoning urban population like Chiang Mai, as well as part of Thailand's move to be digital hub of ASEAN. The role of private sector investment, together with public sector partnership, is key to promote digital entrepreneurship. Prosoft Comtech, a Thai software company, has spent 300 million baht to build its own "Oon IT Valley" on

3367-524: The Lavachakkaraj dynasty, whose mother was a princess of a kingdom in Sipsongpanna ("the twelve nations"), centralized the mueangs of Ngoenyang into a unified kingdom or mandala and allied with the neighboring Phayao Kingdom . In 1262, Mangrai moved the capital from Ngoenyang to the newly founded Chiang Rai — naming the city after himself. Mangrai then expanded to the south and subjugated

3458-665: The University Medical Clinic a medical hub, as well as improving efficiency of hospitals for improved service delivery. For example, healthcare providers could use real-time location tracking of patients and hospital assets to increase efficiency and build an internationally recognised service identity. Electronic medical record technology can also be adopted to standardise information exchanges to link all medical service providers, even including traditional medicine and spas. Similar ideas include linking patient databases and healthcare asset information. In partnership with

3549-585: The World Expo 2020 . Ayutthaya was ultimately chosen by the Thai parliament to register for the international competition. Chiang Mai was one of two tourist destinations in Thailand on TripAdvisor 's 2014 list of "25 Best Destinations in the World", where it stood at number 24. Chiang Mai is also the place where the new idol group CGM48 was founded. The city emblem shows the stupa at Wat Phra That Doi Suthep in its center. Below it are clouds representing

3640-464: The acceptable level of PM10 is 50 μg/m³ and PM2.5 is 25 μg/m³. To address the increasing amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector in Chiang Mai, the city government has advocated the use of non-motorised transport (NMT). In addition to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the NMT initiative addresses other issues such as traffic congestion, air quality, income generation for

3731-444: The behest of King Mongkut (Rama IV) as a channel for his government to communicate its information to the public, especially in regard to the issuance of laws. Laws enacted by the Thai government are required to be published in this gazette in order to take effect. The gazette is the first locally produced journal of Thailand, the first journal of the Thai government, and the oldest Thai journal still in publication. As of 2023,

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3822-426: The city area, ranging from very prominent landmarks to small remnants that have almost completely disappeared or are overgrown with vegetation. Chiang Mai has several museums regarding Art and Lanna culture within its city limits: The influx of tourists has put a strain on the city's natural resources. Faced with rampant unplanned development, air and water pollution, waste management problems, and traffic congestion,

3913-480: The city has launched a non-motorised transport (NMT) system. The initiative, developed by a partnership of experts and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network , aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create employment opportunities for the urban poor. The climate compatible development strategy has gained support from policy-makers and citizens alike. Tourism has also brought benefits for

4004-399: The city with an elevation of 1,676 metres (5,499 ft). There are several parks and green spaces inside the city. Buak Hat Public Park , located in the south west corner of the old city is the most frequented public park in Chiang Mai. Directly opposite, to the south-west, is Kanchanaphisek Park, a park with remnants of the old extended city walls. Bigger parks include Lanna Rama 9 Park to

4095-556: The city's air pollution. During the December–April period, air quality in Chiang Mai often remains below recommended standards, with fine-particle dust levels reaching twice the standard limits. It has been said that smoke pollution has made March "the worst month to visit Chiang Mai". The northern centre of the Meteorological Department has reported that low-pressure areas from China trap forest fire smoke in

4186-679: The dry season can be cool and much lower than daytime highs. The maximum temperature ever recorded was 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in May 2016. Cold and hot weather effects occur immediately but cold effects last longer than hot effects and contribute to higher cold related mortality risk among old people aged more than 85 years. The Administration of Chiang Mai Municipality is responsible for an area that covers approximately 40.216 square kilometers and consists of 4 Municipal Districts, 14 sub-districts, 94 municipal communities, and 89,656 households. According to Municipal Act B.E. 2496 (1953, reviewed in 2003),

4277-485: The duties of the Municipality cover a lot of areas which include clean water supply, waste and sewage disposal, communicable disease control, public training and education, public hospitals and electricity, etc. The mayor, or the highest executive, is directly elected by the eligible voters in the municipal area. The mayor serves a four-year term and is assisted by no more than four deputy mayors appointed directly by

4368-433: The emerging Siamese nation-state. Beginning in 1874, the Siamese state reorganized Lan Na Kingdom as Monthon Phayap, brought under the direct control of Siam. The Lan Na Kingdom effectively became centrally administered from through the Siamese thesaphiban governance system instituted in 1899. By 1909, Lan Na Kingdom no longer existed formally as an independent state, as Siam finalized the demarcation of its borders with

4459-670: The expansionist Burmese king Bayinnaung . Bayinnaung's forces invaded Lan Na from the north, and Mekuti surrendered on 2 April 1558. Encouraged by Setthathirath, Mekuti revolted during the Burmese–Siamese War (1563–64) . But the king was captured by Burmese forces in November 1564, and sent to the-then Burmese capital of Pegu . Bayinnaung then made Wisutthithewi , a Lan Na royal, the queen regnant of Lan Na. After her death, Bayinnaung appointed one of his sons Nawrahta Minsaw (Noratra Minsosi), viceroy of Lan Na in January 1579. Burma allowed

4550-422: The extended metropolitan area is. Chiang Mai Municipality covers an area of 40.2 square kilometres (15.52 sq mi), while the urban city covers an area of 405 square kilometres (156.371 sq mi). The city's sprawl reaches into six neighboring districts: Mae Rim , Doi Saket , San Kamphaeng , Hang Dong , Saraphi and Suthep . Chiang Mai is the only city outside Bangkok to reach into other districts. The city

4641-661: The former Lan Na Kingdom's unique language known as Northern Thai , Lanna or Kham Mueang . The script used to write this language, called the Tai Tham alphabet , is studied only by scholars, and the language is commonly written with the standard Thai alphabet . Khan tok is a century-old Lan Na Thai tradition. Chiang Mai has several universities, including Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai Rajabhat University , Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna , Payap University , Far Eastern University, and Maejo University , as well as numerous technical and teacher colleges. The city

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4732-418: The gazette is only published online and is available in print format in limited copies only for archival purposes. The Thai name of the gazette, Ratchakitchanubeksa , was coined by King Mongkut and means "for looking into royal works". The gazette was first issued by an announcement of King Mongkut dated 15 March 1858. According to the announcement, this gazette was intended to convey information from

4823-519: The gazette on 8 September 1881 and had it published every Sunday. The king also turned the independent department Akson Phimphakan into a subsidiary of the Royal Scribal Department . But due to excessive workload of its staff, the gazette was again discontinued after having been published for a while, and the king again revived it on 28 December 1884, announcing that, this time, he intended to "allow no interruption as before". After

4914-436: The gazette was issued every 15 days and was free of charge. The gazette was discontinued after having been in publication for merely around one year. Later, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) revived the gazette on 17 May 1874. This time, the gazette was published once every week and was sold at 8 baht per year, as the king deemed that free distribution resulted in the gazette being underrated. The fees collected were forwarded to

5005-554: The government to the public, in order to prevent incorrect rumours which might affect the "governmental affairs" and the "dignity of the Country". Some scholars, including Manit Suksomjit, believe that the initiation of the gazette was driven by the information previously published by American missionary Dan Beach Bradley in the Bangkok Recorder and considered "inaccurate" by King Mongkut. King Mongkut himself served as

5096-834: The government's policy to promote Chiang Mai as a world heritage city. According to Thailand's Tourist Authority, in 2013 Chiang Mai had 14.1 million visitors: 4.6 million foreigners and 9.5 million Thais. In 2016, tourist arrivals were expected to grow by approximately 10 percent to 9.1 million, with Chinese tourists increasing by seven percent to 750,000 and international arrivals by 10 percent to 2.6 million. Tourism in Chiang Mai has been growing annually by 15 percent per year since 2011, mostly due to Chinese tourists who account for 30 percent of international arrivals. In 2015, 7.4 million tourists visited Chiang Mai. Out of these, 35 percent were foreign tourists. The number of tourists has increased with an average rate of 13.6 percent annually between 2009 and 2015. The major reasons that have made Chiang Mai

5187-423: The influence of the latter, it also differs significantly from the modern pronunciation of Kham Mueang. [REDACTED] Media related to Lanna Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons Royal Thai Government Gazette The Royal Gazette ( Thai : ราชกิจจานุเบกษา ; RTGS :  Ratchakitchanubeksa ) is the official journal of Thailand (formerly Siam). The gazette was first published in 1858 at

5278-503: The introduction of some 500 smart bikes on the streets. The smart bikes would be available for use for both locals and tourists. It is reported that as a start, the bikes would be placed at convenient locations including the Three Kings monument, Tha Pae Gate and Suan Buak Haad Park, as well as in the old town. The "Mobike In" project is sponsored by Advanced Info Service (Thailand's largest mobile phone operator), in collaboration with

5369-531: The last one attractions and environment. Agritoursim is a type of business that a farmer conducts for additional farm income. Farmers, through the promotions of agricultural products, provide enjoyment and educate the public about farming and agriculture. Since 2022, due to the increasingly harsh political environment in China, Chiang Mai attracts many Chinese to settle and live in the city due to its liberal climate and low cost of living. Buddhist celebrations include

5460-463: The local community of Chiang Mai. It has played a role in promoting the arts and crafts market in Chiang Mai. Tourists have increased demand for traditional crafts and art forms that has resulted in the incentives for local artists to enhance their work thus adding to the sector. There are also opportunities for agritourism in Chiang Mai. The factor analysis illustrates three types of agri needs, activities and shopping, facilities, services and location and

5551-435: The mayor. The mayor will thus be permitted to appoint deputies, secretaries and advisors including the mayor himself or herself totally no more than 10. The current mayor is Tussanai Burabupakorn, as of June 2018. The Municipal Council is the legislative body of the municipality. It has the power to issue ordinances by laws that do not contradict with the laws of the country. The municipal council applies to all people living in

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5642-428: The moderate climate in the mountains of northern Thailand. There is a nāga , the mythical snake said to be the source of the Ping River , and rice stalks, which refer to the fertility of the land. Following the municipal city area's enlargement to 40,2 km² in 1983, no changes or updates have been made to it, even with the population increasing substantially in the years after. In 1983, Chiang Mai's urban area, with

5733-579: The modern northern Thai provinces (with exception of Phrae , which was under the vassalhood of Sukhothai , and Phayao and Nan ), Kengtung , Mong Nai , and Chiang Hung (now Jinghong in Yunnan ). He also reduced to vassaldom and received tribute from areas of modern Northern Vietnam, principally in the Black and Red river valleys, and most of Northern Laos, plus the Sipsongpanna of Yunnan where his mother originated. Around 1311, Mangrai died and

5824-552: The mountains along the Thai- Myanmar border. Research conducted between 2005 and 2009 showed that average PM10 rates in Chiang Mai during February and March were considerably above the country's safety level of 120 μg/m³, peaking at 383 μg/m³ on 14 March 2007. PM2.5 rates (fine particles 75% smaller than PM10) reached 183 μg/m³ in Chiang Mai in 2018. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),

5915-490: The municipal area. The Chiang Mai City Municipal Council is composed of 24 elected members from 4 municipal districts who each serves a 4-year term. In February 2017, the Digital Economy Promotion Agency (DEPA) (under Thailand's Digital Economy and Society Ministry) announced that 36.5 million baht would be invested into developing Chiang Mai into an innovation-driven "smart city". Chiang Mai was

6006-553: The north in Chang Phueak district and Ang Keaw Reservoir, located near the northern entrance to Chiang Mai University . As of 2024, there are plans to reopen the Chiang Mai Railway Park opposite of the central train station. Chiang Mai has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ), tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nighttime conditions during

6097-410: The north, San Kamphaeng and Doi Saket in the east, Hang Dong and Saraphi in the south, and Suthep in the west. This new extent, with a size of 405 km², serves as Chiang Mai's principal city border and urban area. The urban area has a combined population of 1,198,000 residents, making Chiang Mai the second largest city in Thailand after Bangkok (10.7 million people) and twice as big as

6188-502: The number of MICE travellers to rise by five percent to 72,424. Chiang Mai has 117 Buddhist temples (" wat " in Thai) in the Mueang (capital) district. These include: In addition to the currently active temples there are several temple ruins scattered around the present-day city area. Typically only the main stupa remains as it is a brick and cement structure, with other temple buildings no longer there. There are 44 of such structures in

6279-554: The physical version of the gazette. The gazette was initially published once a week, but now the publication has no fixed schedule and depends on the urgency of each work. As of 2023, the gazette is only published online and each issue is only available in four physical copies, one to be archived at the SOC, the others at the National Library of Thailand in Bangkok. At present, the gazette consists of four series: It

6370-584: The poor, and the long-term viability of the tourism industry. National Parks include Doi Inthanon National Park , which includes Doi Inthanon , the highest mountain in Thailand, and one of the most popular national parks in the country. It is famous for its waterfalls, few trails, remote villages, viewpoints, sunrise/sunset watching, bird watching, and the all year round cold weather on higher elevations. Lan Na The Lan Na Kingdom or The Kingdom of Lanna ( Northern Thai : ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠ᩠ᨠ᩼ᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ , pronounced [ʔāː.nāː.tɕǎk láːn nāː] , "Kingdom of

6461-470: The producer and editor-in-chief of the gazette. The king also had a printing office erected near his residential hall Phanumat Chamrun ( Thai : ภาณุมาศจำรูญ ) within the Grand Palace , Bangkok, particularly for printing this gazette. The office was under an independent department, called Akson Phimphakan ( Thai : อักษรพิมพการ ), to which the king directly appointed a director general. At that time,

6552-514: The real population figure for Chiang Mai could be as high as 1.5 million. As of 2022, a fourth revision of Chiang Mai's urban area is under way and currently up for debate by the public. Proposals show the expansion of the current urban area into more adjacent subdistricts and large forest areas, especially around Doi Suthep . Since Thailand's outdated census methods prevent the determination of official metropolitan areas outside of Bangkok, presently there are no official sources indicating how large

6643-419: The reign of King Mongkut, only 19 copies have survived to date. As regards the edition revived by King Chulalongkorn between 1874 and 1880, most of the surviving copies are incomplete and they have been reprinted twice, in 1997 and 2003 respectively. As for the edition revived in 1881, only a single volume has survived, with some pages missing. It has been reprinted once, in 1970. Physical original copies of

6734-572: The responsibility of Murathathon. But instead of printing the gazette itself as before, the government employed private printers, including Bamrung Nukulkij , to print the gazette. Occasionally, private printers printed the gazette for the government without charge. After the Siamese revolution of 1932 , the scribal works of the Murathathon ministry were transferred to the Secretariat of

6825-417: The royal treasury. However, Akson Phimphakan revealed that only few people were willing to spend their money on the gazette, stating that, of over 500 copies published, only 50–60 were taken, and this caused it to feel like "wasting its efforts producing [the gazette]". The gazette was again discontinued after five years in publication. The last issue was dated 7 March 1880. King Chulalongkorn again revived

6916-521: The second city in Thailand, after Phuket and along with Khon Kaen, to be developed using the "smart city" model. The model aims to capture and populate multiple levels of information (including building, social, environmental, governmental, and economic data) from sources like sensors, real-time traffic information, and social forums for access by managers, governments, and citizens using mobile apps, tablets, and dashboards. The "Smart City" outlook (integrating Information and Communications Technology (ICT) with

7007-493: The smart city project supported by IBM, Chiang Mai is also looking to use technology to boost its presence as a medical tourism hub. In 2011, IBM launched its Smarter Cities Challenge, a three-year, 100 city, 1.6 billion baht (US$ 50 million) program where teams of experts study and make detailed recommendations to address local important urban issues. Chiang Mai won a grant of about US$ 400,000 in 2011. The IBM team focused on smarter healthcare initiatives, aimed at making Chiang Mai and

7098-487: The third largest city Nakhon Ratchasima (Estimate: 500,000 people). As neither the Department of Local Administration (DLA) nor the National Statistics Office (NSO) count expatriates, non-permanent residents, migrant workers (except ASEAN migrants for the year 2017) and citizens from other Thai provinces living and renting in Chiang Mai in their official population figures, it is estimated that

7189-409: The throne in 1322 or 1324. Saen Phu founded the city of Chiang Saen in 1325 or 1328, before he died in 1334. His son Kham Fu replaced him but reigned only few years, before he was succeeded by his son Pha Yu, who restored the capital to Chiang Mai again. There he fortified the city and built Wat Phra Singh . Theravada Buddhism prospered in Lan Na during the reign of religious Kue Na who established

7280-484: The west and San Kamphaeng in the east, forming the Chiang Mai urban area with over a million residents. The city municipality is subdivided into four khwaeng ( electoral wards ): Nakhon Ping, Sriwichai, Mengrai, and Kawila. The first three are on the west bank of the Ping River, and Kawila is on the east bank. Nakhon Ping District includes the northern part of the city. Sriwichai, Mengrai, and Kawila consist of

7371-547: The western, southern, and eastern parts, respectively. The city center—within the city walls—is mostly within Sriwichai ward. Mangrai founded Chiang Mai in 1294 or 1296 on a site that the Lawa people called Wiang Nopburi. The city succeeded Chiang Rai as the capital of Lan Na . Pha Yu enlarged and fortified it and built Wat Phra Singh in honor of his father, Kham Fu. With the decline of Lan Na, Chiang Mai lost importance and

7462-493: Was Paya Kaew who was the great-grandson of Tilokkarat. In 1507, Kaew invaded Ayutthaya but was repelled — only to be invaded in turn in 1513 by Ramathibodi II and Lampang was sacked . In 1523, a dynastic struggle occurred in Kengtung State . One faction sought Lan Na support while another faction went for Hsipaw . Kaew then sent Lan Na armies to re-exert control there but was readily defeated by Hsipaw armies. The loss

7553-439: Was disrespectful to local chiefs and the people, and became extremely unpopular. One of the local chiefs, Kawila of Lampang revolted with Siamese help, and captured the city on 15 January 1775 , ending the 200-year Burmese rule. Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam. Burma tried to regain Lan Na in 1775–76 , 1785–86 , 1797 but failed each time. In

7644-453: Was forced to put her kingdom under Ayutthaya as a tributary state. Facing pressures from the invaders, Chiraprapha decided to abdicate in 1546 and the nobility gave the throne to her nephew (son of her sister), Prince Chaiyasettha of Lan Xang . Chaiyasettha moved to Lan Na and thus Lan Na was ruled by a Laotian king. In 1547, Prince Chaiyasettha returned to Lan Xang to claim the throne and ascended as Setthathirath . Setthathirath also brought

7735-533: Was incorporated into modern Kingdom of Siam. Chiang Mai, under Burma's rule, lasted more than 200 years, but there were some periods that switched to Ayutthaya rule. The reign of King Narai the Great, and there were some independent periods, but was dominated and ruled by the Lao King called Ong Kham from the Kingdom of Luang Prabang for more than 30 years. Kham Mueang or Phasa Mueang ( Thai : ภาษาเมือง )

7826-581: Was occupied by the Taungoo in 1556. It formally became part of the Thonburi Kingdom in 1774, by an agreement with Chao Kavila , after the Thonburi king Taksin helped drive out the Taungoo Bamar. Subsequent Taungoo counterattacks led to Chiang Mai's abandonment between 1776 and 1791; The modern municipality dates to a sanitary district ( sukhaphiban ) that was created in 1915; it was upgraded to

7917-555: Was repelled and the rebellion was suppressed. Tilokkarat conquered the neighboring Kingdom of Payao in 1456. To the south, the emerging Kingdom of Ayutthaya was also growing powerful. Relations between the two kingdoms had worsened since the Ayutthayan support of Thau Choi's rebellion. In 1451, Yutthitthira , a Sukhothai royal who had conflicts with Trailokanat of Ayutthaya, gave himself to Tilokkarat. Yuttitthira urged Trilokanat to invade Pitsanulok which he had claims on, igniting

8008-471: Was repelled. This was the first armed conflict between the two kingdoms. Lan Na faced invasions from the newly established Ming Dynasty in the reign of Sam Fang Kaen. The Lan Na kingdom was strongest under Tilokkarat (1441–1487). Tilokkarat seized the throne from his father Sam Fang Kaen in 1441. Tilokkarat's brother, Thau Choi, rebelled to reclaim the throne for his father and sought Ayutthayan support. Borommaracha II sent his troops to Lan Na in 1442 but

8099-469: Was short-lived. The actual suzerainty effectively ended with Naresuan's death in 1605. By 1614, Siam's control over Lan Na was at most nominal. When the Burmese returned, the ruler of Lan Na, Thado Kyaw (Phra Choi), sought and received help from Lan Xang, not his nominal overlord Siam, which did not send any help. After 1614, vassal kings of Burmese descent ruled Lan Na for over one hundred years. Siam did try to take over Lan Na in 1662–1664 but failed. By

8190-645: Was so tremendous that Lan Na never regained such dominance. In 1538, King Ketklao, son of Kaew, was overthrown by his own son Thau Sai Kam. However, Ketklao was restored in 1543 but suffered mental illness and was executed in 1545. Ketklao's daughter, Chiraprapha , then succeeded her father as the queen regnant . As Lan Na was plundered by the dynastic struggles, both Ayutthaya and the Burmese saw this as an opportunity to overwhelm Lan Na. Chairacha of Ayutthaya invaded Lan Na in 1545, but Chiraprapha negotiated for peace. Chairacha returned next year, sacking Lampang and Lamphun, and threatened Chiangmai itself. So, Chiraprapha

8281-521: Was succeeded by his second son Grama, or Jayasangrama (Khun Hham). He soon retired to Chiangrai and appointed his son Saen Phu as the Uparaja ( Viceroy ) of Chiangmai. Mangrai's youngest son, ruler of Mong Nai returned to claim the throne, occupying Haripunjaya . Saen Phu and his brother Nam Thuem fled to their father in Chiangrai. Nam Tuam succeeded in driving out their uncle, restoring Saen Phu onto

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