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81-594: Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia . Located on the island of Java , Greater Bandung (Bandung Basin Metropolitan Area / BBMA) is the country's second-largest and second most populous metropolitan area , with over 11 million inhabitants. Situated 768 meters (2,520 feet) above sea level (the highest point in the North area is at an altitude of 1,050 meters (3,445 feet), and
162-677: A classical European understanding of the known world : Europe , North Africa , and Southwest Asia . The phrase is related to the enduring power of the city first as the capital of the Republic and the Empire , and later as the centre of the Catholic Church . In several English-speaking states , the terms county town and county seat are also used in lower administrative divisions . In some unitary states , subnational capitals may be known as 'administrative centres'. The capital
243-497: A monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is a highly symbolic event. For example: The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China , where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on
324-545: A complicated traffic system resulting from a lack of road infrastructure), it still attracts large numbers of tourists, weekend sightseers, and migrants from other parts of Indonesia. In 2017 the city won a regional environmental sustainability award for having the cleanest air among major cities in ASEAN . The city is also known as a Smart City , leveraging technology to improve government services and social media that alert residents to issues such as floods or traffic jams. The city
405-581: A comprehensive road network with a primary route connecting Elmina and Kumasi in Ashanti . The Dutch government granted him considerable autonomy and a substantial budget to execute his plans. Simultaneously, Daendels viewed his governorship as an opportunity to establish a personal monopoly on business in the Dutch Gold Coast . In 1817, the British accused Daendels of supporting and facilitating
486-445: A compromise between two or more cities or other political divisions, historical reasons, or enough land was needed to deliberately build a new planned city for the capital. The majority of national capitals are also the largest city in their respective countries. Modern examples are Beijing , Berlin , Cairo , London , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , Paris , Rome , Jakarta , Metro Manila , Seoul , and Tokyo . Counties in
567-741: A death sentence resulting from the Patriots' defeat. During this time, he closely observed the French Revolution unfolding. In 1794, Daendels returned to the Netherlands as a general in the French revolutionary army, serving under General Charles Pichegru and commanding the Batavian Legion . He actively supported the elevation of unitarian politician Pieter Vreede to power through a coup d'état on 25 January 1798. This move
648-428: A dense 16,500 people/km (per square kilometer) metropolitan area with living space for over 8 million people. New skyscrapers , high-rise buildings, bridges, and gardens have been constructed. Natural resources have been heavily exploited, particularly by conversion of the protected upland area into highland villas and real estate. Although the city has encountered many problems (ranging from waste disposal and floods to
729-405: A distinction is made between the official ( constitutional ) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place . English-language news media often use the name of the capital city as an alternative name for the government of the country of which it is the capital, as a form of metonymy . For example, the "relations between London and Washington " refers to the " relations between
810-411: A garbage slide in 2005 which buried a village, Kampung Gajah, beneath it, killing over a hundred people. The accumulation of 8,000 m/d (3,300 cu ft/ks) of domestic garbage causes severe air pollution by local burning, the spread of disease, and water contamination. The provincial government has failed in its attempts to solve the garbage issue. Nevertheless, it was awarded in 1997 and 2015 as
891-470: A matter of convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature, embassies, etc., are located in or near them. Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions. (See also § Capitals in military strategy ) The location may also be based on
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#1732766165797972-461: A precipitation total of 255.0 millimetres (10.04 in), while the driest month is September, with a precipitation total of 50.0 millimetres (1.97 in). The average temperature throughout the year tends to be cooler than most cities in Indonesia due to the influence of altitude. The average temperature throughout the year only has little variation due to its location near the equator. Bandung
1053-703: A promenade street with cafés, restaurants and boutique shops. Two art-deco style hotels, Savoy Homann and Preanger, were built in the vicinity of the Concordia Society, a clubhouse for the wealthy with a large ballroom and a theatre. After Indonesian independence in 1945, Bandung was designated as the capital of West Java province . During the Indonesian National Revolution , some of the most massive battles occurred in and around Bandung. Dutch troops were virtually absent in Java at
1134-554: A territory: Plymouth in Montserrat . There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and seat of government are separated: Some historical examples of similar arrangements, where the recognized capital was not the official seat of government: With the rise of the modern nation-state , the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government , and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever
1215-587: Is also well known for its tornado hotspot. The first deadly tornado in the area occurred in Rancaekek (during the Dutch Occupation on 1933 where a tornado struck the town, killing 1 and injuring none, the funnel destroyed 17 homes and left 30 homes badly damaged, many trees were either snapped or downed. Another deadly tornado to occur on Bandung was on December 18, 2014, in Gedebage, the tornado struck
1296-495: Is hillier than other parts of the city, and the unique truncated flat-peak shape of the Tangkuban Perahu volcano ( Tangkuban Perahu literally means 'upside-down boat') can be seen from the city to the north. Long-term volcanic activity has created fertile andisol soil in the north, suitable for intensive rice , fruit , tea , tobacco , and coffee plantations. In the south and east , alluvial soils deposited by
1377-471: Is known for its many old Dutch architecture buildings, the city is recently going through a high-rise building boom. There are more than 100 high rise buildings in the city, and many more are under construction or planned. The following list includes buildings in Bandung that are completed or topped off and above 300 ft (91 m). The north of the city serves as a water reservoir for Bandung. However,
1458-500: Is often the largest city of its constituent, though not always . Historically, the major economic centre of a state or region has often become the focal point of political power, and became a capital through conquest or federation . Historical examples are ancient Babylon , ancient Athens , ancient Rome , Abbasid Baghdad , Constantinople , Chang'an , and ancient Cusco . The modern capital city has not always existed: in medieval Western Europe, an itinerant (wandering) government
1539-790: Is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network , which it joined in 2015. Bandung is Indonesia's major technology centre . The first Asian-African Conference, the Bandung Conference , was hosted in Bandung by President Sukarno in 1955 and now decennial event. Redevelopment of the existing Husein Sastranegara International Airport (BDO) was completed in 2016. The new larger second airport for Greater Bandung Kertajati International Airport (KJT) opened in June 2018, just in time for
1620-559: Is surrounded by up to 2,400 metres (7,900 feet) high Late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic terrain. The 400 km (150 sq mi) flat of central Bandung plain is situated in the middle of 2,340.88 square kilometres (903.82 sq mi) wide of the Bandung Basin ; the basin comprises Bandung, the Cimahi city, part of Bandung Regency , part of West Bandung Regency, and part of Sumedang Regency . The basin's main river
1701-579: Is the Citarum ; one of its branches, the Cikapundung , divides Bandung from north to south before it merges with Citarum again in Dayeuhkolot. The Bandung Basin is an essential source of water for potable water, irrigation, and fisheries, with its 6,147 million m (217.1 billion cu ft) of groundwater being a significant reservoir for the city. The northern section of Bandung
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#17327661657971782-524: Is the municipality holding primary status in a country , state , province , department , or other subnational division , usually as its seat of the government . A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution . In some jurisdictions , including several countries, different branches of government are in different settlements, sometimes meaning multiple official capitals. In some cases,
1863-582: Is the case with Nanjing by Shanghai , Quebec City by Montreal , and several US state capitals . The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred at Babylon and Cahokia . "Political nomadism" was practiced in ancient Near East to increase ties between the ruler and the subjects. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no such legal designation, including Bern , Edinburgh , Lisbon , London , Paris , and Wellington . They are recognized as capitals as
1944-541: Is usually not a separate national capital, but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London , which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom. Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a capital city, such as Seville and Naples , while Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid and of
2025-535: The Bandung Conference , was hosted in Bandung by President Sukarno and attended by the heads of states representing twenty-nine independent countries from Asia and Africa. The conference venue was at the Gedung Merdeka , the former Concordia Society building. The conference announced ten points of declaration for the promotion of world peace and opposition against colonialism and is known as
2106-594: The 2018 Asian Games . The official name of the city during the colonial Dutch East Indies period was Bandoeng . The earliest reference to the area dates back to 1488, although archaeological findings suggest a type of Homo erectus species had long previously lived on the banks of the Cikapundung River and around the old lake of Bandung. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) established plantations in
2187-668: The Battle of Berezina . From February 1813 until December 1813, General Daendels commanded Polish forces defending the Modlin Fortress , located northwest of Warsaw. It was the final French stronghold along the Vistula to surrender. Following the downfall of Napoleon , concerns arose within the Dutch government, including King William I , regarding the potential influence and oppositional leadership of Daendels. To prevent this, he
2268-523: The Byzantine capital, Constantinople , Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , but American forces could still carry on fighting from
2349-459: The Declaration of Bandung . This was followed by a wave of nationalism and decolonization movements around the globe which remapped world politics. The conference was also the first international conference of people of colour in history. In his book The Color Curtain , Richard Wright claims that there was an epic meaning to the conference for people of colour around the world. In 1987,
2430-499: The Italian Renaissance style of arch structures in the wings and pendopo -like structures commonly found in Java in the middle section. Several Dutch architects who shaped the city landmarks the architectural blending of modern and native traditions. In the 1930s, Bandung became known as an architectural laboratory due to the many Dutch architects who experimented with new architectural designs. Albert Aalbers added
2511-695: The Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital of Italy and of the region of Lazio . In the Federal Republic of Germany , each of its constituent states (or Länder , plural of Land ) has its own capital city, such as Dresden , Wiesbaden , Mainz , Düsseldorf , Stuttgart , and Munich , as do all of the republics of the Russian Federation . The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and
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2592-552: The Patriots , a faction gaining control in various Dutch cities. In September 1786, he unsuccessfully defended the town of Hattem against troops loyal to the stadholder . The following year, in September 1787, Daendels played a role in the defense of Amsterdam against the invading Prussian army, which aimed to reinstate William V of Orange . Subsequently, when William V regained power, Daendels fled to French Flanders to evade
2673-537: The United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative boundaries are different. The number of new capitals in the world increased substantially since the Renaissance period, especially with the founding of independent nation-states since
2754-523: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma 's interior as the former capital, Rangoon , was claimed to be overcrowded. A few nation-states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. Some have a city as the capital but with most government agencies elsewhere. There is also a ghost town which is currently the de jure capital of
2835-492: The federal city of Moscow ) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right. Each of the states of Austria and cantons of Switzerland also have their own capital cities. Vienna , the national capital of Austria , is also one of the states, while Bern is the ( de facto ) capital of both Switzerland and of the Canton of Bern . Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house
2916-656: The streamline moderne style to the Art Deco by designing the DENIS bank (1936) and renovating the Savoy Homann Hotel (1939). Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker was one of the architects who enormously added native elements in his artworks, including the Villa Isola (1932), Hotel Preanger (1929), the regional military headquarters (1918), Gedung Merdeka (1921) and ITB Rectorate Building (1925). Though Bandung
2997-588: The 30 districts are grouped into eight sub-city regions. The sub-city regions of Bandung are Arcamanik, Cibeunying, Kerees, Kordon, Gedebage, Ujungberung, Bojonagara and Tegalega. The mayor ( walikota ) - Bambang Tirtoyuliono from 2023 - leads the city administration. Since 2008, city residents have directly voted for a mayor; previously, mayors were nominated and selected by the city council - the Bandung City Regional House of Representatives ( DPRD Kota Bandung ), which has 50 members. As of 2003,
3078-620: The Badeners in the Russian campaign 1812. Daendels arrived in Vilnius on 8 and 15 September, subsequently reaching Minsk. On 11 October, his division moved to Babinovichi , and on 20 October, they received orders to proceed to Vitebsk . By 27 October, they had occupied the nearby town of Beshankovichy . The following day, temperatures dropped below zero. The supplies in Vitebsk were lost when
3159-404: The Bandung area. In 1786, a supply road connecting Batavia (now Jakarta ), Bogor , Cianjur , Bandung, Sumedang and Cirebon was constructed. In 1809, Napoleon ordered Governor Herman Willem Daendels to improve the defensive systems of Java to protect against a possible British invasion. Daendels ordered the construction of a road stretching approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) from
3240-785: The Cikapundung river predominate. Geological data show that the Bandung Basin is located on an ancient volcano, known as Mount Sunda , erected up to 3,000–4,000 metres (9,800–13,100 feet) during the Pleistocene age. Two large-scale eruptions took place; the first formed the basin, and the second (est. 55,000 BCE) blocked the Citarum river, turning the basin into a lake known as "the Great Prehistoric Lake of Bandung ". The lake drained away; for reasons which are
3321-515: The Dutch colonial government commenced construction of military barracks, the building housing the colonial Department of State-Owned Enterprises ( Department van Gouvernmentsbedrijven , the present-day Gedung Sate ) and other government buildings. However, this plan was cut short by World War II , after which the Dutch were not able to re-establish their colony due to the Indonesian Declaration of Independence. The fertile area of
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3402-507: The Parahyangan Mountains surrounding Bandung supports productive tea plantations. In the nineteenth century, Franz Junghuhn introduced the cinchona ( kina ) plant. With its cooler elevated landscape, surrounded by major plantations, Bandung became an exclusive European resort area. Wealthy plantation owners visited the city on weekends, attracting ladies and business people from the capital, Batavia. Jalan Braga grew into
3483-459: The Russian army captured the city, and it began to snow on 29 October. On 11 November, Daendels and the rearguard arrived in Chashniki , approximately 90 km southwest of their previous location. On 14 November, during the battle of Smoliani , the French suffered the loss of 3,000 men against General Peter Wittgenstein , and heavy snowfall of about 1.5 meters occurred that day. Four days later,
3564-538: The United Kingdom and the United States ". The word capital derives from the Latin word caput (genitive capitis ), meaning ' head ', later borrowed from Medieval Latin capitālis ('of the head'). The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' ( lit. ' head of the world ' ) was already used by the poet Ovid in 1st century BC . It originates out of
3645-488: The area has seen substantial residential development. Several attempts to protect this area have been made, including creating reserves such as the Juanda National Park and Punclut , but development continues. Regular flooding in Bandung's south also presents a real and dangerous ongoing problem. From mid-2005, Bandung faced another environmental disaster when the city's landfill site was re-evaluated after
3726-487: The area in the afternoon. It left 85 houses either unroofed or destroyed, a large factory building suffered significant damage, a warehouse levelled and a library suffered roof loss, one person died due to crushed by a collapsed wall. The city area in 1906 was 19.22 square kilometres (7.42 square miles), and by 1987, it had expanded to 167.2965 km. The city administration is divided into 30 districts ( kecamatan ) and 153 villages ( kelurahan ). For development purposes,
3807-468: The beginning of last month, a large Spanish ship was four days at anchor in Elmina roads, receiving water and bartering dollars for goods suited for the purchase of slaves." None of Daendels' infrastructure plans came to fruition, as he succumbed to malaria on 2 May 1818 while in the castle of St. George d'Elmina , which served as the Dutch seat of government. His body was interred in the central tomb at
3888-411: The capital from Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to Bandung. The Dutch first established tea plantations around the mountains in the 18th century, and a road was constructed to connect the plantation area to the colonial capital Batavia (180 kilometres (112 miles) to the northwest). In the early 20th century, the Dutch inhabitants of Bandung demanded the establishment of a municipality ( gemeente ), which
3969-720: The capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland 's first city, Turku , which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule, lost its position during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals as
4050-508: The city boundary was expanded by the 'Greater Bandung' ( Bandung Raya ) plan, with the relocation of higher concentration development zones outside the city in an attempt to dilute population density in the old city. During this development, the city core was often uprooted, with old buildings torn down, lot sizes regrouped and rezoned, changing idyllic residential areas to commercial zones with bustling chain supermarkets, malls, banks and upscale developments. In 2005, an Asian-African Conference
4131-405: The colonial government's plan to move the capital from Batavia to Bandung. The building is known as Gedung Sate , named after the distinguished small satay -shaped structure on the roof, and is today used as the head office of the West Java provincial government and House of Representatives. The building is an example of a harmonious mixture between West and East architectural styles, particularly
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#17327661657974212-493: The construction of this thousand-kilometer road in a single year resulted in the deaths of numerous Javanese forced laborers. Daendels adopted a stern stance towards Javanese rulers, causing them to align themselves with the British against the Dutch. He also imposed forced labor ( Rodi ) on the population of Java, which sparked rebellious incidents like the ones in Cadas Pangeran, West Java . Opinions differ regarding
4293-498: The countryside, where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent civilian frontiersmen. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France , whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals, but risking utter ruin if the capital were taken. Herman Willem Daendels Herman Willem Daendels (21 October 1762 – 2 May 1818)
4374-484: The eighteenth century. In Canada , there is a federal capital , while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico , Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , capitals of their respective states), and Australia also each have capital cities. For example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide , Brisbane , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth , and Sydney . In Australia,
4455-448: The end of World War II. To assist the restoration of Dutch sovereignty, British forces established a military presence in several of Java's largest cities, and issued an ultimatum to Indonesian forces in Bandung in an attempt to make leave the city. In response, on 24 March 1946, much of the southern part of Bandung was deliberately set alight by Indonesian forces as they withdrew. In 1955, the first Asian-African Conference, also known as
4536-568: The extent to which Daendels improved the efficiency of the local bureaucracy and curbed corruption, although he accumulated personal wealth during his time in office. Despite his efforts to bolster defenses, Daendels was unsuccessful in halting the British invasion of the Spice Islands in 1810. During the incorporation of the Kingdom of Holland into France in 1810, Daendels returned to Holland and resided in Paris by November 1811. He
4617-521: The first technical university in the Dutch East Indies , Technische Hogeschool te Bandung (the present-day Bandung Institute of Technology ). He was named a Professor of Architecture at the university. A striking local Sundanese roof style is seen adorning the top of the campus' ceremonial hall and is embedded in his artwork. In the same year, another Dutch architect J Gerber designed Gouverments Bedrijven (Government Companies) in line with
4698-545: The great crisis of Japanese invasion . National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, because of socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured
4779-468: The least polluted city in the country. Further, a regional award in 2017 was also given from ASEAN for the cleanest air among other major cities in ASEAN countries. Bandung experiences tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ) that closely borders a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen : Af ) as the driest month precipitation total is below 60 millimetres (2.4 in). The wettest month is February, with
4860-454: The lowest in the South at 675 meters (2,215 feet) above sea level), approximately 140 kilometres (87 miles) southeast of Jakarta , Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other Indonesian cities . The city lies in a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provide a natural defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move
4941-557: The present-day site of the city square ( alun-alun ). He built his dalem (palace), masjid agung (the grand mosque) and pendopo (public-official meeting place) in the classical Sundanese orientation, with the pendopo facing Tangkuban Perahu mountain, which was believed to have a mystical ambience. In 1856, Bandung also became the capital of the Preanger Regencies Residency , which it would remain until 1925. The first major railroad between Batavia and Bandung
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#17327661657975022-466: The provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing , where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus . The Ming
5103-424: The seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and designed capitals include: These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) are: Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, following
5184-673: The slave trade, despite its prohibition by both the British and Dutch authorities, from his position at the Elmina fort, which was then under Dutch control. On 5 March 1817, the British governor of Cape Coast, John Smith, wrote to the African Committee in Parliament in London, stating, "We deem it our duty to inform you of the conduct of General Daendels, who is acting independent of his Government. Portuguese vessels were furnished with canoes, and Spaniards were supplied with water. At
5265-484: The subject of ongoing debate among geologists. Bandung is home to numerous examples of Dutch colonial architecture, most notably the tropical Art Deco, dubbed New Indies Style . Henri Maclaine Pont was among the first Dutch architects to recognize the importance of combining each architectural style with local cultural traditions. He stressed that modern architecture should interact with local history and native elements. In 1920, Pont planned and designed buildings for
5346-520: The supplies in Minsk were also lost when Pavel Chichagov captured the city. On 24 November, Daendels skirmished with some Russians but reunited with the rest of the French army near Bobr. Subsequently, all the French soldiers proceeded to Borisov , where the Russian army destroyed a crucial bridge crossing the Berezina River. Daendels' division, consisting of 4,000 men, played a decisive role in
5427-677: The term "capital cities" is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra , and Darwin , the capital of the Northern Territory . Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and also of the United Arab Emirates overall. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent nations, such as the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Denmark , each will usually have its own capital city. Unlike in federations , there
5508-842: The total number of city administration personnel was 20,163. Bandung City is divided into 30 districts ( kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the numbers of administrative villages (totaling 151, all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district, and its postal codes. ᮃᮁᮎᮙᮔᮤᮊ᮪ ᮎᮤᮞᮛᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪ ᮃᮔ᮪ᮒᮕᮔᮤ ᮃᮔ᮪ᮒᮤᮕᮒᮤ ᮝᮦᮒᮔ᮪ ᮙᮔ᮪ᮓᮜᮏᮒᮤ ᮊᮛᮀ ᮕᮙᮥᮜᮀ ᮃᮔ᮪ᮓᮤᮁ ᮌᮛᮥᮓ ᮎᮤᮎᮦᮔ᮪ᮓᮧ ᮃᮁᮏᮥᮔ ᮞᮥᮊᮏᮓᮤ ᮞᮥᮊᮌᮜᮤᮂ ᮞᮥᮊᮞᮛᮤ ᮞᮥᮊᮛᮞ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ ᮝᮦᮒᮔ᮪ ᮒᮙᮔ᮪ᮞᮛᮤ ᮎᮤᮘᮩᮑᮤᮀ ᮊᮜᮦᮁ ᮎᮤᮌᮓᮥᮀ ᮎᮤᮘᮩᮑᮤᮀ ᮊᮤᮓᮥᮜ᮪ ᮎᮤᮊᮥᮒᮢ ᮎᮤᮓᮓᮕ᮪ ᮠᮦᮌᮁᮙᮔᮂ ᮎᮧᮘᮣᮧᮀ ᮓᮌᮧ Capital city A capital city or just capital
5589-431: The west to the east coast of Java, passing through Bandung. In 1810, the road was laid down in Bandung and was named De Groote Postweg (or the ' Great Post Road '), the present-day location of Jalan Asia-Afrika. Under Daendels' orders, R. A. Wiranatakusumah II, the Chief Administrator of the Bandung regency at that time, moved the office from Krapyak, in the south, to a place near a pair of holy city wells ( sumur Bandung ),
5670-479: Was a Dutch military officer and colonial administrator who served as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1808 to 1811. Herman Willem Daendels was born on 21 October 1762 in Hattem , Netherlands . His father, Burchard Johan Daendels, served as a mayoral secretary; his mother was Josina Christina Tulleken. Daendels pursued a legal education at the university of Harderwijk and obtained his doctorate on 10 April 1783. In 1785, Daendels aligned himself with
5751-425: Was appointed as a divisional general ( major general ) and assumed command of the 26th Division of the Grande Armée . This division consisted of troops from Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Berg. In mid-March 1812, Daendels was appointed as the commander of the 26th Division, serving under Marshal Victor as part of IX Corps , which acted as a reserve. In August, Victor received orders to march eastward, joining
5832-613: Was appointed as the Governor-general of the Dutch Gold Coast (now part of Ghana ) and effectively prohibited from returning to the Netherlands. After the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade , Daendels aimed to revitalize the neglected Dutch territories into an African plantation colony focused on legitimate business. Leveraging his experience from the East Indies, he devised ambitious infrastructure projects, such as
5913-602: Was built in Surabaya . Additionally, he relocated the central government from Old Batavia to Weltevreden and commissioned the construction of a palace in Paradeplaats . His most renowned achievement was the Great Post Road ( Indonesian : Jalan Raya Pos ) that spanned northern Java from Anyer to Panarukan . Today, this road serves as the main thoroughfare on the island, known as Jalur Pantura . Notably,
5994-820: Was common. The capital city attracts politically motivated people and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of national or imperial governments, such as lawyers , political scientists , bankers , journalists , and public policy makers . Some of these cities are or were also religious centres , e.g. Constantinople (more than one religion), Rome / Vatican City (the Roman Catholic Church ), Jerusalem (more than one religion), Babylon, Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church ), Belgrade (the Serbian Orthodox Church ), Paris, and Beijing. In some countries,
6075-682: Was compelled to resign after failing to avert the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799. He later pursued farming in Heerde , Gelderland . Louis Bonaparte appointed Daendels as colonel-general in 1806 and Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies in 1807. Daendels arrived in Batavia (now Jakarta ) on 5 January 1808 after a lengthy voyage, assuming the role previously held by Albertus Henricus Wiese . His primary objective
6156-514: Was completed in 1880, boosting the light industry in Bandung. Chinese flocked into the city to help run facilities, services and vendors. The area adjacent to the train station is still recognizable as the old Chinatown district. In 1906, Bandung was given the status of gemeente (municipality), and then twenty years later, stadsgemeente (city municipality). From the early 1920s, the Dutch East Indies government made plans to move their capital from Batavia to Bandung. Accordingly, during this decade,
6237-632: Was destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing dynasty 's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during
6318-403: Was granted in 1906, and Bandung gradually developed into a resort city for plantation owners. Luxurious hotels, restaurants, cafés, and European boutiques were opened, leading the city to be nicknamed Paris van Java ( Dutch : "The Paris of Java" ). After Indonesia declared independence in 1945, the city experienced ongoing development and urbanization, transforming from an idyllic town into
6399-472: Was motivated by dissatisfaction with the conservative-moderate majority in parliament, which hindered the development of a more democratic and centralized constitution. However, Vreede's rule did not yield the anticipated outcomes, leading to another coup d'état against him on 14 June 1798, in which Daendels played a role. In the Batavian Republic , Daendels held various political positions but
6480-434: Was partly held in Bandung, attended by world leaders including Indonesian President Susilo B. Yudhoyono, President of China Hu Jintao, Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh, President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki and President of Nigeria Obasanjo. Bandung, the capital of West Java province, is located about 180 kilometres (110 mi) southeast of Jakarta. Its elevation is 768 metres (2,520 ft) above sea level and
6561-536: Was to expel the British from Java . During his tenure, Daendels undertook various infrastructure projects. He established new hospitals and military barracks, constructed arms factories in Surabaya and Semarang , and founded a military college in Batavia. The Castle in Batavia was dismantled and replaced by a new fort in Meester Cornelis ( Jatinegara ). At the same time, Fort Lodewijk (Fort Ludwig)
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