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58-846: The name is due to the Chincha culture , which was a trader kingdom in what is now the Ica Region . Chinchay in Quechua stands for the tigrillo , animal present, although not physically, in some cultures of this region due to the Amazonian influence during the Early Horizon and Early Intermediate , such as the Chavín culture or the commercial exchange between the Huarpa -civilization located in modern-day Ayacucho that had trading routes to

116-421: A chumpi which protects the lower back when working in the fields is also worn. Men's fine dress includes a woolen waistcoat, similar to a sleeveless juyuna as worn by women but referred to as a chaleco , and often richly decorated. The most distinctive part of men's clothing is the handwoven poncho . Nearly every Quechua man and boy has a poncho, generally red decorated with intricate designs. Each district has

174-537: A Quechua word for a pit cooking technique used in Peru, includes several types of meat such as chicken, beef, pork, lamb, and/or mutton; tubers such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, yucca , uqa / ok’a ( oca in Spanish), and mashwa ; other vegetables such as maize/corn and fava beans; seasonings; and sometimes cheese in a small pot and/or tamales . Guinea pigs are also raised for meat. Other foods and crops include

232-526: A conquest, upon the arriving at Chincha, Capac Yupanqui said not wanting anything more than the acceptance of Cuzco superiority and gave gifts to the Chincha curacas to show the Inca magnificence. According to chronicler Pedro Cieza de León, who highlights the wealth and grandeur of Chincha society and buildings, 30,000 Chincha troops were positioned, ready for battle, to face Capac Yupanqui's forces. Regardless of

290-478: A distinctive pattern. In some communities such as Huilloc, Patacancha, and many villages in the Lares Valley ponchos are worn as daily attire. However, most men use their ponchos on special occasions such as festivals, village meetings, weddings, etc. As with the women, ajotas, sandals made from recycled tires, are the standard footwear. They are cheap and durable. A ch'ullu , a knitted hat with earflaps,

348-431: A family to accomplish a large private project, for example, house construction, and in turn can expect to be similarly helped later with a project of their own. In almost all Quechua ethnic groups, many traditional handicrafts are an important aspect of material culture . This includes a tradition of weaving handed down from Inca times or earlier, using cotton, wool (from llamas , alpacas , guanacos , and vicuñas ), and

406-807: A few hundred in Brazil. They have an only slight sense of common identity. The various Quechua dialects are in some cases so different that mutual understanding is not possible. Quechua was spoken not only by the Incas , but also by long-term enemies of the Inca Empire , including the Huanca ( Wanka is a Quechua dialect spoken today in the Huancayo area ) and the Chanka (the Chanca dialect of Ayacucho ) of Peru, and

464-471: A loss of both ethnic identity and the Quechua language. This is also a result of steady migration to large cities (especially Lima ), which has resulted in acculturation by Hispanic society there. Quechua people cultivate and eat a variety of foods. They domesticated potatoes, which originated in the region, and cultivated thousands of potato varieties, which are used for food and medicine. Climate change

522-522: A multitude of natural dyes , and incorporating numerous woven patterns ( pallay ). Houses are usually constructed using air-dried clay bricks ( tika , or in Spanish adobe ), or branches and clay mortar (" wattle and daub "), with the roofs being covered with straw, reeds, or puna grass ( ichu ). The disintegration of the traditional economy, for example, regionally through mining activities and accompanying proletarian social structures, has usually led to

580-403: A religious significance, but this belief is not uniform across communities. Quinine , which is found naturally in the bark of the cinchona tree, is known to be used by Quechuas people for malaria -like symptoms. When chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue; it is also used to alleviate altitude sickness . Coca leaves are chewed during work in

638-638: A song about a bloody river. In their myth of Wiraquchapampa , the Q'ero people describe the victory of the Apus over the Spaniards. Of the myths still alive today, the Inkarrí myth common in southern Peru is especially interesting; it forms a cultural element linking the Quechua groups throughout the region from Ayacucho to Cusco . Some Quechuas consider classic products of the region such as corn beer , chicha , coca leaves , and local potatoes as having

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696-515: A total of about 270,000 (and 22,000 men) according to official figures. The sterilization program lasted for over five years between 1996 and 2001. During this period, women were coerced into forced sterilization. Sterilizations were often performed under dangerous and unsanitary conditions, as the doctors were pressured to perform operations under unrealistic government quotas, which made it impossible to properly inform women and receive their consent. The Bolivian film director Jorge Sanjinés dealt with

754-627: A young General Atoc was sent to invade and reconquer the Kingdom of Quito from Atahualpa. Each suyu was divided into wamani , or provinces. Chinchaysuyu included the wamani of: This Peruvian geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article on Pre-Columbian America is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chincha culture 13°27′04″S 76°10′15″W  /  13.45111°S 76.17083°W  / -13.45111; -76.17083 The Chincha culture (or Ica-Chincha culture )

812-597: Is a mixture of styles from Pre-Spanish days and Spanish Colonial peasant dress. Starting at puberty, Quechua girls begin wearing multiple layers of petticoats and skirts, showing off the family's wealth and making her a more desirable bride. Married women also wear multiple layers of petticoats and skirts. Younger Quechua men generally wear Western-style clothing, the most popular being synthetic football shirts and tracksuit trousers. In certain regions, women also generally wear Western-style clothing. Older men still wear dark wool knee-length handwoven bayeta pants. A woven belt called

870-535: Is an archaeological ruin associated with the Chincha. It is located near the present-day city of Chincha Alta . The Chincha disappeared as a people a few decades after the Spanish conquest of Peru , which began in 1532. They died in large numbers from European diseases and the political chaos which accompanied and followed the Spanish invasion. The Chincha gave their name to the Chinchaysuyo Region,

928-555: Is frequently worn. The first ch'ullu that a child receives is traditionally knitted by their father. In the Ausangate region, chullos are often ornately adorned with white beads and large tassels called t'ikas. Men sometimes wear a felt hat called a sombrero over the top of the ch'ullu decorated with centillo , finely decorated hat bands. Since ancient times men have worn small woven pouches called ch'uspa used to carry their coca leaves. The following list of Quechua ethnic groups

986-532: Is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) south and is of similar size. Human beings have lived along the Peruvian coast for at least 10,000 years. The earliest settlers were probably fishermen, enjoying the rich maritime resources of the Humboldt Current . Irrigation agriculture in river valleys developed later. The first settled communities known in the Chincha valley date from about 800 BCE and belong to

1044-596: Is threatening their potato and other traditional crops but they are undertaking conservation and adaptation efforts. Quinoa is another staple crop grown by the Quechua people. Ch’arki (the origin of the English word jerky ) is a dried (and sometimes salted) meat. It was traditionally made from llama meat that was sun- and freeze-dried in the Andean sun and cold nights, but is now also often made from horse and beef, with variation among countries. Pachamanca ,

1102-538: Is virtually rainless but the Chincha River flowing down from the Andes waters an extensive valley in the shape of a triangle about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north to south along the coast and extending about 20 kilometres (12 mi) inland. 22,000 hectares (54,000 acres) of land is cultivated in the present day valley and the cultivated land in pre-Columbian times may not have been much less. The Pisco River valley

1160-599: The Amazonas - and Nazca cultures. Before the Inca Civil War began, Atahualpa , the son of the deceased Inca Emperor Huayna Capac , inherited and ruled the majority of Chinchasuyu from his capital city in Quito, supported by Huayna Capac's veteran Inca generals and soldiers. The 12th Inca, Huayna Capac, knowing that he was about to die, gave orders to place his heart and organs in an Urn and have it buried in Quito,

1218-596: The Chincha Islands , to the animal known as the chinchilla (literally "Little Chincha"), and the city of Chincha Alta . The word "Chinchay" or "Chincha", means " Ocelot " in Quechua . The Chincha are an ethnic group related to the Quechuas people . Chincha is one of the largest valleys on the Pacific coast of Peru. The valley is about 220 kilometres (140 mi) south of Lima, Peru . The surrounding desert

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1276-577: The Collao (Altiplano) and Cusco . Moreover, the Chincha learned seafaring skills; and new technologies such as raft construction with balsa logs, capable of carrying large cargos and many men, and the use of the sail ; allowing the Chincha to have extensive maritime trade routes, and perhaps traveled as far as Central America by boat (raft). The Chincha sea-going "traders" worshiped a star known to them as Chundri, that may have served for navigation. The Chincha ruin of La Centinela , part of what used to be

1334-634: The Indigenous peoples of South America who speak the Quechua languages , which originated among the Indigenous people of Peru . Although most Quechua speakers are native to Peru, there are some significant populations in Ecuador , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , and Argentina . The most common Quechua dialect is Southern Quechua . The Kichwa people of Ecuador speak the Kichwa dialect ; in Colombia,

1392-765: The Inga people speak Inga Kichwa . The Quechua word for a Quechua speaker is runa or nuna ("person"); the plural is runakuna or nunakuna ("people"). "Quechua speakers call themselves Runa -- simply translated, "the people". Some historical Quechua people are: The speakers of Quechua total some 5.1 million people in Peru, 1.8 million in Bolivia, 2.5 million in Ecuador (Hornberger and King, 2001), and according to Ethnologue (2006) 33,800 in Chile, 55,500 in Argentina, and

1450-706: The Kañari (Cañari) in Ecuador. Quechua was spoken by some of these people, for example, the Wanka, before the Incas of Cusco , while other people, especially in Bolivia but also in Ecuador, adopted Quechua only in Inca times or afterward. Quechua became Peru's second official language in 1969 under the military dictatorship of Juan Velasco Alvarado . There have been later tendencies toward nation-building among Quechua speakers, particularly in Ecuador (Kichwa) but also in Bolivia, where there are only slight linguistic differences from

1508-563: The Paracas culture . Later, from 100 BCE to 800 CE the Chincha valley was influenced by the Ica-Nazca culture . The Chincha valley was also influenced, and possibly under the control of the Wari empire , from about 500 CE to 1000 CE. Between the 9th and 10th centuries, there was a shift in the lifestyle and culture of the coastal inhabitants, with different techniques and styles appearing at

1566-553: The Puna . The typical Andean community extends over several altitude ranges and thus includes the cultivation of a variety of arable crops and/or livestock. The land is usually owned by the local community ( ayllu ) and is either cultivated jointly or redistributed annually. Beginning with the colonial era and intensifying after the South American states had gained their independence, large landowners appropriated all or most of

1624-523: The Atahualpa's faction at the Inca civil war , Atahualpa said that the lord of Chincha was his friend and the greatest lord of the lowlands. The Chincha lord was initially mistaken for Atahualpa because of his displayed wealth at the meeting with Francisco Pizarro , and then killed in the battle of Cajamarca in 1532 in which the emperor Atahualpa was captured by the Spaniards. The Spanish first appeared in

1682-529: The Chincha gained influence and control over much of this maritime trade only late in the fifteenth century. The Incas captured and dismantled the economy of the Chimu in northern Peru about 1470 and gave control of the trade to the Chincha, whose location near the Inca homeland in the highlands made Chincha a convenient entrepot. The source of both the balsa logs for rafts and the Spondylus and Strombus seashells

1740-592: The Chincha valley in 1534 and a Dominican Roman Catholic mission was founded by 1542. With the arrival of the Spaniards, the population of Chincha declined precipitously, mostly due to European diseases and political turmoil. Demographers have estimated a 99 percent decline in population in the first 85 years of Spanish rule. Chincha never regained its earlier prominence. Quechua people Quechua people ( / ˈ k ɛ tʃ u ə / , US also / ˈ k ɛ tʃ w ɑː / ; Spanish: [ˈketʃwa] ) , Quichua people or Kichwa people may refer to any of

1798-483: The Chincha valley itself. The larger than normal number of fishermen and traders in the population illustrates the commercial nature of the Chincha state and the importance of the sea to their economy. According to Spanish sources the Chincha may have used money for commerce, like the Chimor and some other Andean cultures, but the Spanish chroniclers may have mistaken the copper items used in trading shapes as currency when

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1856-760: The Education Council of the Quechua Nation ( Consejo Educativo de la Nación Quechua , CENAQ), which is responsible for Quechua instruction or bilingual intercultural schools in the Quechua-speaking regions of Bolivia. Some Quechua speakers say that if nation-states in Latin America had been built following the European pattern, they should be a single, independent nation. Despite their ethnic diversity and linguistic distinctions,

1914-595: The Kingdom of Quito. The Inca Huascar was not able to do anything since the best soldiers in the Inca Empire swore allegiance to Atahualpa. After 4 or 5 years of peace, the nobles as well as the mother of the Inca Huascar, Rava Ocllo. encouraged him to reconquer the Kingdom of Atahualpa which spanned most of the Chinchasuyu. Huascar sent an ultimatum to Atahualpa asking for submission, Atahualpa refused, and

1972-492: The capital of the Kingdom of Chincha, was one of the first archaeological sites in Peru to be investigated by archaeologists. The site covers more than 75 hectares (190 acres) and consists of two large pyramids, La Centinela and Tambo de Mora, constructed of adobe and serving as the habitations of the leaders of the Chincha people. The surrounding residential area housed artisans of silver, textiles, wood, and ceramics, although, like most pre-Columbian monumental archaeological sites,

2030-564: The case of the community of Sarayaku has become well known among the Kichwa of the lowlands, who after years of struggle were able to successfully resist expropriation and exploitation of the rain forest for petroleum recovery . A distinction is made between two primary types of joint work. In the case of mink'a , people work together for projects of common interest (such as the construction of communal facilities). Ayni is, in contrast, reciprocal assistance, whereby members of an ayllu help

2088-403: The city he loved. Moreover, Huayna Capac gave instructions that his mummified body should be transported to Cuzco for burial beside the mummified bodies of his royal ancestors. The Inca Emperor Huascar who was the eldest son of Huayna Capac, ruled the rest of the Inca Empire from Cuzco, and was displeased that Atahualpa was crown King in Quito. Spanish chroniclers refer to Atahualpa's Kingdom as

2146-446: The coast of Peru and into the Andes highlands at about the same time the Incas were creating their empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Chincha controlled a rich and prominent oracle named Chinchaycamac, probably near La Centinela , which garnered contributions from the Chincha people and others, indicating surpluses of wealth. The Chinchas were most famous for maritime commerce. Pedro Pizarro said that Atahualpa claimed that

2204-465: The copper itself was the commodity being bartered. Several 16th century Spaniards recorded Chincha history from indigenous Peruvian informants. Although those chronicles are often contradictory, the broad outlines of Chincha history can be discerned. Pedro Cieza de León described Chincha as a "great province, esteemed in ancient times...splendid and grand...so famous throughout Peru as to be feared by many natives." The Chinchas were expanding up and down

2262-524: The fields as well as during breaks in construction projects in Quechua provinces. Coca leaves are the raw material from which cocaine , one of Peru's most historically important exports, is chemically extracted. Many Indigenous women wear colorful traditional attire, complete with bowler-style hats . The hat has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s when it was brought to the country by British railway workers. They are still commonly worn today. The traditional dress worn by Quechua women today

2320-455: The highlands of the Andes which rise about 20 kilometres (12 miles) inland from La Centinela. According to an early Spanish chronicle, the population of Chincha consisted of 30,000 heads of households, among which were 12,000 agriculturalists, 10,000 fishermen, and 6,000 traders. The numbers suggest a total population of more than 100,000 people under Chincha control, likely in a larger area than

2378-424: The issue of forced sterilization in 1969 in his Quechua-language feature film Yawar Mallku . Quechuas have been left out of their nation's regional economic growth in recent years. The World Bank has identified eight countries on the continent to have some of the highest inequality rates in the world. The Quechuas have been subject to these severe inequalities, as many of them have a much lower life expectancy than

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2436-539: The land and forced the Native population into bondage (known in Ecuador as Huasipungo , from Kichwa wasipunku , "front door"). Harsh conditions of exploitation repeatedly led to revolts by the Indigenous farmers, which were forcibly suppressed. The largest of these revolts occurred in 1780–1781 under the leadership of Husiy Qawriyil Kunturkanki . Some Indigenous farmers re-occupied their ancestors' lands and expelled

2494-493: The landlords during the takeover of governments by dictatorships in the middle of the 20th century, such as in 1952 in Bolivia ( Víctor Paz Estenssoro ) and 1968 in Peru ( Juan Velasco Alvarado ). The agrarian reforms included the expropriation of large landowners. In Bolivia, there was a redistribution of the land to the Indigenous population as their private property. This disrupted traditional Quechua and Aymara culture based on communal ownership, but ayllus has been retained up to

2552-416: The main purpose of La Centinela was probably ceremonial rather than residential or commercial. A network of roads radiated out from La Centinela, running in straight lines, as was the Andean custom. The roads are still visible. The roads extended east and south of la Centinela and led to outlying ceremonial centers and also facilitated the transportation of goods to the Paracas valley to the south and toward

2610-640: The meat of llamas and alpacas as well as beans, barley, hot peppers, coriander, and peanuts. Up to the present time, Quechuas continue to be victims of political conflicts and ethnic persecution. In the internal conflict in Peru in the 1980s between the government and Sendero Luminoso about three-quarters of the estimated 70,000 death toll were Quechuas, whereas the war parties were without exception whites and mestizos (people with mixed descent from both Natives and Spaniards). The forced sterilization policy under Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori affected almost exclusively Quechua and Aymara women,

2668-404: The mountain spirits ( apu ) as well as lesser local deities ( wak'a ), who are still venerated especially in southern Peru. The Quechuas came to terms with their repeated historical experience of tragedy in the form of various myths. These include the figure of Nak'aq or Pishtaco ("butcher"), the white murderer who sucks out the fat from the bodies of the Indigenous peoples he kills, and

2726-461: The original Peruvian version. An indication of this effort is the umbrella organization of the Kichwa people in Ecuador, ECUARUNARI ( Ecuador Runakunapak Rikcharimuy ). Some Christian organizations also refer to a "Quechua people", such as the Christian shortwave radio station HCJB , "The Voice of the Andes" ( La Voz de los Andes ). The term "Quechua Nation" occurs in such contexts as the name of

2784-499: The outcome, it appears that the Chincha had little difficulty in recognizing Inca authority, allowing them to continue living relatively peacefully under Inca dominion. The next emperor, Topa Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–93) brought the Chincha Kingdom into a true territorial annexation to the empire, but the rulers of Chincha retained much of their political and economic autonomy and their traditional leadership. The Chincha king

2842-598: The parliamentary officer Carlos Torres Caro refused their acceptance. Practically all Quechuas in the Andes have been nominally Catholic since colonial times. Nevertheless, traditional religious forms persist in many regions, blended with Christian elements – a fully integrated syncretism . Quechua ethnic groups also share traditional religions with other Andean peoples, particularly belief in Mother Earth ( Pachamama ), who grants fertility and to whom burnt offerings and libations are regularly made. Also important are

2900-543: The present time in remote regions, such as in the Peruvian Quechua community of Q'ero . The struggle for land rights continues up to the present time to be a political focal point of everyday Quechua life. The Kichwa ethnic groups of Ecuador which are part of the ECUARUNARI association were recently able to regain communal land titles or the return of estates—in some cases through militant activity. Especially

2958-485: The regional average, and many communities lack access to basic health services. Perceived ethnic discrimination continues to play a role at the parliamentary level. When the newly elected Peruvian members of parliament Hilaria Supa Huamán and María Sumire swore their oath of office in Quechua—for the first time in the history of Peru in an Indigenous language—the Peruvian parliamentary president Martha Hildebrandt and

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3016-470: The ruler of Chincha controlled 100,000 sea-going rafts , undoubtedly an exaggeration, but illustrating the importance of Chincha and trade. Voyages via balsa raft up and down the Pacific coast from southern Colombia to northern Chile, possibly as far as Mexico, were a long-standing practice, the trade largely being in luxury items such as worked gold and silver and ritually-important Spondylus and Strombus seashells . Some authorities have asserted that

3074-516: The shore region. Some scholars claim that the change was the product of a migratory wave of unknown origin, identifying this culture as the "Pre-Chincha" culture. The rudimentary Pre-Chincha culture relied extensively on fishing and shell gathering. In the 11th century, the sophisticated and warlike culture known as the Chincha began, possibly the product of a migratory wave from the highlands. The Chincha had developed systems of architecture, agriculture and irrigation. The Chincha culture came to dominate

3132-470: The various Quechua ethnic groups have numerous cultural characteristics in common. They also share many of these with the Aymara or other Indigenous peoples of the central Andes . Traditionally, Quechua identity is locally oriented and inseparably linked in each case with the established economic system. It is based on agriculture in the lower altitude regions, and on pastoral farming in the higher regions of

3190-402: The whole valley. The Chincha worshiped an ocelot or jaguar god, and believed themselves to be descended from felines, who gave them their warlike and dominating tendencies. The Chincha fertilized their fields with dead birds and guano , and this knowledge was passed on to later peoples. The Chincha merchants maintained trade routes by land with herds of camelids used as beasts of burden reaching

3248-494: Was in Ecuador, 1,400 kilometres (870 miles) to the north, thus strengthening the view that the Chincha had an extensive reach to their trading activities. The first expedition of the Incas to the Chincha Kingdom was led by the General Capac Yupanqui, under the rule of his brother, the emperor Pachacuti (ruled 1438–71). According to some sources it was an attempt to establish a friendly relationship rather than

3306-457: Was required to spend several months each year attending the court of the Inca emperor, although he was given the honors of the highest Inca nobles. The lord of Chincha was the only person in the Atahualpa's entourage carried on a litter at the meeting with the Spanish. In the Inca culture, the use of a litter in presence of the Sapa Inca was an outstanding honor. The Chincha possibly supported

3364-557: Was the culture of a Native Peruvian people living near the Pacific Ocean in south west Peru . The Chincha Kingdom and their culture flourished in the Late Intermediate Period (900 CE–1450 CE), also known as the regional states period of pre-Columbian Peru . They became part of the Inca Empire around 1480. They were prominent as sea-going traders and lived in a large and fertile oasis valley. La Centinela

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