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62-420: Pico de Orizaba overlooks the valley and city of Orizaba , from which it gets its Spanish name, i.e., Orizaba's peak . During the colonial era, the volcano was also known as Cerro de San Andrés due to the nearby settlement of San Andrés Chalchicomula at its base. Its Náhuatl name, Citlaltépetl, comes from citlalli (star) and tepētl (mountain) and thus means "Star Mountain". This name is thought to be based on

124-465: A Hispanicized pronunciation of the Nahuatl name Āhuilizāpan [ a: wi li sa: pan ], which means "place of pleasing waters." Another possibility, however, is the word Harish ( Jerez de la Frontera , Andalusia , in 16th-century Spanish pronunciation), this place being the hometown of the first Spanish settlers (1521) of Orizaba. Harish or—in a simplified form—Ariz, with the addition (under the influence of

186-424: A cold-summer version of the subtropical highland climate (Cfc) predominates. Over 4,300 m (14,100 ft) with an annual average low of −2 °C (28 °F), alpine tundra (ET) prevails to the summit; heavy snowfalls and blizzards are common throughout the year. Snow on the south and southeast melts due to solar radiation, but continually remains on the north and northwestern faces. Extreme cold dominates

248-470: A long smooth surface. East of the summit cone, a separate steep niche glacier, Glaciar Oriental, 1.2 km (0.75 mi) long and having a gradient of 440 m/km (2,300 ft/mi), flows down the mountainside from about 5,600 to 5,070 m (18,370 to 16,630 ft); it contains many crevasses and seracs and is the most difficult glacier to climb. Glacier Oriental had a surface area of about 420,000 m (4,500,000 sq ft) in 1958, which makes

310-428: A maximum depth of 300 m (980 ft). Pico de Orizaba is constantly covered by an ice cap consisting of several glaciers. An outlet glacier, known as Jamapa Glacier, is located on the north-eastern side of the peak; it has been a powerful force in shaping the volcano. The Jamapa Glacier is responsible for a significant portion of the geomorphologic evolution of the region surrounding the volcano. Pico de Orizaba

372-767: A population of 123,182 inhabitants in the municipality as 2020, Orizaba is the seventh biggest municipality in Veracruz. There are 5 localities, Orizaba City, the municipal seat, and Villas de la Hacienda are classified as urban. Orizaba City contains more than 97 % of the municipal population (120,500 hab,), meanwhile Villas de la Haciendad recorded a population of 2,597 hab. The other three localities: Venustiano Carranza (61 hab.), Vicente Guerrero (18 hab.) and El Vaquero (6 hab.) are classified as rural. 4,452 inhabitants in Orizaba are classified as living in indigenous homes, 1,883 of which speakes an indigenous language. Orizaba

434-462: A population of 123,182. While the metropolitan area of Orizaba has a population of 462,261 as 2020. In the town of Ixhuatlancillo north of Orizaba, and in a large mountainous area to the south (the Sierra de Zongolica ), live many thousands of people who speak a variant of Nahuatl which is often called Orizaba Nahuatl ( ISO code nlv). It is generally understood that the name Orizaba comes from

496-401: A regular rainfall all year long. Autumn and winter come with frequent freezes and light snow, but the snow on the south and southeast sides melt quickly due to solar radiation. The northern face is dominated by subtropical highland (Cwb) . The southern face mostly experiences a humid subtropical climate, (Cwa) with the highest annual temperatures in the month of April. Due to katabatic winds

558-453: A small outlet glacier 300 m (980 ft) long, drains away from the side of Gran Glaciar Norte at about 5,100 m (16,700 ft) and draws down the ice surface a few tens of meters over a distance of 500 m (1,600 ft), descending to 4,920 m (16,140 ft) with a gradient of 255 m/km (1,350 ft/mi). Another 1 km (0.62 mi) still farther south, Glaciar Occidental breaks away from Gran Glaciar Norte west of

620-520: A surface area of approximately 31 km (12 sq mi). Pico de Orizaba evolved in three stages, the most recent initiated about 16,000 years ago during the late Pleistocene and Holocene . Citlaltépetl consists of three superimposed stratovolcanoes and dome intrusions: Torrecillas (650–250 ka ), Espolón de Oro (210– 16 ka), and Citlaltépetl (16 ka to present). The volcano was formed by thick andesitic and dacitic lavas that followed repetitive explosive eruptions and lava effusions that created

682-584: Is Glaciar de Jamapa, which leaves Gran Glaciar Norte at about 4,975 m (16,322 ft) and, after 2 km (1.2 mi) with a gradient of 145 m/km (770 ft/mi), divides into two small tongues that end at 4,650 m (15,260 ft) and 4,640 m (15,220 ft). Both tongues terminate in broad convex-upward ice fans thinning along their edges. The retreat of these tongues prior to 1994 produced much erosion downstream and buried their edges by ablation rock debris. The west side of Gran Glaciar Norte generates five outlet glaciers. From north to south,

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744-545: Is a mountain range in northeastern Mexico . The Sierra Madre Oriental is part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America , Central America , South America , and Antarctica . Spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) the Sierra Madre Oriental runs from

806-483: Is characterized by woody shrubs, small trees, cacti , and succulents . Montane chaparral is found above 1,700 m (5,600 ft) and is home to species in the genera Quercus , Arbutus , Yucca , Cercocarpus and Bauhinia . Piedmont scrub occurs below 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and is composed of plants 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) in height such as Helietta parvifolia , Neopringlea integrifolia and Acacia spp. The canopy of moist forests

868-518: Is dominated by trees up to 30 m (98 ft) in height, including Brosimum alicastrum , Manilkara zapota , Celtis monoica , Bursera simaruba , Dendropanax arboreus , and Sideroxylon capiri . Birds of the forest include the Mexican chickadee , Montezuma quail , Strickland's woodpecker , zone-tailed hawk and several species of jay . Pine-oak forests in Coahuila are part of

930-484: Is high camp located at the base of the glacier about 4,900 m (16,100 ft) above sea level. For a more technical challenge for the experienced climber, there is a technical ice climb called the Serpents Head, which involves 10 pitches of grade 3 ice. Additionally, the southern side offers another challenging option; although the trail is shorter, it is also steeper and more difficult. No glaciers are found on

992-666: Is located at 19°1′48″N 97°16′12″W, about 110 kilometres (68 mi) west of the Gulf of Mexico and 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Mexico City , on the border between the states of Veracruz and Puebla. The volcano is approximately 480 kilometres (300 mi) south of the Tropic of Cancer . Orizaba anchors the south-eastern end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , a volcanic chain that runs from west to east across Central Mexico. A companion peak lying about six km to

1054-455: Is mainly focused in the following areas: breweries, paper, cement, pharmaceutical, iron and steel sector, soft drinks and food, leather and shoemaker companies among others. Also in the last years the commercial area experiments a significant growth due to the opening of new Malls & Major Retailers. It is one of the cheapest cities to live and invest in México, as Mercer consultory published in

1116-467: Is one of only three volcanoes in México that continue to support glaciers and is home to the largest glacier in Mexico, Gran Glaciar Norte . Orizaba has nine known glaciers: Gran Glaciar Norte, Lengua del Chichimeco, Jamapa, Toro, Glaciar de la Barba, Noroccidental, Occidental, Suroccidental, and Oriental. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is not known for Orizaba. Snow on the south and southeast sides of

1178-539: Is part of many native mythologies. During the Spanish Conquest of Mexico, Hernán Cortés passed through the foothills of Pico de Orizaba; the volcano and the surrounding mountains made his journey to Tenochtitlan more difficult and delayed him for many days. During the 1600s, the Spanish Crown financed several roads to be built that would circumvent Citlaltépetl. One of the roads was routed south of

1240-458: Is ranked 7th in the world in topographic prominence . It is the second most prominent volcanic peak in the world after Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro , and the volcano is ranked 16th in the world for topographic isolation . About 110 km (68 mi) to the west of the port of Veracruz , its peak is visible to ships approaching the port in the Gulf of Mexico , and at dawn rays of sunlight strike

1302-693: Is the highest mountain in Mexico and third highest in North America. Orizaba was already an important town at the time of the Spanish conquest, and it was in Orizaba that La Malinche , Hernán Cortés 's interpreter and mistress, was married to the Spanish gentleman Juan Jaramillo . A plaque at the Temple of "The Immaculate Conception" in Huiloapan commemorates this event. During the colonial period, Orizaba became an important city. On January 27, 1774,

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1364-401: Is the seat of a metropolitan area, with another 11 municipalities: Atzacan , Camerino Z. Mendoza , Huiloapan de Cuauhtémoc , Ixhuatlancillo , Ixtaczoquitlán , Maltrata , Mariano Escobedo , Nogales , Rafael Delgado , Río Blanco and Tlilapan . The metro area recorded a population of 462,221 inhabitants as 2020, the fourth largest metro area in the state. The Orizaba's area (including

1426-402: The Mexican state of Veracruz . It is located 20 km west of its sister city Córdoba , and is adjacent to Río Blanco and Ixtaczoquitlán , on Federal Highways 180 and 190 . The city had a 2020 census population of 120,500 and is almost coextensive with its small municipality, with only a few small areas outside the city. The municipality, with an area of 27.97 km (10.799 sq mi), had

1488-596: The Rio Grande on the border between Coahuila and Texas south through Nuevo León , southwest Tamaulipas , San Luis Potosí , Querétaro , and Hidalgo to northern Puebla , where it joins with the east-west running Eje Volcánico Transversal of central Mexico. The northernmost are the Sierra del Burro and the Sierra del Carmen which reach the border with the United States at the Rio Grande. North of

1550-509: The Sierra Madre Oriental , varies greatly due to the change of elevation and prevailing winds . Due to the latitude and the extreme rugged terrain the volcano experiences many microclimates . Vegetation varies from tropical at the lower elevations on the eastern face to alpine forests in the higher elevations. Large amounts of precipitation fall on the eastern face of the volcano due to adiabatic cooling and condensation from

1612-480: The trade winds that bring moisture off the Gulf of Mexico. The eastern face is frequently covered by fog and low cloud cover. The climate of the eastern face varies from tropical (Af) at the lower elevations to subtropical highland (Cfb) at the higher elevations, with mild variation in temperatures and an average annual rainfall of 1,600 mm (63 in). Subtropical climates are found between 2,200 and 3,200 m (7,200 and 10,500 ft) above sea level with

1674-399: The "Estudio de costo de la vida nacional 2012"; this study includes 42 localities of México, and was done comparing 182 products and services. The inquiry also disclose that Orizaba's Valley will grow 10% in 2013, due to the lack of pollution, existence of enough water and other points like price of housing. The old city hall El Palacio de Hierro (The Iron Palace) in the centre of the city

1736-557: The Arabic language) of the gentilic "i" and/or with the ending "aba", meaning fortification, would have become Ariziba or Arizaba, from which Orizaba would have derived. (The word Harish—in turn—is, according to some authors, linked to the capital of Tartessus and could refer to the biblical Tarshish . Its Semitic meaning could be "trading post" or "foundry site", since Tartessus was a major Phoenician center of tin commerce and bronze production.) The town lies at 1,200 m. (4000 ft.), at

1798-471: The Pico while Veracruz still lies in shadow. The topography of Pico de Orizaba is asymmetrical from the center of the crater; the eastern face is the steepest side of the volcano and the northwestern face the most gradual side. The gradual slopes of the northwestern face of the volcano allow for the presence of large glaciers and provide the most traveled route for hikers traveling to the summit. Pico de Orizaba

1860-538: The Rio Grande, the range continues northwestward into Texas and beyond as the Davis and Guadalupe Ranges. Mexico's Gulf Coastal Plain lies to the east of the range, between the mountains and the Gulf of Mexico coast. The Mexican Plateau , which averages 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in elevation, lies between the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre Occidental further west. The climate of

1922-494: The Sierra Madre Oriental is drier than the rainforest areas further south. The Serranias del Burro in the northern range is much drier, semi-arid to arid, yet annually orographically induces and/or intensifies notably vigorous thunderstorm activity in April and May. This small region consistently is a particularly active area for supercells with significantly severe hail and tornadoes , which first form over to just leeward of

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1984-501: The Spanish king Carlos III granted town ( villa ) status to Orizaba, and on November 29, 1830 Orizaba was declared a city. In October 1812, José María Morelos captured the city for the insurgent army. In 1821 to the end of the war, Agustín de Iturbide was in Orizaba before and after the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba in the neighbor city. When Lucas Alamán established, in 1836, the first textile factory ( Cocolapan ) of Orizaba,

2046-516: The additional cost of unloading the palace from the port and having it reassembled at its present location, the Plaza de Armas. Don Manuel died on New Year's Eve, 1899 without having received any repayment from the city for his loan. He had also donated the land where the present Cathedral of Orizaba and the adjacent "El Mercado" shopping center stand. El Palacio de Hierro served as the City Hall until

2108-631: The city considered that it was not large enough for the growing needs of the local government, and moved to its present location. Orizaba has an important industrial life. There is, for example, the Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma , a brewery established in 1896 in Orizaba. Other attractions for visitors include: 18°51′N 97°06′W  /  18.850°N 97.100°W  / 18.850; -97.100 Sierra Madre Oriental The Sierra Madre Oriental ( Spanish: [ˈsjera ˈmaðɾe oɾjenˈtal] )

2170-491: The city started its economic life as an industrial city. In 1839, the newspaper La Luz was created and Veracruz Governor Francisco Hernández y Hernández gave the name of Veracruz-Llave (remembering General Ignacio de la Llave , who was born in Orizaba) to the state. On May 8, 1874, Orizaba was declared the capital city of Veracruz by Governor Apolinar Castillo, but in 1878 the status was transferred to Xalapa . During

2232-601: The confluence of the Río Blanco with several tributaries, including the Río Orizaba, near the mouth of a large valley heading westward into the eastern Sierra Madre Oriental . This location, at the bottom of the ascent into the mountains, is an important transition point along what has been for centuries the main trade route between Mexico City and Veracruz on the Gulf Coast. in 1938 the upper Río Blanco watershed

2294-412: The crater rim, has a surface area of about 9.08 km (3.51 sq mi) descending from 5,650 m (18,540 ft) to about 5,000 m (16,000 ft). It has a slightly irregular and stepped profile that is caused in part by the configuration of the bedrock. Most crevasses show an ice thickness of approximately 50 m (160 ft). Below the 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in elevation on

2356-574: The dry north to the wetter south. The Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests are found at high elevations in the range (1,000–3,500 m or 3,300–11,500 ft above sea level). To the east, the Tamaulipan matorral occupies the range's lower slopes in Nuevo León and northern Tamaulipas, while the Veracruz moist forests cover the lower slopes of the central range, and the eastern slopes at

2418-428: The fact that the snow-covered peak can be seen year round for hundreds of kilometers throughout the region. This name is not, however, used by Náhuatl speakers of the Orizaba area, who instead call it Istaktepetl ( Iztactépetl in the traditional orthography for Classical Nahuatl ), meaning 'White Mountain'. A third name, Poyauhtecatl, which means "the one that colours or illuminates", has also been recorded. This name

2480-423: The first two, Glaciar del Toro and Glaciar de la Barba, are hanging cliff or icefall glaciers, reaching the tops of giant lava steps at 4,930 m (16,170 ft) and 5,090 m (16,700 ft), respectively. They then descend 200 to 300 m (660 to 980 ft) farther down into the heads of stream valleys as huge ice blocks but are not regenerated there. About 1 km (0.62 mi), Glaciar Noroccidental,

2542-445: The iconic cone structure. The volcano is currently dormant but not extinct . The latest eruption of the volcano occurred in 1846 with a magnitude of VEI 2. Previous eruptions occurred in: 1687, 1613, 1589–1569, 1566, 1555–1545,1539–1533, 1351, 1260, 1187, 1175, 1157, 220 AD, 140 AD, 90 AD, 40 AD, ~780 BC, ~1500 BC, ~2110 BC, ~2300 BC, ~2500 BC, ~2780 BC, ~4690 BC, ~6220 BC, ~6710 BC, ~7030 BC, and ~7530 BC. The most violent eruption in

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2604-597: The moisture from the Gulf of Mexico from saturating central Mexico and influences the climates of both areas. Both the state of Veracruz and Puebla depend on Pico de Orizaba for supplying fresh water. The largest river originating on the volcano is the Jamapa River . Pico de Orizaba was important in pre-Hispanic cultures, such as those of the Nahuatl-speaking Aztecs and the Totonacs . The volcano

2666-484: The mountains then move eastward, sometimes hundreds of kilometres (miles) past the Rio Grande River into Texas. Cerro El Potosí , at 3,720 metres (12,200 ft) above sea level (ASL), is the highest point of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the state of Nuevo León This long range of tall mountains is noted for its abundant biodiversity and large number of endemic species of plants and wildlife, from

2728-510: The municipalities of Ixtaczoquitlán , Río Blanco , Nogales and Cd. Mendoza) economy has grown significantly in the last years due to the safety of the area, being of great confidence for national and foreign investors who wants to establish in a safe place. Another important reason is the presence of recognised Universities like Universidad Veracruzana , Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba or Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Central de Veracruz en Córdoba. The industry

2790-455: The north side of the volcano, the outlet glaciers Lengua del Chichimeco and Jamapa extend north and northwest another 1.5 km (0.93 mi) and 2 km (1.2 mi), respectively. The terminal lobe of Lengua del Chichimeco at 4,740 m (15,550 ft), having a gradient of only 140 m/km (740 ft/mi), is a low, broad ice fan that has a convex-upward profile, a front typical of almost all Mexican glaciers. The most distinct glacier

2852-477: The period from October to March when the weather is favorable; temperatures do not vary much month to month due to being in the tropics and April through September are rainy months in the region. The most frequented route begins from the base camp Piedra Grande Hut ("refugio") via the Jamapa Glacier, located at an elevation of 4,270 m (14,010 ft) above sea level. Another option as a starting point

2914-594: The rule of Porfirio Díaz , Orizaba was declared the most educated city in the state. In the late years of Díaz's government, there was an important workers' strike in Cananea . Another important strike, in Río Blanco , took place in Orizaba and was an important prelude to the Mexican Revolution . The US transport ship USS Orizaba (ID-1536) , active in both World Wars, was named after the city. With

2976-947: The southern end of the range are home to the Veracruz montane forests . West of the range, the Mexican Plateau is home to deserts and xeric shrublands , including the Chihuahuan Desert to the north, the Meseta Central matorral on the central part of the plateau, and the Central Mexican matorral on the southern plateau. Much of the wildlife can also be found in the Sierra Madre Occidental , which runs parallel to these mountains along western Mexico. Pine-oak forests are dominated by several species of pine , such as Pinus nelsonii , P. cembroides , P. pseudostrobus , and P. arizonica , and oak, such as Quercus castanea and Q. affinis . Matorral

3038-471: The southern side. The final ascent to the summit is via a normally straightforward and crevasse-free glacier route. The caldera can be circumnavigated with relative ease, although at one point this requires a short, exposed traverse of steep rock and ice above the Glacier Este. Orizaba Orizaba ( Spanish: [oɾiˈsaβa] , Otomi : Mbo'ñu ) is a city and municipality in

3100-475: The southwest of Pico de Orizaba is the Sierra Negra , at 4,640 metres (15,223 ft). This subsidiary peak is significantly lower than its massive neighbour, but the road to the observatory on its summit is the highest road in North America. Pico de Orizaba, as part of the Sierra Madre Oriental , forms a barrier between the coastal plains of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Plateau . The volcano blocks

3162-495: The summit crater at about 5,175 m (16,978 ft) as a steep, 1 km (0.62 mi) long glacier having a gradient of 270 m/km (1,400 ft/mi) that ends at 4,930 m (16,170 ft). From the southwest corner of the mountain, another outlet glacier, Glaciar Suroccidental, 1.6 km (0.99 mi) long, flows from Gran Glaciar Norte at 5,250 m (17,220 ft) with a gradient of 200 m/km (1,100 ft/mi), which also ends at 4,930 m (16,170 ft) in

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3224-531: The total area of glaciers and firn field on Citlaltépetl about 9.5 km (3.7 sq mi). No earlier historical record of glacier tongue activity (advance or recession) is known for Citlaltépetl's glaciers. Although the Gran Glaciar Norte ice cap is covered with snow, it is possible to see the seven outlet glaciers on the irregular west margin of the ice cap, especially Glaciar de Jamapa and Glaciar Occidental. The climate of Pico de Orizaba, like

3286-484: The volcano melts quickly because of solar radiation, but lower temperatures on the northwest and north sides allow for glaciers. The insolation angle and wind redeposition on the northwest and north sides allow for constant accumulation of snow providing a source for the outlet glaciers . On the north side of Orizaba, the Gran Glaciar Norte fills the elongated highland basin and is the source for seven outlet glaciers. The main glacier extends 3.5 km (2.2 mi) north of

3348-516: The volcano through the cities of Orizaba and Fortín de las Flores, which became the main trade route between Mexico City and Veracruz on the Gulf Coast. A short road was later built by Jesuits to establish settlements at the base of Pico de Orizaba. The Spanish used the volcano as a landmark to guide themselves to the port of Veracruz. Many battles were fought near this volcano throughout Mexico's struggle for independence. In 1839, Henri Galeotti

3410-405: The volcano with the surrounding area and the settlements of Tlachichuca, Ciudad Serdán, La Perla, Mariano Escobedo, and Calcahualco. The federal decree became federal law on January 4, 1937. Pico de Orizaba attracts a large number of international climbers every year. There are multiple routes for approaching and climbing the volcano, and many people attempt it. Most people climb the mountain during

3472-405: The volcano's history is thought to have occurred around 6710 BC, reaching a magnitude of VEI 5, characterized by lava dome extrusion and pyroclastic flow . The volcano's crater is elliptical with a transverse diameter measuring 478 m (1,568 ft) and a conjugate diameter measuring 410 m (1,350 ft). The crater has an estimated 154,830 m (1,666,600 sq ft) with

3534-525: The western side is dominated by steppe (BSk) creating a rain shadow below 2,600 m (8,500 ft) above sea level. Although there are some areas on the western side that experience (Cfa) most of the area is semi-dry with temperate to warm temperatures and an annual precipitation average of 550 mm (22 in). Vegetation here is grass and shrubs with few alpine species. Between 3,200 and 4,300 m (10,500 and 14,100 ft), where temperatures usually are between 2 and 5 °C (36 and 41 °F),

3596-475: Was designated Cañón del Río Blanco National Park . Orizaba has an unusually wet dry-winter subtropical highland climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cwb ). The climate is generally pleasant, though often cloudy and rainy, and the soil of the Orizaba valley is extraordinarily fertile. Overlooking the valley from the north is the Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl), a volcano that, at 5,636 m. (18,490 ft.),

3658-472: Was designed by Gustave Eiffel and built from 1891 to 1894. Built with 600 tons of steel, its parts were shipped from Belgium during the Porfiriato (the government of Porfirio Díaz , 1876–1911), to be assembled in Orizaba. The palace cost 100,000 pesos (gold), equivalent to about 21.3 million pesos or 1.1 million USD as of 2019. Don Manuel Carrillo Tablas loaned the money to the city, and had to pay

3720-590: Was explored by many scientists, including the German botanist Hugo Fink, who was the first to record the numerous species of flora found on the volcano. In 1873, Martin Tritschler raised the Mexican flag at the summit. On December 16, 1936, President Lázaro Cárdenas , in an effort to protect the natural beauty of Pico de Orizaba, created a national park with an area of 19,750 hectares (48,800 acres) that included

3782-504: Was given by the Tlaxcaltecs in memory of their lost country. The peak of Citlaltépetl rises dramatically to an elevation of 5,636 m (18,491 ft) above sea level; it has a topographic prominence of 4,922 m (16,148 ft). Regionally dominant, Pico de Orizaba is the highest peak in Mexico and the highest volcano in North America; it is also the third highest peak in North America after Denali and Mount Logan . Orizaba

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3844-596: Was the first European to explore the volcano, but did not hike to the summit. During the American occupation of Mexico in 1848, two American soldiers, F. Maynard and William F. Raynolds , were the first known hikers to reach the summit of Pico de Orizaba. In 1851, the French explorer Alejandro Doignon also reached the summit and found the flagpole left behind by the Americans in 1848. During the mid-19th century Citlaltépetl

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