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125-679: The Thonburi Kingdom was a major Siamese kingdom which existed in Southeast Asia from 1767 to 1782, centered around the city of Thonburi , in Siam or present-day Thailand . The kingdom was founded by Taksin the Great , who reunited Siam following the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom , which saw the country separate into five warring regional states. The Thonburi Kingdom oversaw the rapid reunification and reestablishment of Siam as

250-453: A sotapanna or Buddhist saint and he believed that he could fly. In 1779, the pro-Siamese King Ang Non of Cambodia, an ally of Taksin, was murdered and the pro-Vietnamese Cambodian minister Chauvea Tolaha Mu took power. Taksin's relationship with his son Prince Inthraphithak deteriorated to the point that he banished his son from the palace. His paranoia and religious obsession worsened in mid-1780 when he commanded Buddhist monks to perform

375-593: A Burmese garrison. In the late 1740s, during the Burmese civil war of 1740–1757, Dawei, along with the northern Tenasserim coast, was taken over by Siam. Burma regained the city in 1760 and extended its control over the entire Tenasserim coast , in 1765. The Tenasserim coast was ceded to the British after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826). After independence in 1948, the city became part of

500-574: A Teochew Chinese, sought imperial recognition from the Qing Beijing court. However, the Qing court under Emperor Qianlong refused to accept Taksin as the rightful ruler of Siam because Mạc Thiên Tứ the ruler of Hà Tiên had told Beijing that remaining descendants of the fallen Ayutthayan dynasty were with him in Hà Tiên. This urged Taksin to conduct an expedition in 1771 to destroy Hà Tiên and to capture

625-500: A US$ 8.6 billion deal with Italian-Thai Development to develop the seaport at Dawei. The Dawei Special Economic Zone would become Myanmar's first special economic zone (SEZ), which includes plans to develop a 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) industrial estate, with sea, land (railway and road) infrastructure links to Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, as well as a gas pipeline to Thailand's Kanchanaburi Province and commercial and residential developments. The development of

750-525: A continuation from the late Ayutthaya period (1688-1767), and the increased influence of the Chinese community in Siam, with Taksin and later monarchs sharing close connections and close family ties with the Sino-Siamese community. The Thonburi Kingdom lasted for only 14 years, ending in 1782 when Taksin was deposed by a major Thonburi military commander, Chao Phraya Chakri , who subsequently founded

875-577: A distinct, important genre of Thai cinema . Hinduism has left substantial and present marks on Thai culture. Some Thais worship Hindu gods like Ganesha , Shiva , Vishnu , or Brahma (e.g., at Bangkok's well-known Erawan Shrine ). They do not see a contradiction between this practice and their primary Buddhist faith. The Thai national epic Ramakien is an adaption of the Hindu Ramayana . Hindu mythological figures like Devas , Yakshas , Nagas , gods and their mounts ( vahana ) characterise

1000-453: A gateway for Kra-Dai migration. However, the presence of Dai and Zhuang ancestry in some northern and central Thai populations suggest an alternative route. There is also evidence of bidirectional admixture between southern Thai and Nayu, who show close genetic relationships with Austronesian speaking groups from Island Southeast Asia. For central Thais, there is no evidence of close affinities with Mon, except for two Central Thai individuals from

1125-572: A historical epic poem written in the late 15th to early 16th century, also used the word "Tai" (ไท). The French diplomat Simon de la Loubère , mentioned that, "The Siamese give to themselves the Name of Tai, or Free, and those that understand the Language of Pegu , affirm that Siam in that Tongue signifies Free. 'Tis from thence perhaps that the Portugues have derived this word, having probably known

1250-718: A monk at Wat Arun with Phraya San taking control in Thonburi. Chaophraya Chakri in Cambodia, informed about the incidents, assigned his nephew Phra Suriya Aphai to lead armies from Nakhon Ratchasima to pacify Thonburi. Phraya San ordered Taksin's nephew Prince Anurak Songkhram to attack Phra Suriya Aphai at Bangkok Noi in the Battle of Bangkok Noi in April 1782. Phra Suriya Aphai was about to be overrun by Phraya San's forces when Siri Rochana, Lanna wife of Surasi, appealed to Binnya Sein

1375-523: A preeminient military power within mainland Southeast Asia, overseeing the country's expansion to its greatest territorial extent up to that point in its history, incorporating Lan Na , the Laotian kingdoms ( Luang Phrabang , Vientiane , Champasak ), and Cambodia under the Siamese sphere of influence . The Thonburi Kingdom saw the consolidation and continued growth of Chinese trade from Qing China ,

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1500-465: A railway line across the Tenasserim Hills connecting Dawei and Bangkok are planned if a proposed deep water port project goes ahead. This port could significantly reduce Singapore -bound traffic when completed. The airport serves as the domestic airport for the city of Dawei and the neighbouring towns. The government plans to upgrade the airport to serve as a hub for tourism. It is

1625-478: A rebellion broke out against Taksin in Ayutthaya due to conflicts over treasure digging rights. King Taksin sent Phraya San to quell the rebellion. However, Phraya San instead joined the rebels and returned to attack Thonburi. With most of his troops away in Cambodia, Taksin relied on Portuguese gunners to defend him, who would soon abandon the king. Taksin surrendered. Phraya San forced Taksin to abdicate and become

1750-580: A year. Despite the bunga mas tributes, the degree of actual Siamese control over the Malay sultanates in the Thonburi Period was doubtful. King Taksin requested military and monetary obligations from Pattani, Kelantan and Terengganu to aid Siam against the Burmese invasion in 1776. However, the Malay sultans ignored this order and did not face any repercussions. In 1777, Nakhon Nu the ruler of Ligor proposed to King Taksin to send expedition to subjugate

1875-722: Is a city in south-eastern Myanmar and is the capital of the Tanintharyi Region , formerly known as the Tenasserim Division, on the eastern bank of the Dawei River . The city is about 614.3 km (381.7 mi) southeast of Yangon . Its population (2014 estimate) is 146,964. Dawei is a port at the head of the Dawei River estuary , 30 km (18.6 mi). from the Andaman Sea . As a result,

2000-564: Is a substantial dry season from November to March, but in the wet season the influence of local mountains causes Dawei to receive as much as 1,300 millimetres (51 in) precipitation per month. Apart from the Chocó region of Colombia, and the area around Mount Cameroon in Africa, it is possibly the wettest lowland tropical region in the world. Only recently was Dawei connected to the rest of Myanmar by road and rail. A transnational highway and

2125-741: Is also a minority of approximately 500,000 Christian Thais : Catholics and various Protestant denominations. Buddhist temples in Thailand are characterized by tall golden stupas, and the Buddhist architecture of Thailand is similar to that in other Southeast Asian countries, particularly Cambodia and Laos, with which Thailand shares cultural and historical heritage. Dawei Dawei ( Burmese : ထားဝယ် ; MLCTS : hta: wai , pronounced [dəwɛ̀] ; Mon : ဓဝဲါ , pronounced [həwài] ; Thai : ทวาย , RTGS: Thawai , pronounced [tʰā.wāːj] ; formerly known as Tavoy )

2250-493: Is also the only country in Southeast Asia that was not colonized by European powers in modern history. The concept of a Thai nation was not developed until the beginning of the 20th century, under Prince Damrong and then King Rama VI (Vajiravudh). Before this era, Thai did not even have a word for 'nation'. King Rama VI also imposed the idea of "Thai-ness" (khwam-pen-thai) on his subjects and strictly defined what

2375-576: Is found in Vincent le Blanc, and in several Geographical Maps, as the Name of a Kingdom adjoining to Pegu : But Vincent le Blanc apprehended not that this was the Kingdom of Siam, not imagining perhaps that Siam and Tai were two different Names of the same People. In a word, the Siamese, of whom I treat, do call themselves Tai Noe, *little Siams. There are others, as I was informed, altogether savage, which are called Tai yai, great Siams, and which do live in

2500-480: Is that of the Han Chinese , who form a substantial minority ethnic group in Thailand. By endonym , Thai people refer themselves as chao thai ( Thai : ชาวไทย , IPA: [tɕʰaːw tʰaj] ), whose term eventually being derived from Proto-Tai * ɗwɤːjᴬ meaning free, which emphasise that Thailand has never been a colony in the late modern period . Academically, Thai people are referred to as

2625-500: The wai to pay respect to him instead of other way round. Five hundred monks who refused to comply were flogged. Also in 1780, Taksin ordered massacre of some fifty Vietnamese people including Mạc Thiên Tứ and Nguyễn Phúc Xuân, who had earlier taken political refuge in Thonburi, for their alleged sedition. In May 1781, Taksin dispatched his first and only official tributary mission to China. In December 1781, King Taksin sent army of 20,000 men, led by Chaophrayas Chakri and Surasi, to fight

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2750-580: The Chao Phraya . He took Thonburi and proceeded to attack the Burmese at Phosamton in November, defeating the Burmese commander Thugyi or Suki. Phraya Tak founded the new Siamese capital at Thonburi and enthroned himself as king there in December 1767. He is colloquially and posthumously known as King Taksin, combining his title Phraya Tak and his name Sin. For strategic reasons, Taksin decided to move

2875-641: The Chao Phraya Thais ( ไทยลุ่มเจ้าพระยา , Thai lum chao phraya ). Ethnically, Thai people are called Siamese ( ชาวสยาม , chao sayam , IPA: [tɕʰaːw sàjǎːm] ) or Thai Siam ( ไทยสยาม , thai sayam ), which refers to the Tai people inhabited in Central and Southern Thailand ; Siamese people are subdivided into three groups: Central Thai people ( คนภาคกลาง ), Southern Thai people ( คนใต้ ) and Khorat Thai ( ไทโคราช ). Siamese

3000-460: The Mon town of Martaban in order to invade Siam from both the north and the west in two directions: a similar approach to the invasion of 1765-1767. In 1774, Binnya Sein , a nephew of Binnya Dala the last king of Hanthawaddy , led a failed Mon rebellion against Burma, resulting in the mass exodus of thousands of Mon people into Siam. Hsinbyushin appointed Maha Thiha Thura , the renowned general from

3125-586: The Rattanakosin Kingdom , the fourth and present ruling kingdom of Thailand. Phraya Tak , personal name Sin, Zheng Zhao (鄭昭) or Zheng Xin (鄭信), was a nobleman of Teochew Chinese descent. By the time of Burmese Invasion of 1765-1767 , Phraya Tak had been the governor of Tak and called to join the defense of Ayutthaya. In January 1767, about three months before the Fall of Ayutthaya, Phraya Tak gathered his own forces of 500 followers and broke through

3250-483: The Tenasserim Division , which also included today's Mon State . In 1974, Mon State was carved out of Tenasserim and Dawei became the capital of the truncated division. In 1989, the city's English name was changed from Tavoy to Dawei, and Tenasserim became Tanintharyi. Dawei features an extreme tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification Am ), similar to Sittwe further north-west. There

3375-574: The Thai Chinese . Theraphan Luangthongkum , a Thai linguist of Chinese ancestry, claims that 40% of the contemporary Thai population have some distant Chinese ancestry largely contributed from the descendants of the former successive waves of Han Chinese immigrants that have poured into Thailand over the last several centuries. A genetic study published in 2021 indicated that the present-day Tai-Kadai speaking groups from different geographic regions in Thailand show different genetic relationships;

3500-577: The Three Pagodas Pass in February 1775. Taksin was unprepared as most of his troops were in the north defending Chiang Mai. He recalled the northern Siamese troops down south to defend the west. Satpagyon Bo took Kanchanaburi and continued to Ratchaburi , where he encamped at Bangkaeo (modern Tambon Nangkaeo, Photharam district ), hence the name Bangkaeo Campaign . King Taksin sent preliminary forces under his son and his nephew to deal with

3625-667: The United States , China , Laos , Taiwan , Malaysia , Singapore , Cambodia , Vietnam , Burma , South Korea , Germany , the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , Sweden , Norway , Libya , and the United Arab Emirates . The Thais can be broken down into various regional groups with their own regional varieties of Thai . These groups include the Central Thai (also the standard variety of

3750-554: The Zhuang people currently account for approximately one third of the total population. The Qin dynasty founded Guangdong in 214 BC, initiating varying successive waves of Han Chinese from the north for centuries to come. With dynastic Chinese political upheavals, cultural changes, and intensive Han migratory pressures from north that led the Tai peoples on the verge of being displaced, some of them migrated southwards where they met

3875-654: The central and southern groups (previously known as Siamese ) strongly share genetic profiles with the Mon people in Myanmar, but the southern groups also shown a relationship with the Austronesian -speaking Mamanwa and some ethnic groups in Malaysia and Indonesia . A 2023 study stated that most Kra-Dai speaking populations in Thailand emerged from admixture between Kra-Dai migrants from southern China and local Austroasiatic-speaking populations, with Laos being

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4000-616: The northern groups (Khon mueang) are closely related to the ethnic groups in southern China, such as the Dai people , Palaungic Austroasiatic groups, and Austroasiatic -speaking Kinh , as well as the Austronesian -speaking groups from Taiwan ; the northeastern groups (Thai Isan) are genetically close to the Austroasiatic-speaking Khmu - Katu and Khmer groups, the Tai-Kadai -speaking Laotians , and Dai , while

4125-638: The original beliefs of Tai peoples , and Brahmin - Hindu elements from India, partly inherited from the Hindu Khmer Empire of Angkor. The belief in local, nature and household spirits, that influence secular issues like health or prosperity, as well as ghosts ( Thai : phi , ผี) is widespread. It is visible, for example, in so-called spirit houses (san phra phum) that may be found near many homes. Phi play an important role in local folklore, but also in modern popular culture , like television series and films. "Ghost films" (nang phi) are

4250-681: The royal intermarriage and became Ayutthaya Kingdom in the mid-14th century. The word Siam may probably originate from the name of Lord Krishna , also called Shyam, which the Khmers used to refer to people in the Chao Phraya River valley settled surrounding the ancient city of Nakhon Pathom in the present-day central Thailand , and the Wat Sri Chum Inscription , dated 13th century CE, also mentions Phra Maha Thera Sri Sattha came to restore Phra Pathommachedi at

4375-455: The tributary kingdoms of Siam on this occasion. Taksin's ruling style differed from traditional Ayutthayan mystic kingship in the aspect that it was based on personal charisma and merits rather than exquisite grandeur. Initially, Taksin's energy in fighting the Burmese earned him loyalty but as situation progressed some began to notice noncomformity of his rule. He did not erect a great royal city with splendid palaces nor did he actively pursued

4500-592: The 13th centuries, Dawei was part of the Pagan Empire . From 1287 to 1564, Dawei became part of the Sukhothai Kingdom and its successor, the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam). From 1564 to 1594, Dawei was part of the Toungoo Kingdom of Burma. Siam temporarily regained the city between 1594 and 1614. From 1614 to the 1740s, Dawei was the southernmost city under Burmese authority and was defended by

4625-508: The Ayutthayan princes gone, the Qing court had improved attitudes towards Taksin.The Qing finally recognized Taksin as Wang (王) or King or the ruler of Siam in 1777 in the Chinese tributary system. After the Burmese conquest of Lanna (modern Northern Thailand ) in 1763, Lanna including Chiang Mai returned to the Burmese rule. Thado Mindin the Burmese governor of Chiang Mai oppressed the local Lanna nobles. King Taksin marched against

4750-732: The Ayutthayans developed a feudal system as various vassal states paid homage to the Ayutthayans kings. Even as Thai power expanded at the expense of the Mon and Khmer, the Thai Ayutthayans faced setbacks at the hands of the Malays at Malacca and were checked by the Toungoo of Burma . Though sporadic wars continued with the Burmese and other neighbors, Chinese wars with Burma and European intervention elsewhere in Southeast Asia allowed

4875-515: The Burmese at Ratchaburi. The princes led the Siamese forces to completely encircle Satpagyon Bo at Bangkaeo in order to starve the Burmese into surrender. Northern Siamese troops arrived in the battlefield of Bangkaeo, bringing the total number of Siamese to 20,000 men, greatly outnumbering the Burmese. After 47 days of being encircled, Satpagyon Bo capitulated in March 1775. The Siamese took about 2,000 Burmese captives from this battle. Six months after

5000-409: The Burmese conquest for the second time after the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. The untimely demise of Hsinbyushin saved Siam from such fate. King Taksin took this chance to pursue the retreating Burmese. The Burmese had all left Siam by August 1776 and the war came to the end. In 1765, Lao kingdoms of Luang Phrabang and Vientiane became Burmese vassals. After the Siamese capture of Chiang Mai in 1775,

5125-695: The Burmese encirclement to the east. After battling with Burmese scouting forces and some local resistances, Phraya Tak and his retinue settled in Rayong on the eastern Siamese coast . There, Phraya Tak competed with Pu Lan the Phraya Chanthaburi or the governor of Chanthaburi for domination over the eastern coastline. In the famous episode, Phraya Tak ordered all cooking pots in the supplies to be destroyed and then successfully took Chanthaburi in June 1767. Phraya Tak established his dominions of influence on

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5250-452: The Burmese influence in Laos waned. King Ong Boun of Vientiane had been a Burmese ally, as he instigated the Burmese to invade his rival Luang Phrabang two times in 1765 and 1771. King Taksin had been suspicious about Ong Boun being in cooperation with Burma. In 1777, the governor of Nangrong rebelled against Thonburi with support from Champasak . King Taksin ordered Chaophraya Chakri to lead

5375-555: The Burmese, was completely destroyed and burnt to the grounds. Maha Thiha Thura was preparing to march onto Thonburi when he learned of the death of the Burmese King Hsinbyushin in 1776. Maha Thiha Thura was recalled, decided to abruptly abandon the campaign in Siam and quickly return to Burma in order to support his son-in-law Singu Min to the Burmese throne. The remaining Burmese regiments in Siam were thus left disorganized and uncontrolled. Siam nearly succumbed to

5500-670: The Burmese-held Chiang Mai in 1771 but failed to take the city. In Chiang Mai, Thado Mindin faced opposition from Phaya Chaban Boonma, the native Lanna noble who led the resistance against Burmese domination. In 1772, King Hsinbyushin of the Burmese Konbaung dynasty realized that Siam had recovered and arose powerful under Thonburi regime. Hsinbyushin initiated a new campaign against Siam. He ordered troops to be gathered in Burmese Chiang Mai and

5625-611: The Cambodian king Ang Ton fled to Cochinchina under the protection from the Nguyen Lord. Taksin appointed Chen Lian as the new governor of Hà Tiên with the title of Phraya Rachasetthi. The Siamese armies continued in search for Mạc Thiên Tứ and Ang Ton but were defeated by Vietnamese forces at Châu Đốc . Taksin put Ang Non in power in Cambodia with himself returning to Thonburi in December 1771, leaving Chen Lian in Hà Tiên and Phraya Yommaraj to be in charge in Cambodia. Prince Chui

5750-517: The Cambodian throne. King Taksin ordered Phraya Yommaraj Thongduang (later King Rama I ) to bring the army of 10,000 men to invade Cambodia by land, while King Taksin himself with Phraya Phiphit Chen Lian (陳聯, called Trần Liên in Vietnamese sources) as the admiral invaded Hà Tiên with the fleet of 15,000 men. Hà Tiên fell to Siamese invaders in November 1771. Phraya Yommaraj was also able to seize control of Oudong and Cambodia. Both Mạc Thiên Tứ and

5875-615: The Late Ayutthaya Period, Siam was a prominent rice exporter to Qing China . After the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, the Siamese economy collapsed. Rice production and economic activities ceased. Thonburi period was the time of economic crisis as people died from warfare and starvation and inflation was prevalent. Siam became a rice importer. In 1767, after his reconquest of Ayutthaya, King Taksin donated to over 1,000 desolate people. He also ordered an Ayutthayan bronze cannon to be broken down into pieces to buy rice and distribute to

6000-618: The Late Ayutthaya Period. The Ayutthayan court relied on trade with China under the Chinese tributary system as a source of revenue. The Dutch had earlier abandoned their factory in Ayutthaya and left Siam in 1765 due to the Burmese invasion. The Thonburi court sent a letter to the Supreme Government of Dutch East Indies Company at Batavia in 1769 in efforts to resume the trade but the Dutch were not interested. King Taksin, himself

6125-524: The Late Ayutthaya. Two prime ministers; Samuha Nayok the prime minister and Samuha Kalahom the minister of military, led the central government. In the early years of Thonburi, Chaophraya Chakri Mud the Muslim of Persian descent hold the position of Samuha Nayok until his death in 1774. Chakri Mut was succeeded as prime minister by Chaophraya Chakri Thongduang who later became King Rama I. Below

6250-621: The Ligor regime, an autonomous ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat. Ligor would enjoy autonomy until the end of Thonburi Period in 1782 when King Rama I curbed the power of the Ligor by demoting the ruler of Ligor to be the 'governor' instead. With the exception of Bunma (later Chao Phraya Surisi and later Maha Sura Singhanat ), a member of the old Ayutthaya artistocracy who had joined Taksin early on in his campaigns of reunification, and later Bunma's brother, Thongduang (later Chao Phraya Chakri and later King Rama I ), high political positions and titles within

6375-476: The Liphi waterfall and capture Champasak including the king Sayakumane who was taken to Thonburi. Chakri and Surasi then converged on Vientiane. King Surinyavong of Luang Phrabang, who had long been holding grudges against Ong Boun, joined the Siamese side and contributed forces. King Ong Boun assigned his son Nanthasen to lead the defense of Vientiane. Nanthasen managed to resist the Siamese for four months until

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6500-748: The Malay sultanates. King Taksin refused, however, stating that the defense of frontiers against Burmese incursions was more of priority. Siam only resumed real political control over the Northern Malay sultanates in 1786 in the Rattanakosin Period. With the exception of the western Tenasserim Coast , the Thonburi Kingdom reconquered most of the land previously held under the Ayutthaya Kingdom and expanded Siam to its greatest territorial extent up to that point. During

6625-692: The Mon leader to assault Prince Anurak Songkhram in the rear, allowing Phra Suriya Aphai to prevail with Phraya San's army retreated. Chaophraya Chakri, having brokered a truce with the Vietnamese, marched to return to Thonburi. He convened a judicial court to try Taksin and Phraya San of their wrongdoings. Taksin was executed for his "improper and unjust actions that caused great pain for the kingdom". Phraya San, his supporters and Thonburi loyalists, total number of 150 people, were also executed. Taksin's son Inthraphithak, Taksin's nephews Anurak Songkhram and Prince Ramphubet were executed but his other young children were spared and allowed to live. Chaophraya Chakri ascended

6750-458: The Mon refugees. Taksin ordered Chaophraya Chakri to lead the vanguard to Lampang, where Kawila had earlier insurrected against the Burmese. Kawila led the way for the Siamese armies to Chiang Mai. The brothers Chaophraya Chakri and Surasi combined forces to successfully seize Chiang Mai in January 1775. Burmese leaders Thado Mindin and Nemyo Thihapate retreated to Chiang Saen where they reestablished Burmese administrative headquarter. This began

6875-407: The Northern Mountains." Based on a Chinese source, the Ming Shilu , Zhao Bo-luo-ju, described as "the heir to the old Ming-tai prince of the country of Xian-luo-hu", ( Chinese : 暹羅斛國舊明台王世子 ) sent an envoy to China in 1375. Geoff Wade suggested that Ming Tai ( Chinese : 明台 ) might represent the word " Muang Tai" while the word Jiu ( Chinese : 舊 ) means old. As is generally known,

7000-423: The Potharam district of Ratchaburi province. Aligning with the findings of previous studies, there is evidence of South Asian ancestry in several Thai populations, including central and southern Thai. The vast majority of the Thai people live in Thailand, although some Thais can also be found in other parts of Southeast Asia . About 51–57 million live in Thailand alone, while large communities can also be found in

7125-549: The SEZ has been linked to land confiscations and land grabs from farmers of upwards of 63,768 acres (25,806 ha) (direct) and 153,919 acres (62,289 ha), potentially displacing 500,000 Dawei natives. The project has been opposed by a significant portion of the local ethnic population. Dawei longyis ( sarong ) are one of the area's well-known products. The area produces rubber , dried fish, and teakwood . It also produces cashew nuts and betel nuts and exports them through local traders to China, India, and Thailand. Dawei

7250-456: The Siamese armies to invade and retaliate against Champasak. After this expedition, Taksin rewarded Chakri with the rank and title of Somdet Chaophraya Maha Kasatsuk. The rank of Somdet Chaophraya was the highest possible a noble could attain with honors equal to a prince. In 1778, Phra Vo, a Lao secessionist figure, sought protection under Siam against Ong Boun of Vientiane. However, Ong Boun managed to send troops to defeat and kill Phra Vo in

7375-449: The Siamese by the Peguan . Nevertheless Navarete in his Historical Treatises of the Kingdom of China, relates that the Name of Siam, which he writes Sian, comes from these two words Sien lo , without adding their signification, or of what Language they are; altho' it may be presumed he gives them for Chinese, Mueang Tai is therefore the Siamese Name of the Kingdom of Siam (for Mueang signifies Kingdom) and this word wrote simply Muantay,

7500-479: The Siamese victory at Bangkaeo, in September 1775, the Burmese from Chiang Saen attacked Chiang Mai again. The two Chaophrayas Chakri and Surasi led troops north to defend Chiang Mai. However, Maha Thiha Thura took this opportunity to personally lead the Burmese armies of 35,000 men through the Mae Lamao Pass to invade Hua Mueang Nuea or Northern Siam in October. Chakri and Surasi had to hurriedly return to defend Phitsanulok. Maha Thiha Thura laid siege on Phitsanulok,

7625-406: The Sino-Burmese War, to be the supreme commander of the new campaigns and assigned Nemyo Thihapate , the Burmese general who had previously conquered Ayutthaya in 1767, to be in charge of Burmese forces in Lanna. The Burmese forces from Chiang Mai attacked the Northern Siamese border towns of Sawankhalok in 1771 and Phichai in 1772-1773. Taksin was then resolved to extinguish Burmese threat from

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7750-414: The Sinosphere and studied for the most part by William H. Baxter (1992). Michel Ferlus notes that a deeply rooted belief in Thailand has it that the term "Thai" derives from the last syllables -daya in Sukhodaya/ Sukhothay (สุโขทัย), the name of the Sukhothai Kingdom . The spelling emphasizes this prestigious etymology by writing ไทย (transliterated ai-d-y) to designate the Thai/ Siamese people, while

7875-406: The Thai had over Cambodia , in dispute with Burma and Vietnam . The Thai learned from European traders and diplomats, while maintaining an independent course. Chinese, Malay, and British influences helped to further shape the Thai people who often assimilated foreign ideas, but managed to preserve much of their culture and resisted the European colonization that engulfed their neighbors. Thailand

8000-407: The Thais to develop an independent course by trading with the Europeans as well as playing the major powers against each other in order to remain independent. The Chakkri dynasty under Rama I held the Burmese at bay, while Rama II and Rama III helped to shape much of Thai society, but also led to Thai setbacks as the Europeans moved into areas surrounding modern Thailand and curtailed any claims

8125-503: The Thonburi Kingdom at its height in 1782, to varying degrees of autonomy, included the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , the Northern Thai principalities of Chiang Mai , Lampang , Nan , Lamphun , and Phrae , and the Lao Kingdoms of Champasak , Luang Phrabang , and Vientiane . (Ayutthaya) (720 g of silver) (Thonburi) (2,400 g of silver) (Thonburi) (3,600 g of silver) (Thonburi) (600 g of silver) (Rattanakosin) (1,200 g of silver) (Rattanakosin) (420 g of silver) In

8250-607: The Thonburi Kingdom were mainly given to Taksin's early followers, instead of the already established Siamese nobility who survived after the fall of Ayutthaya, many of whom having supported Thepphiphit , the governor of Phitsanulok and an Ayutthaya aristocrat, during the Siamese civil war. In the Northern cities, centered around Sukhothai and Phitsanulok , Taksin installed early supporters of his who had distinguished themselves in battle, many of whom were allowed to establish their own local dynasties afterwards, but elsewhere, several noble families had kept their titles and positions within

8375-510: The Thonburi period, Siam acquired new Prathetsarat s or tributary kingdoms . Thonburi took control of Lanna in 1775, ending the 200 years of Burmese vassalage, which became Northern Thailand today. Taksin appointed his supporters against the Burmese, Phaya Chaban and Kawila, as the governors of Chiang Mai and Lampang respectively in 1775. The princedom of Nan also came under the power of Thonburi in 1775. However, Burma pushed on an intensive campaign to reclaim lost Lanna territories, resulting in

8500-465: The Vietnamese forces of Nguyễn Phúc Ánh to restore Siamese influence in Cambodia and to install his own son Inthraphithak as new King of Cambodia. He burnt a court lady alive, suspecting that she had stolen from his treasury and falsely punished around three hundred people, for their alleged smuggling of rice and salt, at the instigation of two corrupted officials. Chinese merchants had to renounce almost all commerce, some were even killed. In March 1782,

8625-443: The abandonment of Chiang Mai in 1777 and Nan in 1775 due to Burmese threats. Only Lampang under Kawila stood as the forefront citadel against Burmese incursions. After the capture of Vientiane in 1779, all of the three Lao kingdoms of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak became tributary kingdoms under Siamese suzerainty. King Taksin appointed the Lao prince Nanthasen as the new King of Vientiane in 1781. Vassal ( mandala ) states of

8750-515: The administrative center of Northern Siam. King Taksin led the royal armies from Thonburi to the north and stationed at Pakphing near Phitsanulok in efforts to relieve the siege of the city. Maha Thiha Thura managed to attack the Siamese supply line at Nakhon Sawan and Uthaithani . He also defeated King Taksin in the Battle of Pakphing in March 1776, compelling the Siamese king to retreat south to Phichit . Chaophrayas Chakri and Surasi then decided to abandon and evacuate Phitsanulok. Phitsanulok fell to

8875-426: The ancient folklore of Thailand . Thais predominantly (more than 90%) avow themselves Buddhists. Since the rule of King Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai and again since the "orthodox reformation" of King Mongkut in the 19th century, it is modeled on the "original" Sri Lankan Theravada Buddhism . The Thais' folk belief however is a syncretic blend of the official Buddhist teachings, animistic elements that trace back to

9000-459: The ancient site, Sagara City, old Dawei, which is approximately 6 miles north of the present city, has so many traces of Pyu culture, it was recognized as one of the province capitals in the ancient Pyu era. The evidence of burial urns, beads, coins and other features of Pyu culture have been excavated in the area by the Department of Archaeology and National Museum, Myanmar. From the 11th to

9125-503: The areas of central and southern Thailand, named after the Indian city of Ayodhya , was founded by Ramathibodi and emerged as the center of the growing Thai empire starting in 1350. Inspired by the then Hindu-based Khmer Empire , the Ayutthayan empire's continued conquests led to more Thai settlements as the Khmer empire weakened after their defeat at Angkor in 1431. During this period,

9250-512: The armies to seize control of Phnom Penh and Cambodia in July 1772, prompting Ang Non to move to Kampot . However, this Siamese-Vietnamese War coincided with the uprising of the Tây Sơn , which began in 1771, against the Nguyen Lord's regime. Instability at home made the Nguyen Lord order Mạc Thiên Tứ to make peace with Siam in 1773. Taksin then realized that the Siamese control over Cambodia and Hà Tiên

9375-539: The arriving of Tai people from the northern part of Thailand around the 6th century or early and started to dominate central of Thailand in 8th-12th centuries. This also reflects in the language, since over half of the vocabulary in the central Thai language is derived from or borrowed from the Mon language as well as Pali and Sanskrit . The oldest evidence to mention the Siam people are stone inscriptions found in Angkor Borei (K.557 and K.600), dated 661 CE,

9500-557: The best goods imported at a very low price and selling them again to the merchants of the town at 100 percent interest". During the early years of Thonburi, a Teochew Chinese Phraya Phiphit Chen Lian was the acting Phrakhlang or the Minister of Trade. Chen Lian was appointed as the governor of Hà Tiên in 1771 and was succeeded as Phrakhlang by another Chinese Phraya Phichai Aisawan Yang Jinzong (楊進宗). Siamese economic conditions improved over time as trade and production resumed. After

9625-665: The capital from Ayutthaya to Thonburi, making it easier for commerce. Six months after the Fall of Ayutthaya, Taksin managed to reconquer and establish his powers in Central Siam. A Burmese force from Tavoy arrived to attack the Chinese encampment of Bangkung in Samut Songkhram . King Taksin repelled the Burmese in the Battle of Bangkung in 1768. King Taksin then went on his campaigns against other competing rival regimes to unify Siam. He first moved against Phitsanulok in

9750-503: The city is prone to flooding during the monsoon season. Dawei People is also the name of one of Myanmar's 135 ethnic minorities. Dawei derives from the Mon language term hawai ( Mon : ထဝဲါ ; /həwai/ ), which means 'to sit cross-legged', in reference to the Buddha's sitting posture on the palin (throne) . The area around the Dawei River estuary has been inhabited for centuries by Dawei , Mon , Kayin , and Thai mariners. As

9875-554: The city of Lord Shyam (Nakhon Pathom) in the early era of the Sukhothai Kingdom . There have been many theories proposing the origin of the Tai peoples — of which the Thai are a subgroup — including an association of the Tai people with the Kingdom of Nanzhao that has been proven to be invalid. A linguistic study has suggested that the origin of the Tai people may lie around Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of southern China , where

10000-469: The classical Indianized civilizations of Southeast Asia . According to linguistic and other historical evidence, the southwestward migration of Southwestern Tai-speaking tribes, in particular, from Guangxi took place sometime between the 8th-10th centuries. The Tais from the north gradually settled in the Chao Phraya valley from the tenth century onwards, in lands of the Dvaravati culture, assimilating

10125-467: The common folk by partaking in public activities and traditional festivities, thereby abandoning the shroud of mysticism as adopted by many Ayutthaya monarchs. Also similar to Naresuan, Taksin was known for being a cruel and authoritarian monarch. Taksin reigned rather plainly, doing little to emphasize his new capital as the spiritual successor to Ayutthaya and adopted an existing wat besides his palace, Wat Jaeng (also spelled Wat Chaeng, later Wat Arun ), as

10250-512: The devastation of Central Siam by the Burmese invasion of 1775–1776, however, Siam was again plunged into another economic downturn. King Taksin ordered his high-ranking ministers to supervise the rice production in the outskirts of Thonburi and had to postpone tributary mission to China. During the Burmese Invasion of Ayutthaya, the elites of Ayutthaya found no way to protect their wealth and belongings other than by simply burying them in

10375-660: The earlier Austroasiatic Mon and Khmer people , as well as coming into contact with the Khmer Empire . The Tais who came to the area of present-day Thailand were engulfed into the Theravada Buddhism of the Mon and the Hindu-Khmer culture and statecraft . Therefore, the Thai culture is a mixture of Tai traditions with Indic, Mon, and Khmer influences. Early Thai chiefdoms included the Sukhothai Kingdom and Suphan Buri Province . The Lavo Kingdom , which

10500-528: The eastern coast stretching from Bang Plasoi ( Chonburi ) to Trat . Ayutthaya fell in April 1767. Due to the intervening Sino-Burmese War , Burma was obliged to divert most of its forces from Ayutthaya to the Chinese front. The Burmese had left a garrison at Phosamton to the north of Ayutthaya under the command of the Mon Thugyi. The Burmese were in control only in Lower Central Siam as

10625-599: The eighteenth century, the port city of Hà Tiên , ruled by the Cantonese Mạc Thiên Tứ , arose to become the economic center of the Gulf of Siam . After the fall of Ayutthaya, two Ayutthayan princes: Prince Chao Sisang and Prince Chao Chui, took refuge at Oudong the royal city of Cambodia and Hà Tiên, respectively. The Qing Chinese court at Beijing refused to recognize King Taksin as the ruler of Siam in Chinese tributary system because Mạc Thiên Tứ had told Beijing that

10750-504: The ethnonyms Thai/Tai (or Thay/Tay) would have evolved from the etymon *k(ə)ri: 'human being' through the following chain: *kəri: > *kəli: > *kədi:/*kədaj > *di:/*daj > *daj (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > tʰaj (in Siamese and Lao ) or > taj (in the other Southwestern and Central Tai languages classified by Li Fangkuei ). Michel Ferlus ' work is based on some simple rules of phonetic change observable in

10875-680: The face of Burmese invasion due to numerical inferiority of his forces. Chiang Mai was then abandoned and ceased to exist as a functional city for twenty years until it was restored in 1797. Lampang under Kawila stood as the main frontline citadel against subsequent Burmese incursions. Plan of King Hsinbyushin to invade Siam from two directions was foiled by the Mon Rebellion and the Siamese capture of Chiang Mai. Maha Thiha Thura, who had taken commanding position in Martaban, sent his vanguard force under Satpagyon Bo to invade Western Siam through

11000-458: The forces of Chao Phra Fang penetrated south as far as Chainat . King Taksin, in retaliation, led the Thonburi armies to capture Phitsanulok in August 1770. Thonburi forces continued north to seize Sawangkhaburi. Chao Phra Fang escaped and disappeared from history. With the conquest of the last rival regime by 1770, Taksin's position as the ruler of Siam was assured and Siam was unified at last. In

11125-487: The form ไท (transliterated ai-d) is occasionally used to refer to Tai speaking ethnic groups. Lao writes ໄທ (transliterated ai-d) in both cases. The word "Tai" (ไท) without the final letter ย is also used by Thai people to refer to themselves as an ethnicity, as historical texts such as "Mahachat Kham Luang", composed in 1482 during the reign of King Borommatrailokkanat . The text separates the words "Tai" (ไท) from "Tet" (เทศ), which means foreigners. Similarly, " Yuan Phai ",

11250-419: The grounds. However, not all of them returned to claim their wealth as they either died or were deported to Burma. Surviving owners and other hunters rushed to dig for treasures in the grounds of the former royal city. This Ayutthaya treasure rush was so widespread and lucrative that the Thonburi court intervened to tax. Thai people Government policies during the late 1930s and early 1940s resulted in

11375-619: The language and Culture), the Southern Thai , the Isan (more closely related to the standard Lao of Laos than to standard Thai), the Lanna Thai , and Yawi/Malay-speaking Thai Malays . Within each regions exist multiple ethnic groups . Modern Central Thai culture has become more dominant due to official government policy, which was designed to assimilate and unify the disparate Thai in spite of ethnolinguistic and cultural ties between

11500-419: The most powerful courtier and came to represent old Ayutthayan elite. King Taksin persecuted French missionaries in 1775 for their refusals to participate in a ceremony and ended up expelling them from Siam in 1779. A decade of strenuous warfare had taken toll on him. In late 1776, Taksin began to obsess with Buddhist Kammaṭṭhāna meditations. In 1777, Taksin declared before Sangha council that he had become

11625-555: The mythology of Thais and are often depicted in Thai art, even as decoration of Buddhist temples. Thailand's national symbol Garuda is taken from Hindu mythology as well. A characteristic feature of Thai Buddhism is the practice of tham boon (ทำบุญ) (" merit-making "). This can be done mainly by food and in-kind donations to monks, contributions to the renovation and adornment of temples, releasing captive creatures (fish, birds), etc. Moreover, many Thais idolise famous and charismatic monks, who may be credited with thaumaturgy or with

11750-492: The new kingdom (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Lan Na), (the ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat that Taksin defeated during the civil war was reinstated as its ruler) whose personal connections made them a formidable force within the Thonburi court. The Thonburi period saw the return of 'personal kingship', a style of ruling that was used by Naresuan but was abandoned by Naresuan's successors after his death. Taksin, similar to Naresuan, personally led armies into battle and often revealed himself to

11875-507: The non-Central-Thai-speaking people and their communities. Indigenous arts include muay Thai (kick boxing), Thai dance , makruk (Thai Chess), Likay , and nang yai ( shadow play ). Religion of Thai People Thai form the second largest ethno-linguistic group among Buddhists in the world. The modern Thai are predominantly Theravada Buddhist and strongly identify their ethnic identity with their religious practices that include aspects of ancestor worship, among other beliefs of

12000-677: The north in 1768 but was defeated at Koeichai with Taksin himself got shot at his leg. Thonburi went on to conquer the Phimai regime in the northeast in 1768 and the Nakhon Si Thammarat regime in October 1769. Prince Thepphiphit was executed but Nakhon Nu of Ligor was allowed to live in custody. In the north, Chao Phra Fang conquered and incorporated the Phitsanulok regime in 1768, becoming a formidable opponent of Taksin. In 1770,

12125-422: The north once and for all by conducting an expedition to seize the Burmese-held Chiang Mai in December 1774. This expedition to the north coincided with the Mon refugee situation. Phaya Chaban of Chiang Mai, upon learning of the Siamese invasion, joined with Kawila of Lampang to overthrow the Burmese. Phaya Chaban, under the guise of navigation, ran to submit to Taksin. King Taksin marched to Tak where he received

12250-469: The old Ayutthayan way. High titles and commands belonged to Taksin's early followers who were not much of high aristocratic stratum. Taksin's defeat at the hands of the Burmese in 1776 affected him greatly. After 1776, Taksin ceased to personally lead armies in battlefields but instead relegated military commands to the brothers Chaophraya Chakri and Chaophraya Surasi so powers shifted away from him as he focused on religious pursuits. Chaophraya Chakri emerged as

12375-570: The present-day Thai people were previously called Siamese before the country was renamed Thailand in the mid-20th century. Several genetic studies published in the 21st century suggest that the so-called Siamese people (central Thai) might have had Mon origins since their genetic profiles are more closely related to the Mon people in Myanmar than the Tais in southern China . They later became Tai-Kadai -speaking groups via cultural diffusion after

12500-401: The prime minister were the four ministers of Chatusadom . Like in Ayutthaya, the regional government was organized in the hierarchy of cities, in which smaller towns were under jurisdiction of larger cities. The provincial government was an association of local lords tied by personal ties to the king. The regional administrative center of Northern Siam was Phitsanulok, while for Southern Siam

12625-531: The principal temple of his kingdom. Taksin largely emphasized the building of moats and defensive walls in Thonburi, all while only building a modest Chinese-style residence and adding a pavilion to house the Emerald Buddha and Phra Bang images at Wat Jaeng, recently taken in 1778 from the Lao states ( Vientiane and Luang Prabang , respectively). After the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, the Siamese mandala system

12750-424: The remaining descendants of the Ayutthayan dynasty were with him in Hà Tiên. In 1769, King Taksin urged the pro-Vietnamese King Ang Ton of Cambodia to send tributes to Siam. Ang Ton refused and Taksin sent armies to invade Cambodia in 1769 but did not meet with success. In 1771, Taksin resumed his campaigns to invade Cambodia and Hà Tiên in order to find the Ayutthayan princes and to put the pro-Siamese Ang Non on

12875-689: The rest of Siam fell into the hands of various warlord regimes that sprang up. In the northeast, Prince Kromma Muen Thepphiphit established himself in Phimai . To the north, Chaophraya Phitsanulok Rueang made his base in Phitsanulok , while the heterodox monk Chao Phra Fang founded a theocratic regime in Sawangkhaburi . To the south, Phra Palat Nu or Chao Nakhon became the leader of Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor) regime. In October 1767, Phraya Tak left Chanthaburi and took his fleet of 5,000 men to

13000-661: The royal revenue. Prominent royal merchants of King Taksin included Phra Aphaiwanit Ong Mua-seng (王満盛, a grandson of Ong Heng-Chuan 王興全 the Hokkien Chinese Phrakhlang of the Late Ayutthaya) and Phra Phichaiwari Lin Ngou (林伍). J. G. Koenig, the Danish botanist who visited Siam in 1779, observed that Siam "was amply provided with all sorts of articles from China" and that King Taksin made fortunes by "buying

13125-792: The rule of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram (1938–1944). Minorities were forced to assimilate and the regional differences of northern, northeastern and southern Thailand were repressed in favour of one homogenous "Thai" culture. As a result, many citizens of Thailand cannot differentiate between their nationality (san-chat) and ethnic origin (chuea-chat) . It is thus common for descendants of Jek เจ๊ก (Chinese) and Khaek แขก (Indian, Arab, Muslim), after several generations in Thailand, to consider themselves as " chuea-chat Thai " (ethnic Thai) rather than identifying with their ancestors' ethnic identity. Other peoples living under Thai rule, mainly Mon, Khmer, and Lao, as well as Chinese, Indian or Muslim immigrants continued to be assimilated by Thais, but at

13250-524: The same time they influenced Thai culture, philosophy, economy and politics. In his paper Jek pon Lao (1987) (เจ้กปนลาว—Chinese mixed with Lao), Sujit Wongthet , who describes himself in the paper as a Chinese mixed with Lao ( Jek pon Lao ), claims that the present-day Thai are really Chinese mixed with Lao. He insinuates that the Thai are no longer a well-defined race but an ethnicity composed of many races and cultures. The biggest and most influential group economically and politically in modern Thailand are

13375-452: The same year. This provoked Taksin who regarded Phra Vo as his subject. The death of Phra Vo at the hands of Vientiane served as the casus belli for Thonburi to initiate the subjugation of Lao kingdoms in 1778. He ordered Chaophraya Chakri to conduct the invasion of Laos. Chaophraya Chakri commanded his brother Chaophraya Surasi to go to Cambodia to raise troops there and invade Laos from another direction. Surasi led his Cambodian army to cross

13500-504: The scions of former dynasty. Only then the Qing finally recognized Taksin as the King of Siam in the Chinese tributary system in 1777. Even though Siam did not procure successful relation with China until 1777, trade in private sectors flourished. A Chinese document from 1776 suggested a rapid revival of Sino-Siamese trade after the Burmese war. King Taksin employed his own personal Chinese merchants to trade at Guangzhou to acquire wealth into

13625-690: The situation became critical. Ong Boun secretly escaped Vientiane, leaving his son Nanthasen to surrender and open the city gates to the Siamese in 1779. Buddha images of Emerald Buddha and Phra Bang , the palladia of the Vientiane kingdom, were taken by the victorious Siamese to Thonburi to be placed at Wat Arun . Lao inhabitants of Vientiane, including members of royalty Nanthasen and the future king Anouvong , were deported to settle in Thonburi and various places in Central Siam . All three Lao kingdoms of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak became

13750-534: The slave's name is mentioned as "Ku Sayam" meaning "Sayam female slaves" (Ku is a prefix used to refer to female slaves in the pre-Angkorian era), and the Takéo inscriptions (K.79) written in 682 during the reign of Bhavavarman II of Chenla also mention Siam Nobel: Sāraṇnoya Poña Sayam, which was transcribed into English as: the rice field that gave the poña (noble rank) who was called Sayam (Siam) . The Song Huiyao Jigao (960–1279) indicate Siamese people settled in

13875-605: The southernmost station and terminus in Myanmar. However the railway was partly constructed for a further 40 km approximately to the south towards Min Dat bridge and south Myanmar. Work ceased on this line in about 2012 but several partly constructed sections with bridges over rivers are visible on Google Earth. There are plans to construct a deep water port in Dawei. In November 2010, the Myanmar Port Authority signed

14000-420: The starving populace, earning him a great popularity. The rice commodity price in Thonburi period was high, reaching apex in 1770 at the price of three Chang per one Kwian of rice. Thonburi court purchased imported rice and distribute it to ease the famine crisis. The port city-state of Hà Tiên was the major rice exporter into Siam before 1771. Qing China and the Dutch were the main trading partners of Siam in

14125-424: The status of a perfected Buddhist saint ( Arahant ) . Other significant features of Thai popular belief are astrology , numerology , talismans and amulets (often images of the revered monks) Besides Thailand's two million Muslim Malays , there are an additional more than a million ethnic Thais who profess Islam , especially in the south, but also in greater Bangkok. As a result of missionary work , there

14250-462: The successful forced assimilation of various ethno-linguistic groups into the country's dominant Central Thai language and culture, leading to the term Thai people to come to refer to the population of Thailand overall. This includes other subgroups of the Tai ethno-linguistic group, such as the Yuan people and the Isan people , as well as non-Southeast Asian and non-Tai groups, the largest of which

14375-418: The throne as King Rama I , founding the new and current-ruling Chakri dynasty of the Rattanakosin Kingdom in April 1782. Thonburi government organization was centered around a loose-knit organization of city-states, whose provincial lords were appointed through 'personal ties' to the king, similar to Ayutthaya and, later, Rattanakosin administrations. Thonburi inherited most of the government apparatus from

14500-477: The transfer of Lanna from Burmese rule to Siamese domination after 200 years of Lanna being under Burmese suzerainty, even though northern parts of Lanna including Chiang Saen would remain under Burmese rule for another thirty years until 1804. Phaya Chaban was rewarded with the governorship of Chiang Mai whereas Kawila was made the governor of Lampang. In 1777, the Burmese attacked Chiang Mai in their bid to reclaim Lanna. Phaya Chaban decided to evacuate Chiang Mai in

14625-506: The west central Thailand and their state was called Xiān guó ( Chinese : 暹國 ), while the eastern plain belonged to the Mon of Lavo ( Chinese : 羅渦國 ), who later fell under the Angkorian hegemony around the 7th-9th centuries. Those Mon political entities, which included Haripuñjaya and several city-states in the northeast , are collectively called Dvaravati . However, the states of Siamese Mon and Lavo were later merged via

14750-419: Was "Thai" and "un-Thai". Authors of this period re-wrote Thai history from an ethno-nationalist viewpoint, disregarding the fact that the concept of ethnicity had not played an important role in Southeast Asia until the 19th century. This newly developed nationalism was the base of the policy of " Thaification " of Thailand which was intensified after the end of absolute monarchy in 1932 and especially under

14875-431: Was Nakhon Si Thammarat. After his conquest of Hua Mueang Nuea or Northern Siam in 1770, King Taksin installed his early followers who had distinguished themselves in battles as the governors of Northern Siamese cities. Governors of Sawankhalok , Nakhon Sawan and Sankhaburi were given exceptionally high rank of Chaophraya , while the central Chatusadom ministers were ranked lower as Phraya . Chaophraya Surasi Boonma

15000-469: Was also, by historically, the exonym of those people. In Du royaume de Siam , Simon de la Loubère recorded that the people whom he spoke were Tai Noi ( ไทน้อย ), which were different from Shan people (or Tai Yai), who lived on the mountainous area of what is now Shan State in Myanmar . On 24 June 1939, however, Plaek Phibunsongkhram formally renamed the country and its people Thailand and Thai people respectively. According to Michel Ferlus ,

15125-498: Was captured and brought to be executed at Thonburi, while Prince Sisang died in 1772. The Nguyen Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần organized the Vietnamese counter-offensives in order to restore Mạc Thiên Tứ and Ang Ton to their former positions. Chen Lian, the Siam-appointed governor of Hà Tiên, was defeated and left Hà Tiên for three days until he managed to raise a fleet to retake the city. The Vietnamese commander Nguyễn Cửu Đàm led

15250-481: Was in disarray and its former tributary states faced political uncertainties. The Malay sultanates that used to pay bunga mas tributes to Ayutthaya initially nullified their tributary ties and refused any further allegiance. After the establishment of Thonburi and the momentous rebirth of Siam, the sultanates of Pattani , Terengganu and possibly Kedah sent tributes to Thonburi in 1769. Francis Light mentioned that Kedah had sent tributes to Siam but did not specify

15375-711: Was the center of Khmer culture in Chao Phraya valley, was also the rallying point for the Thais. The Thai were called " Siam " by the Angkorians and they appeared on the bas relief at Angkor Wat as a part of the army of Lavo Kingdom. Sometimes the Thai chiefdoms in the Chao Phraya valley were put under the Angkorian control under strong monarchs (including Suryavarman II and Jayavarman VII ) but they were mostly independent. A new city-state known as Ayutthaya covering

15500-401: Was the governor of Phitsanulok during Thonburi times. Phitsanulok and other Northern Siamese towns were devastated by Maha Thiha Thura's invasion in 1775–1776. After his conquest of the Ligor regime in 1769, Taksin made his nephew Prince Nara Suriyawong the ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat. Prince Nara Suriyawong of Ligor died in 1776 and King Taksin made Chaophraya Nakhon Nu , the former leader of

15625-491: Was untenable. He ordered the withdrawal of Siamese troops from Cambodia and Hà Tiên in 1773 but not before 10,000 Cambodians were taken as captives to Siam. Ang Ton resumed his rule in Cambodia. With the Vietnamese support dwindling due to the Tây Sơn uprising, however, Ang Ton decided to reconcile with his rival Ang Non and with Siam. Ang Ton abdicated in 1775 in favor of Ang Non, who became the new pro-Siamese King of Cambodia. With

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