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36-465: Cianjur ( Sundanese : ᮎᮤᮃᮔ᮪ᮏᮥᮁ ) is a town and district in the West Java province of Indonesia , and is the seat of Cianjur Regency . The district of Cianjur is located along one of the main roads between Jakarta (120 km to the northwest) and Bandung (60 km to the east). The population was 158,125 at the 2010 Census and 173,265 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022

72-549: A /a/ , é /ɛ/ , i /i/ , o /ɔ/ , u /u/ , e /ə/ , and eu /ɨ/ . According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: /b/ , /tʃ/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ , /h/ , /dʒ/ , /k/ , /l/ , /m/ , /n/ , /p/ , /r/ , /s/ , /ŋ/ , /t/ , /ɲ/ , /w/ , /j/ ; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as /f/ , /v/ , /z/ (as in fonem , qur'an , xerox , zakat ). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with

108-454: A "not" to English "do" or "does"). To negate clauses where the subject is linked to adjectives or nouns (where, in English, it would normally require a linking verb like "be"), sanés is used. In this sentence, "acan" is used to signpost that the speaker has not done something, but they will do it in a short notice. Other words that can be used to negate clauses are moal (to signpost that

144-703: A casual variant of sanés . Moal and its longer variant moal waka can also be used casually. Other words include teu hayang (which can also sound aggressive depending on context) and embung (which is somewhat a casual counterpart of alim ). Dupi (for polite situation) /Ari (for formal situation) -(question) example: Polite: Formal: Polite: Formal: Examples: teuas (hard), tiis (cool for water and solid objects), tiris (cool for air), hipu (soft), lada (hot/spicy, usually for foods), haneut (warm), etc. Sundanese has three generic prepositions for spatial expressions: Using different type of prepositions can result in different meanings. di cai: at

180-728: A kind of "standard" variety of written languages in Sundanese society. Sundanese magazines, newspapers, literary books and theses, mostly using the loma variant. Apart from the two previous levels, there is actually one more lowest level, namely cohag (rough). This level is only used when angry or just to show intimacy between speakers. This register can only be found in the Sundanese Priangan dialect, while other dialects such as Bantenese Language , generally do not recognize this register. For many words, there are distinct loma and lemes forms, e.g. arék (loma) vs. badé (lemes) "want", maca (loma) vs. maos (lemes) "read". In

216-585: Is a table image containing the letters in the Carita Ratu Pakuan's Model script: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Some of the characters in the Old Sundanese script in the Kawali inscription have a slightly different form from the type of script in the ancient Sundanese manuscripts. It has been stated earlier that

252-438: Is divided into 11 administrative villages which are as follows: The district mainly produces home and micro Industrial products, especially leather , wood , precious metals , woven , pottery , fabrics , and foods . After being dormant for about 2 years, the train called Siliwangi between Sukabumi and Cianjur was reactivated on 8 February 2014. It is faster than the buses which are usually trapped in traffic jams, but

288-761: Is divided into two parts. First, regarding the hermitages of the pohaci who will incarnate the daughters of the official candidates for the wife of Ratu Pakuan or Prabu Siliwangi. Second, regarding the story of Putri Ngambetkasih as the wife of Ratu Pakuan. Apart from the Carita Ratu Pakuan Manuscript, other manuscripts that use a similar script are usually written on manuscripts that use palm leaf media, including: Kawih Panyaraman manuscript, Pakeling manuscript etc. Apart from being written on palm leaf media, similar characters were also written on bamboo media, including: Sanghyang Jati Maha Pitutur manuscript and Carita Waruga Guru manuscript. Below

324-589: Is scratched with a knife. Manuscripts written using this script include Bujangga Manik , Sewaka Darma , Carita Ratu Pakuan , Carita Parahyangan , Carita Parahyangan Fragment, and Carita Waruga Guru . Old Sundanese script is found in columns 89 – 92 in Table van Oud en Nieuw Indische Alphabetten (Holle, 1882). During its development, Old Sundanese Script did not retain letters from Kawi script which were not used in Old Sundanese language . The letters of

360-824: The Kayan–Murik languages , based on high lexical similarities between these languages. Sundanese is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of Java , in an area known as Tatar Sunda ( Pasundan ). However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of Central Java , especially in Brebes and Cilacap Regency , because these areas were previously under the control of the Galuh Kingdom . Many place names in Cilacap are still Sundanese names such as Dayeuhluhur , Cimanggu, Cipari, even as far as Banyumas , such as Cilongok, Cingebul, Gumelar, and others. Until 1600 AD, Sundanese

396-517: The Priangan region , except for Cirebon and Banten . At that time the Sundanese conquerors made Javanese culture their role model and ideal type. As a result, Sundanese culture was displaced by Javanese culture. In fact, many Sundanese writers and cultural observers use Javanese writings and icons. Old Sundanese script is generally found in manuscripts made from palm leaves whose writing

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432-700: The Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian Manuscript, Carita Parahyangan , Amanat Galunggung , and Guru Talapakan . In addition, according to some Sundanese language experts until around the 6th century , the area of speech reached around the Dieng Plateau in Central Java , based on the name "Dieng" which is considered the name Sundanese (from the origin of the word dihyang which is an Old Sundanese word). Along with transmigration and immigration carried out by

468-435: The ar infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with l , or contains r following the infix, the infix ar becomes al . Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as um ), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix. Examples: However, it is reported that this use of al instead of ar (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example,

504-817: The lemes level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. rorompok "(my own) house" vs. bumi "(your or someone else's) house" (the loma form is imah ). Similar systems of speech levels are found in Japanese , Korean and Thai . simkuring (formal) kuring (formal) kami (non-formal, expressing speaker's superiority) hidep (for younger) silaing anjeunna sim kuring sadayana (formal) haridep (for younger) hilap (for myself) calik (for myself) Other Austronesian languages (especially those in western Indonesia) commonly use reduplication to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts

540-676: The 16th century. The use of Old Sundanese script in its earliest form is found in the inscriptions found in Astana Gede , Kawali District, Ciamis Regency , and the Kebantenan Inscription in Jatiasih District , Bekasi City. Edi S. Ekajati revealed that the existence of the Old Sundanese script had been displaced for a long time due to the expansion of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom into

576-729: The Carita Ratu Pakuan's Model and Kawali's Model. This type of script is found in one of the ancient Sundanese manuscripts entitled: Carita Ratu Pakuan . It is often used as a representation for the whole Old Sundanese script. The Carita Ratu Pakuan manuscript comes from kropak 410 at the National Library of Indonesia (PNRI) which is now in the Sri Baduga Museum Bandung. This manuscript was written by "Kai Raga". We can read Kai Raga's profile from Ratu Pakuan (1970) by Atja and Three Enchantments of Old Sundanese (2009) composed of J. Noorduyn and A. Teeuw. Based on

612-567: The Carita Waruga Guru manuscript which shows the similarity of the characters. Kai Raga's writings and collections were passed down to his relatives. He himself did not leave any offspring. And, when Raden Saleh in 1856 searched for ancient relics at the initiative of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences (BGKW), Kai Raga's legacy manuscripts were handed over to the painter. Carita Ratu Pakuan, as noted by Atja (1970),

648-687: The Kawi Script that are extinct in the Old Sundanese Script are: In the early 2000s, the people of West Java generally only recognized one type of script from the area of West Java which was known as Sundanese script. However, there are at least four types of characters bearing the name Sundanese script, namely Old Sundanese Script, Sundanese Cacarakan script , Pegon Sundanese script , and Standard/Modern Sundanese Script . Of these four types of Sundanese script, Old Sundanese script and Standard Sundanese script can be called similar but not

684-558: The Sundanese ethnics, speakers of this language have spread beyond the island of Java . For example, in Lampung , South Sumatra , Bengkulu , Riau , West Kalimantan , Southeast Sulawesi , and even outside the country of Indonesia, such as Taiwan , Japan , Australia , and other countries, a significant number of ethnic Sundanese live in areas outside the Pasundan . Sundanese has several dialects, conventionally described according to

720-520: The Sundanese language were written in the Old Sundanese script ( Aksara Sunda Kuno ). After the arrival of Islam, the Pegon script is also used, usually for religious purposes. The Latin script then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin. Meanwhile, the regional governments of West Java and Banten have been actively promoting

756-623: The Sundanese script in the Kawali inscription is the oldest type of Sundanese script ever found. As for in total, there are six inscriptions. All of these inscriptions use Old Sundanese language . Although it does not contain a candrasangkala , it is thought to be from the second half of the 14th century by the name of the king. Based on comparisons with other historical relics such as the Carita Parahyangan manuscript and Pustaka Rajya Rajya i Bhumi Nusantara , it can be concluded that

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792-695: The alternative routes for travellers from Jakarta and Bandung. Cianjur was founded in 1677, with the first head of the town being R. A. Wiratanudatar I, entitled Dalem Cikundul, as the descendant from the old Sundanese city of Pajajaran . By 2007 the city government asked female municipal employees to wear jilbab ( hijab ). It also placed road signs encouraging women to wear jilbab . A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck offshore West Java on September 2, 2009, killing 21 people in Cianjur alone. Another 5.6 magnitude earthquake occurred on November 21, 2022, killing 331 and injuring 7,729 others. Cianjur district

828-498: The bathroom/toilet Old Sundanese script Old Sundanese script ( Sundanese : ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮥᮠᮥᮔ᮪ , romanized:  Aksara Sunda Buhun ) is a script that developed in West Java in the 14th–18th centuries which was originally used to write Old Sundanese language . The Old Sundanese script is a development of the Pallava script which has reached the stage of modifying its distinctive form as used in lontar texts in

864-579: The cost of a train ticket is double that of using buses. Cianjur has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from June to September and heavy rainfall from October to May. Sundanese language According to American linguist Robert Blust , Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages , as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or

900-468: The letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c /t͡ʃ/ , j /d͡ʒ/ , h, ng ( /ŋ/ ), ny /ɲ/ , m, n, s /s/ , w, l, r /r~ɾ/ , and y /j/ . Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v /f/ → p, sy /ʃ/ → s, z /z/ → j, and kh /x/ → h. Epenthetic semivowels /w/ and /j/ are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in

936-550: The locations of the people: The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives ( Parahyangan in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province. The language has been written in different writing systems throughout history. The earliest attested documents of

972-494: The plural form of the adjective curiga (suspicious) is caruriga and not * caluriga , because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable. The prefix can be reduplicated to denote very- , or the plural of groups. For example, "b arar udak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children ( budak is child in Sundanese). Another example, "b alal ageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved". Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to

1008-420: The root, as with diuk "sit" or dahar "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root: There are several words to negate a statement in Sundanese. These are also different by the polite ( lemes ) and casual ( loma ) registers, as well as dialect. In Priangan Sundanese, Polite negation is done by adding a henteu (the shorter form, teu is also commonly used) to negate most verbs (akin to adding

1044-568: The same. The Standard Sundanese script is a modification of the Old Sundanese script which has been adapted in such a way that it can be used to write contemporary Sundanese. These modifications include adding letters (for example, the letters va and fa), reducing letters (for example, the letters re pepet and le pepet), and changing the shape of the letters (for example, the letters na and ma) However, there are now at least two types of Old Sundanese script models that are well documented so that they can be digitized and made into fonts. The two models are

1080-417: The speaker is not going to do something) and alim (to show that the speaker does not want to do something). Other Sundanese dialects may have different ways to negate statements. There are a wide range of casual negation helper words. In Priangan Sundanese, this can be done with a number of words. The shorter version, can , is also commonly used especially in spoken speech. The word lain can be used as

1116-408: The speech level has been narrowed to only two parts: basa hormat (respectful) and basa loma (fair). Besides that, the term was changed to " tatakrama basa " ( lit.   ' language manners ' ), although the substance remained the same. The hormat variant is a subtle language to respect, while the loma variant is fair, neutral and familiar use. This variety of loma language is then used as

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1152-487: The two books, Kai Raga is a hermit who lives around Sutanangtung, Mount Larang Srimanganti. This mountain is the ancient name of Mount Cikuray, Garut , today. Through Pleyte's search and interpretation of Ratu Pakuan and the Three Enchantments of Old Sundanese, Kai Raga is thought to have lived in the early 18th century. Pleyte's search and interpretation is based on comparisons of the manuscripts he wrote with

1188-444: The use of Standard Sundanese script ( Aksara Sunda Baku ) in public places and on road signs. Although Pegon script is now mostly used in pesantrens (Islamic boarding schools) and Sundanese Islamic literature, it can still occasionally be seen in public places and on road signs in certain areas, such as Lembang and Tasikmalaya . Sundanese orthography is highly phonemic (see also Sundanese script ). There are seven vowels:

1224-452: The words: Sundanese has an elaborate system of register distinguishing levels of formality. At the beginning of speech level development, it was known 6 levels of Sundanese language: basa kasar (rough), sedeng (medium), lemes (polite), lemes pisan (very polite), kasar pisan (very rough), and basa panengah (intermediate). But since the 1988 Congress of Sundanese Language in Bogor,

1260-525: Was 176,368. Because of its location, some of Cianjur's residents commute to work in Bandung. The road on which Cianjur is located used to be the main (extremely busy) road from Jakarta to Bandung but was in effect replaced as the main road link between these two main cities when the Jakarta-Bandung tollroad was fully completed in 2005. However, due to its low traffic, Cianjur returned as one of

1296-631: Was the state language in the kingdoms of Salakanagara , Tarumanagara , Sunda , Galuh , Pajajaran , and Sumedang Larang . During this period, Sundanese was heavily influenced by the Sanskrit language as seen in the Batu Tapak Kaki Kiri Nyoreang inscription at the time of King Purnawarman , using the Pallava script . Sundanese at that time was used in the fields of state, art, and daily life, many religious books were written in Sundanese and used Old Sundanese script such as

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