Misplaced Pages

#370629

45-904: Other allies Non-state opponents The Kachin Independence Army ( KIA ; Kachin : Wunpawng Mungdan Shanglawt Hpyen Dap ; Burmese : ကချင်လွတ်လပ်ရေးတပ်မတော် ) is a non-state armed group and the military wing of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), a political group of ethnic Kachins in Northern Myanmar (formerly Burma). The Kachins are a coalition of six tribes whose homeland encompasses territory in China 's Yunnan , Northeast India and Kachin State in Myanmar. The Kachin Independence Army

90-497: A Burmese alphabet is used by some speakers, but it has largely been phased out. Jinghpaw syllable finals can consist of vowels, nasals, or oral stops. The Turung of Assam in India speak a Jingpo dialect with many Assamese loanwords, called Singpho , which shares 50% lexical similarity with Jinghpaw. There are at least 16 Jingpoish (Kachinic) varieties (Kurabe 2014:59). The demographic and location information listed below

135-603: A major . Base Camp 1 was built about 10 miles (16 km) east of the village of Sin Li, near Kutkai in northern Shan State , and a basic military course was taught on 16 March 1961. Battalion 1 was established in Nbapa, Mammaw; Battalion 2 was established in Man Si and Mon Htan by Lama La Ring with a force of 300. Villager defense forces, equipped with percussion lock firearms, were ordered to disrupt Tatmadaw forces. Buddhism became

180-571: A Mizo insurgent group abroad in March 1973, and signed a contract with local Naga insurgents on 2 June establishing terms for supplying military training and arms. The KIA trained 100 Naga insurgents at the India-Myanmar border, south-west of Khar Shay. Its headquarters were managed by Zau Seng in Thanwoo, Thailand. Kachin language Jinghpaw is written using a modified Latin alphabet ;

225-525: A few miles of the coast; the mouth of the Khwa forms a good anchorage for small boats. The rocks in the Arakan Range and its spurs are metamorphic , and include clay , slates , ironstone and indurated sandstone ; towards the south, ironstone, trap and rocks of basaltic character are common; veins of steatite and white fibrous quartz are also found. Between 1961 and 1990, the mean annual rainfall

270-1566: A headquarters in Thanwoo. In 1972, the KIA fielded 2,950 insurgents and the army in Thanwoo was led by Zaw Seng. Brigade 1, led by Zau Dan, was in Kutkai, Lashio District and Mamaw. Brigade 2, led by Zau Tu, was in Hpakant and Myitkyina. They tried to increase the trade of jade. In Brigade 1, Lum Dau led Battalion 2, Zau Bawm led Battalion 8 and Dau Hkawng led Battalion 9; they were responsible for Lashio district. Dwa Yaung led Battalion 1 and Gawruledwa led Battalion 5; they were responsible for Mamaw district. In Brigade 2, Zau Tu led 1,469 insurgents. Zau Bawk led Battalion 3, Zuk Dai led Battalion 4, Lama La Ring led Battalion 6, Zau Bawk led Battalion 5, Mading Kyang Yaw led Battalion 10 and Kadaw Zau Seng led Battalion 11. They were responsible for Myitkyina district and western Ayeyarwady. In 1950, CPB members began to go abroad for political and military training. In July 1967, party leader Maran Brang Seng and 34 others went abroad. The KIA accepted communism, and other countries agreed to provide political and military aid. From 4 November 1967 to 27 January 1968, 425 KIA insurgents led by Zau Tu, Zau Dan, Lamung Tu Jai, Maran Brang Seng and Pung Shwi Zau Seng held talks abroad with Ba Thein Tin and Naw Seng. The KIA received political and military assistance from abroad , and conducted more military operations. At

315-462: A separate language, whereas Hkaku and Kauri are only slightly different. Other underdescribed Jingpoish varieties include Mungji and Zawbung . Shanke is a recently described language closely related to Jingpo, although its speakers identify themselves as Naga. Small pockets of Jingpo speakers are also scattered across Gengma County 耿马县, including the following villages (Dai Qingxia 2010). Dai (2010) also includes 1,000-word vocabulary lists of

360-591: Is a town and major seaport in Rakhine State , the westernmost part of Myanmar . Thandwe is very ancient, and is said to have been at one time the capital of Rakhine State, then called Arakan. The district has an area of 3,784 square miles (9,800 km ). The area is mountainous, and spurs of the Arakan Mountains reach the coast. Some of the peaks in the north are over 4,000 feet (1,200 m) high. The streams are only mountain torrents to within

405-536: Is drawn from Kurabe (2014). Standard Jingpo and Nkhum are the best described varieties, whereas the Jingpoish varieties of India have been recently documented by Stephen Morey. Jingpoish varieties in northern Kachin State remain little described. The Ethnologue lists Duleng (Dalaung, Dulong ), Dzili (Jili), Hkaku (Hka-Hku), and Kauri (Gauri, Guari, Hkauri). According to the Ethnologue, Dzili might be

450-725: Is funded by the KIO, which raises money through regional taxes and trade in jade , timber and gold. It is armed with a combination of AK-47s, locally-made rifles (such as KA) and some artillery . Kachin Independence Army headquarters are in Laiza , in southern Kachin State near the Chinese border. In 2009, Thomas Fuller of the New York Times estimated the number of active KIA soldiers at about 4,000. They are divided into five brigades and one mobile brigade. Most are stationed in bases near

495-542: The state religion on 26 August 1961, with the right to practice other religions protected by Act 17, 1962, (Law of Constitution, third amendment), but non-Buddhists believed that they had lost this right and protested. The KIO expanded beyond its original 27 members. Demonstrations protested the announcement of the inclusion of the Phimaw, Gawlan and Kanphan regions into China in the Burma–China border treaty . These changes and

SECTION 10

#1732772499371

540-533: The CPB agreed to fight the government. Zau Tu and his party acquired 800 rifles, 170,000 bullets and other equipment. In January 1968, he and his group returned and supplied weapons to Mai Ron Con Jar and Con Sar Bout Naws’ fighters. Zau Tu tried to organise the local people by preaching the Communist doctrine of Mao Zedong , but they and the KIA resisted Mao's ideology. The Maru, Lisu and Lachid minorities did not accept

585-526: The CPB penetrated KIA-held regions, the army sent a delegation to the Tatmadaw. They stopped fighting and conferred in northern Shan State, communicating with the Tatmadaw to receive through Thailand. Working with the Tatmadaw provided a temporary respite from confrontation with the CPB. To fight with the Tatmadaw, the KIA requested arms, ammunition and medical supplies. On 10 June 1972, the KIA stopped fighting to organise youth and collect unpaid revenue. Under

630-949: The Chaw Kan valley to discuss the KIA's need for assistance in 1966, but the army received none. Early in the year, the Tatmadaw pulled some of its forces from Kachin State to establish the 77 Brigade and attack the Communist Party of Burma (CPB); this gave the KIA an opportunity to regroup. In July 1967, Brigade 2 commander Maran Brang Seng and his comrades took military and political courses and looked for weapons. They acquired 42 rifles, 36 bombs and two boxes of bullets, returning in September. Brigade 2 commander Zau Tu left Burma (Myanmar) in October 1967, accompanied by secretary Pung Shwi Zau Seng, Maran Brang Seng and 425 men, to seek weapons and political and military training. Zau Tu and

675-701: The Chinese border, in KIO-held strips of territory. In October 2010, KIA commanders said that they had "16,000 regular troops and 10,000 reservists". In May 2012, the group had about 8,000 troops. The Kachin Independence Army members are mostly militants. In 1949 Naw Seng, a Kachin, was a captain in Kachin Battalion 1. He went underground during the Kayin -Bama riot and joined the Karen National Defence Organization (KNDO). He

720-811: The KIA and the country. The Ze Lum and Zahkung Ting Ying groups became CPB Regiment 10, upsetting the army. The CPB asked Kachin Captain Naw Seng to lead KIA and Kachin natives. An April 1968 meeting at KIA Brigade 2 headquarters designated Naw Seng's forces as the chief enemy, and the army began fighting them in June. Zau Tu rejected communism and the KIA, fighting the CPB, accepted outside aid. In 1969, they sent Indian Fiso Narga insurgents abroad for training. They obtained ammunition through Narga from overseas and forcibly conscripted 13-year-old boys and girls. Battalions 1, 2, 5, 8 and 9 made up KIA Brigade 1, and Battalions 3, 4, 6 and 7 were Brigade 2. The KIA contacted

765-608: The KIA had one brigade, six battalions and its numbers had increased to over 1,000. The army grew after it occupied the Mamaw-Sein Lung and Mamaw-Man Wing roads, advancing to the west bank of the Irrawaddy and the northeastern Myitkyina and Hu Gawng valleys. When the revolutionary council announced a local peace offer on 11 June 1963, the KIA was invited to Mamaw. Delegate Zau Dan went from Mamaw to Mandalay on 31 August. Divisional authorities met with him again on behalf of

810-608: The KIA weakened in Kachin State and northern Shan State. KIA losses were 696 wounded, 377 killed, 2,223 surrendered and 1,064 arrested by the Tatmadaw. Zau Seng went to Thailand for help, establishing a base for trading drugs and jade in the border area of Htam Ngawp. Gyi Zau Bawk, his advisor, sought assistance from SEATO in Chiang Mai, Bangkok and Farthermost in December 1965. Foreign Minister Maran Brang Seng went to

855-568: The KIA). They secretly arrested and killed Naw Sengi and a Wa national leader on 8 March 1972, claiming that Naw Seng died by falling into a gully. When the KIA learned how Naw Seng was killed, violence ensued. The KIA communicated with neighbouring countries and their insurgent groups, and tried to organise small insurgent groups. They acted as a buffer between Phizo Naga, Mizo insurgents and foreign countries, and sent Phizo Naga to foreign countries via Myanmar in return for arms and ammunition. They sent

900-620: The Kachin, and the KIA in northern Shan State negotiated with CPB Regiments 202 and 303. In 1970, KIA Brigade 2, Regiments 5 and 6 were controlled by Zaw Tu. They smuggled jade to Thailand from Kar Mine and Pha Kant to purchase weapons. China also provided weapons and trained the Phiso Naga in India. Zau Dan provided weapons and trained the Rakhine insurgents, negotiated with Thailand and opened

945-671: The Sawlaw region in eastern Maykha. Zaw Dan made an agreement with the Tatmadaw in the Kutkai region. In February 1969, they ambushed a Brigade 4 convoy. They agreed to a ceasefire with CPB Brigades 202 and 303. A July 1969 KIO committee meeting created a master plan for an independent Wunpawng group. The plan covered political beliefs and objectives, defined the enemy and described the basics of Wunpaawng development and foreign relations. Zau Tu's group recruited personnel, training them as village defense forces (VDF), local guerrilla forces (LGF) or commando forces and forcing village leaders to attend

SECTION 20

#1732772499371

990-580: The Tatmadaw and tried to forge a relationship against the CPB. Ze Lum and Zahkung Ting Ying left the KIA after their return from foreign training and formed Bakapa Battalion 101. Ze Lum and 200 insurgents entered the Khantan valley road on 19 May 1969 and Kanpaitee the following day. On 27 May, Zahkung Ting Ying and 200 insurgents attacked the Tanlon police station. They fought the KIA in Chiphwe, Lawkhaung and

1035-563: The Tatmadaw. Battalions 5, 6 and 12, led by Zaw Tu, became the "leopard column" in the western Ayeyarwady area. Battalions 1, 2, 8 and 9 were the "elephant column", led by Zau Dan in Kwutkhaing. In the eastern Ayeyarwady area, the "lion column" (Battalions 3 and 10) was led by Khanhtwe. In the Putao region, the "rhinoceros column" (Battalions 4 and 7) was led by Zawein. Although the CPB and KIA reached an agreement, they fought again in 1972. When

1080-536: The Yingjiang 盈江, Xinzhai 新寨, and Caoba 草坝 dialects. Singpho (Northwestern Jingpoish) varieties of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh , India include the following. Kurabe (2014) classifies seven Jingpoish dialects as follows. The Southern branch is characterized the loss of Proto-Jingpo final stop *-k in some lexical items. The Northern branch is characterized by the following mergers of Proto-Jingpo phonemes (Kurabe 2014:60). Jingpo has verbal morphology that marks

1125-648: The Zau brothers (Seng, Tu and Dan). Zau Seng was the first Kachin insurgent leader to live in Thailand. The front-line military headquarters (FGHQ) was in the village of Kaut Lun in the Maji Bum region. All Kachin insurgents were generally called "KIA". The CPB, appointing Naw Seng as military leader, intended to co-opt insurgents into their party after exploiting the KIA as a subordinate organisation. However, they were dissatisfied with Naw Seng's position (favouring fighting

1170-513: The alphabet, arrived in Myanmar in 1890, learnt the language and wrote the first Kachin–English dictionary. Jingpo is also written in the Burmese alphabet. [-a] is the inherent vowel in every syllable. Ngapali Thandwe ("Thandway" in Arakanese; Burmese : သံတွဲမြို့ ; MLCTS : samtwai: mrui. [θàɰ̃dwɛ́ mjo̰] ; formerly Sandoway ), historically called Dwaraddy ,

1215-530: The ceasefire led the KIA to attempt an agreement with the Tatmadaw. The army recognised the government as a common enemy, and Lamung Tu Jai and CPB leaders reached an agreement in Mungbaw. The KIA could not refuse foreign support or accept the CPB, forcing them to alternate between the Tatmataw and the CPB as allies and opponents. In December 1971, the KIA grouped Battalion 11 into four columns and tried to fight

1260-613: The end of 1976, the KIA had nine regiments with 1,750 troops in Kachin State, 500 in northern Shan State and received ammunition from Zau Seng in Thanwoo. In 1968 they fought in the Myitkyina area, occupied camps at Kowapan, Duyitgar and Tingarukaung and established Regiment 10, led by Zaw Dan Although Zau Tu accepted communism, his subordinates and the public did not; the KIA was based on racial and religious beliefs, rather than ideology. In March 1968 Regiment 4 Group 1 leader Maru Ze Lum, Group 5 leader Zahkung Ting Ying and 120 followers left

1305-791: The federal policy of the Shan Monarchy gave the KIO an opportunity to attack, declaring their aim to establish an independent Kachin republic. Local peace talks were held in Rangoon (present-day Yangon ) and the regions, with a meeting with the Rakhine Kway Zan Shwee's communist party held in Ngapali . Almost 300 troops were in the Lashio-Kutkai region and about 380 in Mamaw-Myitkyina in 1962. By early 1963

1350-639: The head of the unit; Zau Tu was its deputy head, and Lama La Ring the secretary. They provided the KIO with ammunition to form a private army with 27 members. The KIO raided a bank on 5 February 1960. When armed attacks began, Kachin youths (organized by Zau Seng and Zau Tu) went underground. With a force of 100, the KIA and the Kachin Independence Council (KIC) were formed in Loi Tauk, Sin Li (Theinni) on 5 February 1961. Zau Seng became commander-in-chief, and Capt. Zau Bawk (Loveland) became

1395-416: The lingua franca in the northern highlands of Myanmar, has in turn been the source language of vocabulary into other regional languages like Rawang and Zaiwa . The Jingpo writing system is a Latin -based alphabet consisting of 23 letters, and very little use of diacritical marks, originally created by American Baptist missionaries in the late 19th century. Ola Hanson , one of the people who created

Kachin Independence Army - Misplaced Pages Continue

1440-509: The next day and giving the Arakan Army full control of the town. Thandwe has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification Am ). Temperatures are very warm throughout the year. There is a winter dry season (November–April) and a summer wet season (May–October). Torrential rain falls from June to September, with over 1,200 millimetres (47 in) falling in each of the months of June, July and August. The rainfall in 1905

1485-486: The original two. Brigade 1 was commanded by Too Jaing in northern Kachin State. Brigade 2 was commanded by Zau Tu in the western part of the state; Brigade 3 was commanded by Zau Mai in the east, and Brigade 4 was commanded by Zau Dan in the south. Zau Seng was commander-in-chief, and Zau Tu vice-commander-in-chief. They formed the Kachin Freedom Council (KIC), which was the central committee. The KIA

1530-634: The peace talks. During the talks, Zau Dan's group gathered supporters and extorted money. Zau Tu crossed the Ayeyarwady River and invaded Kamaing, a gemstone -mining region. Most villages in Kamaing were controlled by the KIA, which grew by the end of 1963. In 1964, KIA formed Brigade 2. Zau Seng commanded Brigade 1, which consisted of Battalions 1, 2 and 5. Brigade 1 was based in the village of Nbapa in Mansi township. Brigade 2, commanded by Zau Tu,

1575-420: The phonology of conservative written Burmese, and a newer stratum reflecting words drawn from modern Burmese phonology. The older strata consist of vocabulary borrowed from Burmese via Shan, which also exhibits the pre-modern phonology of Burmese vocabulary. Jingpo has also borrowed a large number of lexical items from Shan, with which it has been in close ethnolinguistic contact for several centuries. Jingpo, as

1620-410: The policy of appointing only Jinghpaw people as leaders, and were dissatisfied with the governance of Zau Seng, Zau Dan and Zau Tu. In March 1968, Ze Lum (Maru) and Zahkung Ting Ying (Lachid) seceded from the KIA. Their group of about 120 co-operated with the CPB, which settled in Kachin State, Chihpwi, Law Hkaung and Sawle in 1968. The KIA clashed with the CPB; in 1969 Zau Dan and his partisans fought

1665-521: The pretext of stopping the CPB, they resumed military operations and attempted to recruit Palaung Battalion 2 under Zau Dan. A KIA central-committee meeting was held in Samarbon, and on 29 August 1972 another central-committee meeting was held in the Hukaung Valley. The Tatmadaw rejected an agreement on 3 October 1972; on 27 October, the central committee decided to have four brigades instead of

1710-512: The revolutionary council on 1 September, after tentative talks with the Brigade 7 officer. Zau Dan demanded: The demands for independence were denied. KIA leader Zau Tu occupied nearly all the villages in Kamaing and Bamaw during the talks. After the talks failed, the KIA amassed insurgents, weapons and ammunition; it may have numbered 20,000 by the end of 1963. The KIA could have formed one brigade and six battalions with 1,000 insurgents before

1755-632: The subject and the direct object. Here is one example (the tonemes are not marked). The verb is 'to be' (rai). The following is in Standard Jingpo: Jingpo has four tones in open syllables, and two tones in closed syllables (high and low). Tones are not usually marked in writing, although they can be transcribed using diacritics as follows: The Jingpo lexicon contains a large number of words of both Tibeto-Burman and non-Tibeto-Burman stock, including Burmese and Shan . Burmese loan words reflect two stratas, an older stratum reflecting

1800-536: The training courses. In 1970, they agreed to accept 220 KIA and 150 Bakapa from the Kathar district for training. In May 1970, the KIA provided weapons and ammunition to Rakhaing youth led by Tun Shwe Maung, attempted to enlist the co-operation of Kachin, Naga, Mizo and Rakhine insurgents to co-operate and requested military assistance from East Pakistan. The CPB and KIA then agreed on a ceasefire. The CPB entered Mungbaw secretly, setting off renewed fighting. The failure of

1845-557: Was 5,323 millimetres (209.6 in). Nearby Ngapali Beach is popular among tourists. During the Myanmar civil war , the town was the site of clashes between the Arakan Army and Myanmar's military, with the Arakan Army taking control of Ngapali beach and several military outposts surrounding the town. According to reports, the Arakan Army seized the town's prison on 15 July 2024, with the town's remaining military battalions falling

Kachin Independence Army - Misplaced Pages Continue

1890-611: Was a teacher) and began their mission. Zau Tu (Zau Seng's younger brother, a university student) left school and joined Zau Seng underground. Lance Corporal Lamung Tu Jai, who was studying in Theinni after he was dismissed from Kachin Battalion 4, and Lama La Ring (who returned to Kutkai after leaving university) contacted Zau Seng and formed the Kachin Independence Organization in 1960. Zau Seng became

1935-825: Was active in northern Shan State as a KNDO agent in 1950. At that time, Zau Seng was attending the government high school in Lashio . He contacted Naw Seng, and followed him underground. Naw Seng took refuge in China in 1951, and Zau Seng remained in the KNDO in Than-daung and Baw-ga-li. In 1959 Gyi Loveland (Kachin name Zau Bawk), assigned as a counselor, was sent to organise residents to carry out underground operations in northern Shan State. Zau Seng and Gyi Loveland took shelter in Nam Um village, Hu Gawng district (where Gyi Loveland's mother

1980-545: Was based in Magibon. Battalion 7, also commanded by Zau Tu, had 800 insurgents. Zau Tu increased the Brigade 2 strength to 1,400, and it operated in Putao, Chihpwi, Lawk Hkawng, Myitkyina, Mamaw and Kokant. Leaders Zau Seng, Zau Dan and Zaw Tu were known as "The Three Zaus". The Tatmadaw carried out successful operations against the KIA from December 1964 to September 1965 in Gan Gaw, Aung Myay, Kaung Ya Bwam and Kha Yang as

2025-526: Was organised into sections, platoons, companies, battalions and brigades. Battalions 4, 7 and 10 were in Brigade 1, Battalions 5, 6 and 11 in Brigade 2, Battalions 1 and 3 in Brigade 3 and Battalions 2, 8 and 9 in Brigade 4. Brigade commanders headed the division administration, battalion commanders the district administration, group leaders the township administration and small-group leaders administrative units. Kachin insurgents were organised as fighting and administrative forces. Leadership remained influenced by

#370629