Misplaced Pages

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54-700: The Chindwin originates in the broad Hukawng Valley of Kachin State of Burma, roughly 26°26′18″N 96°33′32″E  /  26.43833°N 96.55889°E  / 26.43833; 96.55889 , where the Tanai, the Tabye, the Tawan, and the Taron (also known as Turong or Towang) rivers meet. The headwaters of the Tanai are at 25°30′N 97°0′E  /  25.500°N 97.000°E  / 25.500; 97.000 on

108-839: A World War II gas tank as a water tank in Kachin state , and the gravel road between Myitkyina and Tanai was very wide and well used but unpaved. In China, he found World War II trenches in Songshan in Yunnan province which was a site of fierce battles between Japanese defenders and Chinese attackers in June 1944, and a brass relief honoring Chinese and American soldiers in Tengchong in Yunnan. A post went viral in Philippines in 2019 which showed

162-513: A day on the Ledo Road, construction of their base camp and Shingbwiyang airfield, before deploying to Myitkyina to improve the facilities of an old British airfield recently recaptured from the Japanese. Work continued through 1944 in late December it was opened for the transport of logistics . In January 1945, four of the black EABs (along with three white battalions) continued working on

216-476: A high-profile US Army engineer and assigned him to look after the construction of the Ledo Road. Major General Wheeler, in turn, assigned responsibility of base commander for the road construction to Colonel John C. Arrowsmith . Later, he was replaced by Colonel Lewis A. Pick , an expert US Army engineer. Work started on the first 166 km (103 mi) section of the road in December 1942. The road followed

270-555: A steep, narrow trail from Ledo, across the Patkai Range through the Pangsau Pass (nicknamed "Hell Pass" for its difficulty), and down to Shingbwiyang , Burma. Sometimes rising as high as 1,400 m (4,600 ft), the road required the removal of earth at the rate of 1,800 cubic metres per kilometre (100,000 cubic feet per mile). Steep gradients, hairpin curves and sheer drops of 60 m (200 ft), all surrounded by

324-479: A thick rain forest was the norm for this first section. The first bulldozer reached Shingbwiyang on 27 December 1943, three days ahead of schedule. The building of this section allowed much-needed supplies to flow to the troops engaged in attacking the Japanese 18th Division , which was defending the northern area of Burma with their strongest forces around the towns of Kamaing , Mogaung , and Myitkyina . Before

378-586: A track could be pushed through to Burma and down the Hukawng Valley . Although the proposal was dropped, the British prospected the Patkai Range for a road from Assam into northern Burma . British engineers had surveyed the route for a road for the first 130 kilometres (80 miles). After the British had been pushed back out of most of Burma by the Japanese, building this road became a priority for

432-541: Is a 6 lane highway. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Burmese government focused on the reconstruction of the Ledo Road as an alternative to the existing Lashio - Kunming Burma Road . The Chinese government completed construction of the Myitkyina - Kambaiti section in 2007. Rangoon-based Yuzana Company constructed the section between Myitkyina and Tanai (Danai) which was already operational in 2011 as

486-596: Is found, along with an abundance of fish . Download coordinates as: Hukawng Valley The Hukawng Valley ( Burmese : ဟူးကောင်းချိုင့်ဝှမ်း ; also spelt Hukaung Valley ) is an isolated valley in Myanmar , roughly 5,586 square miles (14,468 km ) in area. It is located in Tanaing Township in the Myitkyina District of Kachin State in the northernmost part of the country. It has

540-464: Is served by regular river-going vessels up to the town of Homalin. Teak forests within its drainage area have been a valuable resource since ancient times. The Hukawng Valley is known for its abundance of Burmese amber . Along the river, there are deposits of jade , but Hpakant in the headwaters of the Uyu river is the only place in the world where the finest jade - known as jadeite or imperial jade -

594-760: Is well known for Burmese amber , a type of amber dating back to the Cretaceous period, around 99 million years ago. During World War II , the Ledo Road was built by the US Army across the Hukawng Valley, largely by African-American engineer battalions and Chinese laborers, in order to supply the armies of the Republic of China , who were then allied with the Western Allies in the war against

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648-567: The Empire of Japan . 26°26′18″N 96°33′32″E  /  26.43833°N 96.55889°E  / 26.43833; 96.55889 This Myanmar location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ledo Road The Ledo Road ( Burmese : လီဒိုလမ်းမ ) was an overland connection between British India and China , built during World War II to enable the Western Allies to deliver supplies to China and aid

702-664: The Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary . The rivers draining into the Hukawng Valley, the Tanai Kha, the Tabye, the Tawan, and the Turong, form the headwaters of the Chindwin River . Ringed by steep mountain ranges to the north, east and west, the valley is known as a habitat of tigers , but encroachment by man has greatly decreased their numbers, to perhaps as few as 100 animals. In 2004,

756-630: The Indian Armed Forces , India imposed harsh restrictions between 1962 and the mid-1990s on travel into Burma. Since an improvement in relations between India and Myanmar, travel has improved and tourism has begun near Pangsayu Pass (at the Lake of No Return ). Recent attempts to travel the full road have met with varying results. At present the Nampong-Pangsau Pass section is passable in four-wheel drive vehicles. The road on

810-545: The Kachin Independent Army , a formerly-rebel group that inhabits the region. The extremely rare leaf muntjac , also known as the phet-gyi , dwarf deer or leaf deer, also lives in the Hukawng. Major industry includes amber and gold mining ; most gold mines are now depleted, but the toxic chemicals from former gold extraction have not been cleared, and are seeping into the groundwater. The valley

864-721: The United States . After Rangoon was captured by the Japanese and before the Ledo Road was finished, the majority of supplies to the Chinese had to be delivered via airlift over the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains known as the Hump . After the war, the road fell into disuse. In 2010, the BBC reported "much of the road has been swallowed up by jungle." On 1 December 1942, British General Sir Archibald Wavell ,

918-410: The 1,079 mile road was therefore described as "A Man A Mile" . As most of Burma was in Japanese hands it was not possible to acquire information as to the topography , soils, and river behaviour before construction started. This information had to be acquired as the road was constructed. General Stilwell had organized a 'Service of Supply' (SOS) under the command of Major General Raymond A. Wheeler ,

972-668: The Burmese side is now reportedly fit for vehicular traffic. Donovan Webster reached Shingbwiyang on wheels in 2001, and in mid-2005 veterans of the Burma Star Association were invited to join a "down memory lane" trip to Shingbwiyang organised by a politically well-connected travel agent. These groups successfully travelled the road but none made any comment on the political or human rights situation on Burma afterward. Burmese from Pangsau village saunter nonchalantly across Pangsau Pass down to Nampong in India for marketing, for

1026-605: The Chindwin and the Mu , took Myedu, and reached as far as Sagaing opposite the capital Ava . The tables were turned in 1758 after King Alaungpaya ascended the Burmese throne. The Burmese army invaded and occupied Manipur and Assam marching across the western mountain ranges, and even encroached upon British India. During World War II , when the Japanese had cut off sea access, the British army and other allied forces under General Joseph Stilwell retreated on foot to India across

1080-530: The Chindwin is, according to tradition, an artificial channel, cut by one of the kings of Bagan (Pagan). It was choked up for centuries until 1824 when it was opened out by an exceptional flood. Satellite pictures show this lowest channel to be the widest one today. Average, minimum and maximum discharge of the Chindwin River at Monywa . Period from 1966/01/01 to 2023/12/31: Much of Chindwin's course lies within mountain ranges and forests. Due to

1134-640: The Chinese frontier, so that supplies could be delivered to the reception point in Kunming , China. Stilwell's staff estimated that the Ledo Road route would supply 65,000 tons of supplies per month, greatly surpassing tonnage then being airlifted over the Hump to China. General Claire Lee Chennault , the USAAF Fourteenth Air Force commander, thought the projected tonnage levels were overly optimistic and doubted that such an extended network of trails through difficult jungle could ever match

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1188-452: The Japanese trace. As the road was built, two 10 cm (4 in) fuel pipe lines were laid side-by-side so that fuel for the supply vehicles could be piped instead of trucked along the road. After the initial section to Shingbwiyang, more sections followed: Warazup , Myitkyina, and Bhamo , 600 km (370 mi) from Ledo. At that point the road joined a spur of the old Burma road and, although improvements to further sections followed,

1242-471: The Ledo Road, it connected to the Burma Road though some sections of the road beyond Myitkyina at Hukawng Valley were under repair due to heavy monsoon rains. It became a highway stretching from Assam, India to Kunming, China 1,736 km (1,079 mi) length. On 12 January 1945, the first convoy of 113 vehicles, led by General Pick, departed from Ledo; they reached Kunming, China on 4 February 1945. In

1296-561: The Ledo Road: I agreed with Stilwell that the road could be built. I believed that, properly equipped and efficiently led, Chinese troops could defeat Japanese if, as would be the case with his Ledo force, they had a considerable numerical superiority. On the engineering side I had no doubts. We had built roads over country as difficult, with much less technical equipment than the Americans would have. My British engineers, who had surveyed

1350-476: The Ledo road reached Shingbwiyang, Allied troops (the majority of whom were American-trained Chinese divisions of the X Force ) had been totally dependent on supplies flown in over the Patkai Range. As the Japanese were forced to retreat south, the Ledo Road was extended. This was made considerably easier from Shingbwiyang by the presence of a fair weather road built by the Japanese, and the Ledo Road generally followed

1404-655: The Myitkyina airstrip enabled the Air Transport Command "to fly a more southerly route without fear of Japanese fighters, thus shortening and flattening the Hump trip with astonishing results." In July 1943 the air tonnage was 5,500 rising to 8,000 in September and 13,000 in November. After the capture of Myitkyina deliveries jumped from 18,000 tons in June 1944 to 39,000 in November 1944. In July 1945,

1458-658: The Oxford-Cambridge Overland Expedition drove from London to Singapore and back. They followed the road from Ledo to Myitkyina and beyond (but not to China). The book First Overland written about this expedition by Tim Slessor (1957) reported that bridges were down in the section between Pangsau Pass and Shingbwiyang. In February 1958 the Expedition of Eric Edis and his team also used the road from Ledo to Myitkyina en route to Rangoon, Singapore and Australia. Ten months later they returned in

1512-610: The Shwedaunggyi peak of the Kumon range, 12 miles (19 km) north of Mogaung . It flows due north until it reaches the Hukawng Valley. In 2004, the government established the world's largest tiger preserve in the Hukawng Valley, the Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary , with an area of approximately 6,500 km (2,500 sq mi); later, the Sanctuary was extended to 21,800 square kilometres (8,400 sq mi), making it

1566-431: The amount of supplies that could be delivered with modern cargo transport aircraft. The road was built by 15,000 American soldiers (60 percent of whom were African-Americans) and 35,000 local workers at an estimated cost of US$ 150 million (or $ 2 billion 2017). The costs also included the loss of over 1,100 Americans lives, as many died during the construction, as well as the loss of many locals' lives. The human cost of

1620-438: The area. As of 2022, the road from Ledo to Nampong in India was a paved road, with the road going further to Pangsau Pass on India-Myanmar having restricted civilian access. From Pangsau to Tanai was a mud track, from Tanai to Myitkyina was a wide compacted-earth road maintained by a commercial plantation company, the road section from Myitkyina to China border was reconstructed by a Chinese company, from China border to Kunmin

1674-473: The border is open despite the presence of insurgents on both sides. There are Assam Rifles and Burma Army posts at Nampong and Pangsau respectively. But the rules for locals in these border areas do not necessarily apply to westerners. The governments of both countries keep careful watch on the presence of westerners in the border areas and the land border is officially closed. Those who cross without permission risk arrest or problems with smugglers/insurgents in

Chindwin River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-701: The boundary between the Sagaing District of Sagaing Region and the Pakokku District of Magway Region . It enters the Ayeyarwady River (Irrawaddy) at about 21°30′N 95°15′E  /  21.500°N 95.250°E  / 21.500; 95.250 . The extreme outlets into the Ayeyarwady are about 22 miles (35 km) apart, the interval forming a succession of long, low, partially populated islands. The lowest mouth of

1782-767: The campaign-winning Central Front road within India from Dimapur to Imphal ; and the southern road from Dohazari south of Chittagong in British India for the advance of troops to Arakan in Myanmar. In the 19th century, British railway builders had surveyed the Pangsau Pass, which is 1,136 metres (3,727 feet) high on the India-Burma border, on the Patkai crest, above Nampong , Arunachal Pradesh and Ledo , Tinsukia (part of Assam ). They concluded that

1836-498: The company owns thousands of acres of land there for its multiple crop plantation including sugarcane and cassava. India's government, however, fears that the road may be useful to militants in North East India who have hideouts in Myanmar. In 2010 the BBC described the road as such: "Much of the road has been swallowed up by jungle. It is barely passable on foot and is considered too dangerous to use by many because of

1890-446: The course of the war against Japan. When flying over the Hukawng Valley during the monsoon, Mountbatten asked his staff the name of the river below them. An American officer replied, "That's not a river, it's the Ledo Road." The units initially assigned to the initial section were: In 1943 they were joined by: From the middle of April until the middle of May 1944 Company A of the 879th Airborne Engineer Battalion worked 24 hours

1944-578: The current picture of 24-zigzag hairpin turns of Stilwell road on a mountain slope in Qinglong County in Guizhou province of China. It turned out to be a photo taken by Findlay Kember on his earlier trip. In 2015, it was not possible to cross the border on the Ledo Road due to visa restrictions. In 2015, the section from Namyun to Pangsau Pass in Burma was a "heavily rutted muddy track" through

1998-465: The difficulty of access, much of it remains unspoilt. The government of Burma recently created a very large (2,500 square mile) sanctuary for the endangered tiger within the Hukawng Valley. The mountain ranges to the west of the Chindwin are formidable, yet not totally impregnable to armies. The Kabaw valley saw many an invasion by the kingdom of Manipur to the west, most notably during the reign of King Garibaniwaj (1709–1748) when his army crossed over

2052-399: The government established the world's largest tiger preserve in the Hukawng Valley, the Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary , with an area of approximately 6,500 km (2,500 sq mi); later, the Sanctuary was extended to 21,800 km , making it the largest protected area in mainland Southeast Asia. The government's establishment of the preserve was accomplished in cooperation with

2106-524: The international borders. In India, there is Stilwell park in Lekhapani near Ledo to mark the beginning of the Stilwell road, a World War 2-era cemetery between Jairampur and Pangsau Pass for the Chinese soldiers and labourers who built the road, a still existing bridge near Nampong nicknamed "Hell's Gate" due to treacherous conditions and landslides in the area. In Myanmar, he found villagers using

2160-425: The largest protected area in mainland Southeast Asia. The river then turns to the west and flows through the middle of the plain, joined by the Tabye, the Tawan, and the Taron rivers from the right bank. These rivers drain the mountain ranges to the north and northeast of the Hukawng valley. The Tanai exits the Hukawng valley through the Taron or Turong valley and through a sharp defile in the river. It then takes on

2214-408: The last full month before the end of the war, 71,000 tons of supplies were flown over the Hump, compared to only 6,000 tons using the Ledo Road; the airlift operation continued in operation until the end of the war, with a total tonnage of 650,000 tons compared to 147,000 for the Ledo Road. By the time supplies were flowing over the Ledo Road in large quantities, operations in other theaters had shaped

Chindwin River - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-405: The name of Chindwin, and maintains a general southerly course. It passes the town of Singkaling Hkamti on the left bank, then the town of Homalin , also on the left bank. The river's course is generally southwesterly until the town of Mingin . It then takes a more southeasterly course entering the broad central plain, passing the city of Monywa on the left bank. Its course at this point forms

2322-549: The now renamed Stilwell Road , improving and widening it. Indeed, one of these African American units was assigned the task of improving the road that extended into China. Winston Churchill called the project "an immense, laborious task, unlikely to be finished until the need for it has passed". The British Field Marshal William Slim who commanded the British Fourteenth Army in India/Burma wrote of

2376-752: The opposite direction. In his book about this expedition The Impossible Takes a Little Longer , Edis (2008) reports that they have removed a yellow sign with India/Burma on it from the Indian/Burmese border and that they have donated it to the Imperial War Museum in London. For many years, travel into the region was also restricted by the Government of India . Because of continuous clashes between insurgents (who were seeking shelter in Burma) and

2430-511: The presence of Burmese and Indian ethnic insurgents in the area....At present the road from Myitkyina to the Chinese border – along with the brief Indian section – is usable." In 2014, to document the status of the road, photographer Findlay Kember, working on a photo feature for the South China Morning Post , traveled the entire length of the road across three nations on three different trips due to not being allowed to cross

2484-553: The remainder 61 km was in India . The road had the Ledo - Pangsau Pass - Tanai (Danai)- Myitkyina -- Bhamo - Mansi - Namhkam -Kunming route. To move supplies from the railheads to the Army fronts, three all-weather roads were constructed in record time during the autumn (fall) of 1943: Ledo Road in the north across three nations, which went on to connect to the Burma Road and supply China;

2538-524: The road was passable. The spur passed through Namkham 558 km (347 mi) from Ledo and finally at the Mong-Yu road junction, 748 km (465 mi) from Ledo, the Ledo Road met the Burma Road. To get to the Mong-Yu junction the Ledo Road had to span 10 major rivers and 155 secondary streams, averaging one bridge every 4.5 km (2.8 mi). For the first convoys, if they turned right, they were on their way to Lashio 160 km (99 mi) to

2592-486: The same mountains, with disastrous results, mainly due to disease and hunger. The Ledo Road was built across the Hukawng valley to supply China. The Chindwin was a major barrier both for the Japanese trying to invade India and for the Allied forces to reoccupy Burma. The chindwin river has a great impact on the culture of western Burma. Central Sino-Tibetan languages originated from valley areas of this river. The Chindwin

2646-421: The six months following its opening, trucks carried 129,000 tons of supplies from India to China. Twenty-six thousand trucks that carried the cargo (one way) were handed over to the Chinese. As General Chennault had predicted, supplies carried over the Ledo Road at no time approached tonnage levels of supplies airlifted monthly into China over the Hump. However, the road complemented the airlifts. The capture of

2700-488: The south through Japanese-occupied Burma. If they turned left, Wanting lay 100 km (60 mi) to the north just over the China-Burma border. However, by late 1944, the road still did not reach China; by this time, tonnage airlifted over the Hump to China had significantly expanded with the arrival of more modern transport aircraft. In late 1944, barely two years after Stilwell accepted responsibility for building

2754-552: The supreme commander of the Far Eastern Theatre , agreed with American General Stilwell to make the Ledo Road an American NCAC operation. The Ledo Road was intended to be the primary supply route to China and was built under the direction of General Stilwell from the railhead at Ledo, Assam , in India, to Mong-Yu road junction where it joined the Burma Road . From there trucks could continue on to Wanting on

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2808-403: The trace for the road for the first eighty miles [130 km], were quite confident about that. We were already, on the Central front, maintaining great labour forces over equally gimcrack lines of communication. Thus far Stilwell and I were in complete agreement, but I did not hold two articles of his faith. I doubted the overwhelming war-winning value of this road, and, in any case, I believed it

2862-539: The war effort against Japan. After the Japanese cut off the Burma Road in 1942 an alternative was required, hence the construction of the Ledo Road. It was renamed the Stilwell Road , after General Joseph Stilwell of the U.S. Army , in early 1945 at the suggestion of Chiang Kai-shek . It passes through the Burmese towns of Shingbwiyang , Myitkyina and Bhamo in Kachin state . Of the 1,726 kilometres (1,072 mi) long road, 1,033 kilometres (642 mi) are in Burma and 632 kilometres (393 mi) in China with

2916-427: Was starting from the wrong place. The American amphibious strategy in the Pacific, of hopping from island to island would, I was sure, bring much quicker results than an overland advance across Asia with a Chinese army yet to be formed. In any case, if the road was to be really effective, its feeder railway should start from Rangoon, not Calcutta. After Burma was liberated, the road gradually fell into disrepair. In 1955

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