A national academy is an organizational body, usually operating with state financial support and approval, that co-ordinates scholarly research activities and standards for academic disciplines , and serve as public policy advisors, research institutes , think tanks , and public administration consultants for governments or on issues of public importance, most frequently in the sciences but also in the humanities . Typically the country's learned societies in individual disciplines will liaise with or be coordinated by the national academy. National academies play an important organisational role in academic exchanges and collaborations between countries.
36-463: The Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS ; 中国科学院 ) is the national academy for natural sciences and the highest consultancy for science and technology of the People's Republic of China . It is the world's largest research organization, with 106 research institutes, 2 universities, 71,300 full-time employees, and 79 thousand graduate students. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has historical origins in
72-551: A Declaration of Scientific Ideology and set up a commission for scientific integrity to promote transparency, autonomy and accountability of scientific research in the country. Around that same time, the Ministry of Science and Technology also initiated measures to address misconduct in state-funded programs. Together with the National Natural Science Foundation of China , the academy publishes
108-605: A campaign to promote the National Science Conference. A team led by CAS vice president Fang Yi instructed schools, factories, and communes to organize youth-focused events celebrating science and technology. In 1977, the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences was split off of CAS and reorganized into the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and led by Hu Qiaomu. The Graduate School of
144-717: A focus during the Cultural Revolution . Deng emphasized that "the Academy of Sciences is an Academy of Sciences, not an Academy of Cabbage." Deng assigned CAS vice president Hu Yaobang to draft a plan for overhauling CAS. Deng and his aide Hu Qiaomu revised the draft and in September 1974 issued "The Outline Report on the Work of the Academy of Sciences". The Outline described scientific research in China as lagging behind
180-500: A mandated quota as well as 2,000 Associate Members nationwide. Within most countries, the unqualified phrase "National Academy" will normally refer to that country's academy. For example, within the United States, the plural phrase "National Academies" is widely understood to refer to the U.S. National Academies. Fang Yi Fang Yi ( Chinese : 方毅 ; Wade–Giles : Fang I ; 26 February 1916 – 17 October 1997)
216-589: A special organisation under the Prime Minister's jurisdiction, operating independently from the Government of Japan to promoting and enhancing scientific research in the country. The SCJ represents all Japanese scientists, researchers and engineers from multiple fields from the natural sciences to the humanities, making necessary policy recommendations relating to science and technology to the national government. The SCJ has 210 Council Members stipulated by
252-608: Is a lifelong honor given to Chinese scientists who have made significant achievements in various fields. According to the Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences adopted in 1992 and recently amended in 2014, it is the highest academic title in China. A formal CAS member must hold Chinese citizenship , although foreign citizens may be elected as CAS foreign academicians. Members older than 80 are designated as "senior members" and may no longer hold leading positions in
288-953: The United Kingdom four national academies are the major learned societies of England: the Academy of Medical Sciences , British Academy , the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society . In addition, there are the Learned Society of Wales in Wales and the Royal Society of Edinburgh in Scotland . The UK Young Academy is for young scientists. Anne, Princess Royal and Prince Edward, Duke of Kent as Royal Fellows Sir James McDonald as President Charles, Prince of Wales as Patron In Japan, all of
324-577: The United Kingdom , they are voluntary, non-profit bodies with which the government has agreed to negotiate, and which may receive government financial support while retaining substantial independence. In some countries, a single academy covers all disciplines. In others, there are several academies, which work together more or less closely; for example, France , where the Institut de France groups five self-governing Academies, or Australia . In many states, they are organized in academies of science . In
360-672: The United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). The affiliated organizations were granted congressional charters to operate under the National Academy of Sciences. In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson reincorporated the organization under the National Research Council to foster scientific research emphasizing American industries. Today NASEM is composed of three non-profit member organizations:
396-494: The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , which is among the world's top five universities ranked by Nature Index . In 2024, Clarivate's Highly Cited Researchers list contained 308 CSA members. This made CSA researchers the largest group on the list by institution, and the sixth largest by country. The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth is a branch of CAS. The Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth
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#1732801883223432-602: The peer-reviewed academic journal , Science China (also known as Science in China ). Science China comprises seven series: CAS also promotes the China Open Access Journals (COAJ) platform, a national variant of the international Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Since 1999, the CAS has issued the annual State Preeminent Science and Technology Award , presented by the President of China to
468-676: The Academia Sinica during the Republican era and was formerly also known by that name until the 1980s. The academy functions as the national scientific think tank and academic governing body, providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy, social development , and science and technology progress. It is headquartered in Beijing , with affiliate institutes throughout China. It has also created hundreds of commercial enterprises, Lenovo being one of
504-602: The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established in 2001 as a successor to the Graduate School of the University of Science and Technology of China (Beijing).The Ministry of Education (MOE) approved the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) application to change its name to the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) on July 23, 2012. Additionally, the MOE recommended that CAS discontinue
540-540: The Chinese embassy to North Vietnam in 1954. As economic representative, he was responsible for coordinating China's assistance to North Vietnam, and served in that position until 1961. In 1961, Fang returned to Beijing and oversaw China's foreign aid program in the Office for Economic Relations with Foreign Countries until 1976. His knowledge of multiple foreign languages, including English, German, Japanese, and Russian,
576-609: The Communist government of Shandong Province. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 following the Communist victory, Fang Yi served as vice governor in his home province of Fujian from 1949 to 1952, before briefly serving as vice-mayor of Shanghai from 1952 to 1953. He was then appointed Vice Minister of Finance in September 1953, but only served for a year before being posted, together with his wife Yin Sen, to
612-574: The Cultural Revolution in 1976, Fang was appointed vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and became close to Deng Xiaoping . To further promote Deng's priority of science as the forerunner of China's modernization, Deng in 1977 began a campaign to promote the 1978 National Science Conference. Fang led the team implementing it, instructing schools, factories, and communes to organize youth-focused events celebrating science and technology. When Deng rose to power, Fang
648-466: The National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) (after 2015; formerly Institute of Medicine (IoM)). The U.S. national academies also serve as public policy advisors, research institutes , think tanks , and public administration consultants on issues of public importance or on request by the government. In
684-579: The Outline Report was revived and adopted as CAS's official policy. Shortly after his return, Deng hosted a series of meetings on science and education in which he stated that science should become the forerunner of China's modernization. Following these remarks, CAS prepared its goals for natural science disciplines to be achieved by 1985, stating that as a developing socialist country, China should strengthen basic scientific research through foreign exchanges. To further promote this agenda, Deng began
720-760: The Twelve-Year Science Plan and formed the Beijing Institute of Computing Technology under the CAS. In 1964, CAS debuted China's first self-developed large digital computer , the 119. The 119 was a core technology in facilitating China's first successful nuclear weapon test ( Project 596 ), also in 1964. Beginning in 1972, CAS began promoting the idea of balancing applied research with more theoretical research and in having scientific exchanges with other developing countries. As vice premier, Deng Xiaoping in 1975 also sought to re-orient CAS towards more theoretical research, which had not been
756-715: The United States in January 1979. Fang headed a separate delegation to American technological centers, such as the Georgia Institute of Technology , the Texas Medical Center , and a Lockheed plant near Los Angeles, with the aim of advancing China's industry. In May 1982, Fang became a state councilor , serving until 1988. He was also a member of the Presidium of the 12th Congress of the CCP. In 1988, he
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#1732801883223792-507: The countries of the former Soviet Union , and in the People's Republic of China , the national academies have considerable power over policy and personnel in their areas. There is, however, a growing consensus among international federations of learned academies that bona fide national (or learned) academies need to adhere to certain criteria: In 1863, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln incorporated
828-809: The help of his maternal uncle, Fang was able to attend Xiamen No. 1 Middle School, one of the best schools in Xiamen. While attending the school, he joined the Communist Youth League at age 14, and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) a year later, in 1931. He later went to Shanghai and worked at the Commercial Press , a leading publishing house. However, he was arrested by the Kuomintang in 1934, and sentenced to eight years in prison for his Communist activism. He
864-496: The most famous. The academy also runs the University of Science and Technology of China and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , both of which are among the world's top four institutions in the Nature Index rankings. CAS also holds a stake in the Chinese hacking company I-Soon. Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, also known by the title Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( 中国科学院院士 ),
900-654: The national academies were established during the early years of the Showa Era . The two premier national academies in the country are the Science Council of Japan and The Japan Academy . Representing the artistic profession and literature is the Japan Art Academy . The Science Council of Japan (SCJ) was founded by American physicist Harry C. Kelly in 1949 during the Allied occupation of Japan as
936-413: The needs of socialist construction and the state of the advanced countries, and stated that to catch up, China should emphasize basic science in order to develop a sound theoretical foundation. This approach to scientific reform fell out of political favor in 1976 when Deng was purged, although it continued to be supported by many members within CAS. A month before Deng's political return in 1977 however,
972-624: The operation of the CAS Graduate School. In 2023, the Pasteur Institute suspended ties with CAS. According to the "Regulations on Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)", CAS has set up the following organizations: The enterprise units directly under the Chinese Academy of Sciences are wholly owned or controlled by Chinese Academy of Sciences State-owned Assets Management Co. On 26 February 2007, CAS published
1008-519: The organization. Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carry an obligation to advance science and technology, to advocate and uphold scientific spirit, to develop a scientific and technological workforce, to attend member meetings and receive consultation and evaluation tasks, and to promote international exchanges and cooperation. Academicians can give suggestions and influence Chinese state policy related to science and technology. In 1956, China formally began its computing program when it launched
1044-532: The recipient. CAS has been ranked the No. 1 research institute in the world by Nature Index since the list's inception in 2014 by Nature Portfolio . It was the most productive institution publishing articles on sustainable development indexed in the Web of Science from 1981 to 2018 among all universities and research institutions in the world. The academy also runs the University of Science and Technology of China and
1080-655: Was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, diplomat, and high-ranking politician. As a military leader, he participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War . After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he served as Vice Governor of Fujian , Vice Mayor of Shanghai , economic representative at the Chinese embassy in North Vietnam , President of the Chinese Academy of Science , and Vice Premier of China. He
1116-546: Was a customer of Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), which provides data transmission services from satellites for a wide range of societal functions. It was reported by Reuters on 21 September 2020 that SSC decided not to renew the contracts with China to help operate Chinese satellites from SSC's ground stations, or seek new business with China. National academy The extent of official recognition of national academies varies between countries. In some cases they are explicitly or de facto an arm of government; in others, as in
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1152-613: Was also a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party . On 26 February 1916, Fang Yi was born in Xiamen , Fujian Province to a poor family. He original name was Fang Qingji ( 方清吉 ). He had an older brother, and his mother died 26 days after Fang Yi was born. His father remarried, and had another son and daughter. When Fang Yi was eight his father also died, and the family fell into abject poverty. With
1188-826: Was appointed a Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference , serving until 1993. He was honorary chairman of the Chinese Weiqi Association from 1977 until his death. On 17 October 1997, Fang Yi died in Beijing at the age of 81. Fang Yi married his wife Yin Sen ( 殷森 ) in 1940, when he was fighting in Anhui Province during the Sino-Japanese War. Because his parents died early, he did not know his own birthdate until he got in touch with relatives when he
1224-527: Was made one of China's vice-premiers in March 1978, and was elected as a member of the 11th CCP Politburo (re-elected to the 12th Politburo in 1982). He also served as President of the CAS from 1979 to 1981. Under Deng's leadership, China established economic contacts with the Western world, and Fang led Chinese delegations to Japan and West Germany . He also accompanied Deng on the latter's historic visit to
1260-646: Was released from a Suzhou prison in 1937, after the Xi'an Incident and the Japanese invasion of China . He went on to serve as a political commissar in northern China during the Anti-Japanese War, and in the ensuing Chinese Civil War , he was Secretary General of the North China People's Government, the semi-autonomous Communist government in northern China. He also served as vice governor in
1296-466: Was very useful to the Chinese government, which was eager to establish economic ties with foreign countries. He survived the Cultural Revolution and became an alternate member of the 9th CCP Central Committee in 1969. He led economic delegations to many, mainly African, countries, and oversaw the Tanzania–Zambia Railway project, among others. After the death of Mao Zedong and the end of
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