Juan Domínguez de Mendoza (born 1631) was a Spanish soldier who played an important role in suppressing the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and who made two major expeditions from New Mexico into Texas .
54-529: Cibolo Creek Ranch is a historic place in Presidio County, Texas , United States. Established as a cattle ranch prior to the Civil War , it has been used in modern times for hunting and a shooting location for the movie industry. It includes a fort called El Fortin del Cibolo which has been renovated as a luxury hotel featuring watchtowers and three-foot-thick adobe walls. The ranch is situated in
108-467: A Mystery Lights Festival every Labor Day. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 3,856 square miles (9,990 km ), of which 3,855 square miles (9,980 km ) are land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km ) (0.02%) is covered by water. It is the fourth-largest county in Texas by area. Presidio County is triangular in shape and is bounded on the east by Brewster County , on
162-612: A landscape of rugged canyons and numerous springs. The spring-fed Capote Falls, with a drop of 175 feet (53 m), the highest in Texas, is located in western Presidio County. In the southern and western parts of the county, the volcanic cliffs of the Candelaria Rimrock (also called the Sierra Vieja) rise perpendicular and run parallel to the river, separating the highland prairies from the desert floor hundreds of feet below them. The gravel pediment , which allows only
216-558: A local rancher and trader, found a silver deposit in the Chinati Mountains in 1880 that resulted in the opening of Presidio Mine and the beginning of the company town of Shafter . From 1883 until 1942, the mine produced over 32.6 million ounces of silver. The railroad reached Presidio County in 1882, when the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway laid tracks through its northeastern corner. W. F. Mitchell built
270-539: A new settlement. To add further incentives, Sabeata related a number of divine experiences that he stated he had personally witnessed from God while waging war against the encroaching Apache tribe. In one such instance, Sabeata stated that the Jumanoes were on the verge of losing a fiercely contested battle against the Apaches when a cross appeared in the skies above the battlefield, took a physical form, and dropped from
324-541: A social upheaval in the newer settlements along the Rio Grande. The Spanish colonists either wanted their old homes back, or for new ones to be found. With winter rapidly approaching, Cruzate was understandably overwhelmed during the early autumn months of 1683. But on October 20, a potential lifeline came riding into El Paso. A delegation of the Jumano tribe, a culture of Native Americans that had been close allies with
378-499: A sudden sense of possibly adding an entirely new kingdom to Spain's domain, Governor Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate agreed to establish the mission the Jumanoes desired and to organize a major exploration of the eastern Jumano homelands. On November 29, 1683, Governor Cruzate appointed Juan Domínguez de Mendoza as the head commander of what would become known as the Mendoza-López Expedition of 1683–84. Mendoza
432-554: The 2020 census , its population was 6,131. Its county seat is Marfa . The county was created in 1850 and later organized in 1875. Presidio County (K-5 in Texas topological index of counties) is in the Trans-Pecos region of West Texas and is named for the border settlement of Presidio del Norte . It is on the Rio Grande, which forms the Mexican border. Paleo-Indians ( hunter-gatherers ) existed thousands of years ago on
486-459: The Apache people who refused to leave the land. He raised 200,000 Texas Longhorn cattle. The ranch has been used by the movie industry since the 1950s. For example, Giant was shot on the ranch in 1956. More recently, it was used as a shooting location for The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada in 2005, followed by There Will Be Blood and No Country for Old Men in 2007. The ranch
540-684: The Chinati Mountains of the Chihuahuan Desert , near Shafter, Texas , approximately 15 miles (24 km) east of the Mexico–United States border . It spans 30,000 acres (12,000 ha), and U.S. Route 67 passes through the property. The Cibolo Creek Ranch Airport is located 3.5 mi (5.6 km) northeast of the hotel. Milton Faver established the ranch in the 1850s and built three adobe forts, called El Cibolo , La Cienega , and La Morita , for defense against
594-471: The Colorado River . They spent six weeks on what Domínguez called the "glorious San Clemente" river, building a fort, probably near the location of present-day Ballinger, Texas as defense against Apaches and hunting buffalo for hides and food. They fed and baptized many of the friendly local people who visited their camp. Dominguez de Mendoza and the Jumano leader, Juan Sabeata, clashed early in
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#1732787739473648-582: The Trans-Pecos , and often did not adapt to culture clashes, European diseases, and colonization. The Masames tribe was exterminated by the Tobosos, circa 1652. The Nonojes suffered from clashes with the Spanish and merged with the Tobosos. The Spanish made slave raids to the La Junta de los Ríos, committing cruelties against the native population. The Suma-Jumano tribe sought to align themselves with
702-444: The census of 2000, 7,304 people, 2,530 households, and 1,864 families resided in the county. The population density was 2 people per square mile (0.77 people/km ). The 3,299 housing units averaged 1 units per square mile (0.39/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 84.95% White, 0.27% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 13.48% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. About 84.36% of
756-553: The 1940s. Presidio County has no oil or gas production. Presidio County's unusual shape has it facing more of Mexico than the rest of the United States. The county is bounded on the east by Brewster County, on the north by Jeff Davis County, and on the south and west for 135 miles (217 km) by the Rio Grande and Mexico. Along the international border, the county faces the Manuel Benavides and Ojinaga Districts of
810-597: The Hotel Paisano for two months. High Lonesome , released in 1950, starring Chill Wills and John Drew Barrymore, was filmed in Antelope Springs, near Marfa. The county was mentioned in Hunter during part one of "City Under Siege" in the 1988–89 season. In The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada , the mountains of Presidio County stand as Coahuila, where Pete carries friend Mel to be buried among
864-532: The Native American forces that still occupied New Mexico. But by the end of the summer of 1683, Otermin's ill health and military failures had led the Spanish government to appoint a successor. On August 28, 1683, Jironza Petriz de Cruzate took command of the New Mexican governorship. Stepping into a quagmire mess, Cruzate faced the difficult challenge of having to re-conquer New Mexico and to prevent
918-611: The Spaniards since the 1520s, arrived in El Paso. The head leader of the delegation was a man named Juan Sabeata who was an ardent supporter of the Catholic faith and well versed in several languages which included: Spanish, Castilian (a form of Spanish that was frequently spoken in high society), and numerous Native languages from all across present day Texas. Juan Sabeata requested an audience with Governor Cruzate to present aid to
972-530: The Spanish for survival. The tribe later merged with the Apache people. Foraging peoples who did not survive the 18th century include the Chisos, Mansos, Jumanos, Conchos, Julimes , Cibolos, Tobosos, Sumas, Cholomes , Caguates, Nonojes, Cocoyames, and Acoclames. The entrada of Juan Domínguez de Mendoza and Father Nicolás López in 1683–84 set out from El Paso to La Junta, where they established seven missions at seven pueblos. In 1683, Father López celebrated
1026-419: The United States . Presidio County is reliably Democratic. In 2008 United States presidential election , Barack Obama received 71.3% of the county's vote while John McCain received 28.0%. In the 2012 United States presidential election Barack Obama received 70.56% of the county's vote and Mitt Romney received 27.74%. In the 2016 United States presidential election , Hillary Clinton received 66.0% of
1080-494: The border. As Presidio County entered the 1930s the people faced a drought and a population decline. Low silver prices closed Presidio Mine at Shafter. Economic recovery began by 1936. During World War II , Presidio County enjoyed economic prosperity as the home for two military installations-Fort Russell and Marfa Army Airfield. In late January 1918, during a period of tension between the US and Mexico, Texas Rangers and citizens of
1134-615: The clouds directly into his hands. With the cross held high, Sabeata claimed, that he led the Jumanoes to a glorious victory that day. Later, he claimed that a multi-colored cross had appeared above La Junta de los Ríos, at the junction of the Rio Conchos and Rio Grande near modern-day Presidio, Texas . (See La Junta Indians ) He also talked of wooden houses floating on the sea, which the Spanish took to refer to French ships. Three friars left at once for La Junta, where they started missionary work. Inspired by Sabeata's stories, and with
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#17327877394731188-482: The county ten miles from Valentine in adjoining Jeff Davis County. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 6,131 people, 2,580 households, and 1,291 families residing in the county. As of the 2010 United States census , 7,818 people resided in the county. About 85.9% were White , 1.0% Asian , 0.7% Native American , 0.6% Black or African American , 9.9% of some other race, and 1.9% of two or more races ; 83.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). As of
1242-405: The county was $ 19,860, and for a family was $ 22,314. Males had a median income of $ 23,218 versus $ 16,208 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 9,558. About 32.50% of families and 36.40% of the population were below the poverty line , including 43.40% of those under age 18 and 44.10% of those age 65 or over. The county's per capita income makes it one of the poorest counties in
1296-639: The county's vote while Donald Trump received 29.5%. In the 2020 United States presidential election , Joe Biden received 66.0% of the county's vote while Donald Trump received 32.5%. The Howard Hawks film Rio Bravo , released 1959, starring John Wayne , Dean Martin , and Ricky Nelson , was set in Presidio County, but filmed in Tucson. The Riata house and exteriors for Giant , released 1956, were filmed at Marfa. The big stars, Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson, James Dean, and others stayed at
1350-656: The county. The growth of Presidio County's population in the 1910s reflected the impact of the Mexican Revolution on border life. Refugees migrated to the county from Chihuahua as the fighting moved into northern Mexico. The United States Army established several posts in the county. Marfa became the headquarters for the Big Bend Military District, and in 1917, the Army established Camp Marfa, later called Fort D. A. Russell , at Marfa to protect
1404-418: The county. Milton Faver bought small tracts of land around three springs-Cibolo, Cienega, and La Morita and established cattle ranches. He built Fort Cienega and Fort Cibolo. Presidio County was established from Bexar County on January 3, 1850. Fort Leaton became the county seat. The county was organized in 1875 as the largest county in the United States, with 12,000 square miles (31,000 km ). Fort Davis
1458-439: The current situation that the Spanish colonists were currently facing. In exchange for a permanent mission to be established with the Jumanoes near the La Junta de los Rios region (present day Presidio, Texas ), Sabeata agreed to personally guide a Spanish expedition into the eastern interior of the Jumano homelands where he stated the Spaniards could find immeasurable amounts of aid from the smaller tribes of Natives in establishing
1512-587: The expedition. Sabeata, Dominguez said, was untruthful and spread false rumors of hostile Apaches to bring the expedition to a halt. Sabeata apparently believed that the Spaniards were more interested in hunting buffalo than fighting Apache. Sabeata abandoned the expedition as did most of the Indians. A grand council of Indians envisioned by the Spanish never took place and the Spaniards returned to El Paso having collected 5,000 valuable buffalo hides. On returning to La Junta de los Ríos, Domínguez took possession of
1566-446: The first Christmas Mass in Texas at La Junta. In 1832, José Ygnacio Ronquillo was issued a conditional land grant, and established the county's first white settlement on Cibolo Creek. Military obligations forced him to abandon the settlement, and he then sold the land. The Chihuahua Trail connecting Mexico's state of Chihuahua with Santa Fe, New Mexico , opened in 1839. By 1848, Ben Leaton built Fort Leaton , sometimes called
1620-427: The first barbed wire fence in the county at Antelope Springs in 1888. The widespread use of barbed wire resulted in the refinement of cattle breeds, improvement of ranges, and innovative use of water supplies. Windmills, water wells, and earthen tanks were introduced on Presidio County ranches in the late 1880s. Elephant Butte Dam was built in 1910 on the Rio Grande, creating a large, reliable irrigation source for
1674-601: The growth of desert shrubs and cacti, extends from the Rimrock to the flood plain of the river. Along the Rio Grande River, irrigation allows the farming of vegetables, grains, and cotton. No permanent streams exist in the county, although many arroyos become raging torrents during heavy rainfalls. Major arroyos are Alamito Creek, Cibolo Creek, Capote Creek, and Pinto Canyon. San Esteban Dam was built across Alamito Creek about 10 miles (16 km) south of Marfa and on
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1728-459: The higher elevations of the Davis and Chinati Mountains. By contrast, the lowlands along the Rio Grande along the southern and western areas of the county are dry with often extreme summer daytime heat and where winter snowfall is unusual. Throughout the county, May through October marks the rainy season, while the remainder of the year is predominantly dry. Miller Ranch is located in the far north of
1782-543: The largest adobe structure in Texas, on the river as his home, trading post, and private bastion. Leaton died in debt in 1851, with the fort passing to the holder of the mortgage, John Burgess. In 1934, T. C. Mitchell and the Marfa State Bank acquired the old structure and donated it to the county as a historic site. The park was opened to the public in 1978. Milton Faver became the county's first cattle baron. In 1857, he moved his family to Chinati Mountains in
1836-422: The lights might have been Apaches, but later found no evidence of an Apache encampment. Since that time, the lights continue to appear between Marfa and Paisano Pass. Speculation and fascination spark imaginations about the source. Some say they are caused by car headlights; some say extraterrestrial visitors. One theory is that the lights are similar to a mirage caused by atmospheric conditions. Marfa celebrates with
1890-559: The mountains, vary from 33 °F (1 °C) in January to 100 °F (38 °C) in July. Average rainfall is 12 inches (300 mm) per year, mainly in June, July, and August. The growing season extends for 238 days. Natural resources under production in 1982 were perlite, crushed rhyolite, sand, and gravel. Silver mining contributed greatly to the economy of the county from the 1880s to
1944-607: The natural amenities that could be found there. The expedition, often called the Mendoza Expedition, set off from El Paso on 15 December 1683, going down the Rio Grande to La Junta. Fray Antonio de Acevedo was left there in charge of new missions. The rest of the expedition, joined by many Indians, followed Indian trails north to the Pecos River , then followed the Concho River downstream to its junction with
1998-586: The north and west, clay and sandy loam cover the rolling plains known as the Marfa Plateau and the Highland Country, providing good ranges of grama grasses for the widely acclaimed Highland Herefords. In the central, far western, and southeastern areas of the county, some of the highest mountain ranges in Texas are found. These peaks are formed of volcanic rock and covered with loose surface rubble. They support desert shrubs and cacti and dominate
2052-500: The north bank of the Rio Grande in the name of Spain. Domínguez and López returned to El Paso, and then went on to Mexico City in 1685, where they made a strong case for sending soldiers and missionaries to the Jumano country. Domínguez and López were initially optimistic about the potential for setting up missions among the Jumanos. However, Governor Jironza was unable to help since his forces were tied up combating local insurrections by
2106-521: The north by Jeff Davis County , and on the south and west for 135 miles (217 km) by the Rio Grande and Mexico. Marfa , the county seat, is 190 miles (306 km) southeast of El Paso and 150 miles (241 km) southwest of Odessa. The center of the county lies at 30°30' north latitude and 104°15' west longitude. Geographically, Presidio County comprises 3,857 square miles (9,990 km ) of contrasting topography, geology, and vegetation. In
2160-425: The population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 2,530 households, 40.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.50% were married couples living together, 13.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.30% were not families. Around 24.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
2214-610: The ranch in 1994. In May 1999, the ranch hosted the wedding of country musicians Charlie Robison and Emily Robison of the Dixie Chicks . U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia died at the ranch in 2016. Among his fellow guests at the ranch were members of the International Order of St. Hubertus. Presidio County, Texas Presidio County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas . As of
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2268-671: The route taken, the natural resources of the wilderness encountered, and any trails he was guided upon. 3) To make certain that, at every camp or village, the Spaniards were to be completely separated from the main abodes of the Native people and to publicly punish any Spaniard who was caught fraternizing with local Native women or bartering with Native craftsmen. 4) He was to reconnoiter the Rio de los Nueces (present day Concho River in San Angelo, Texas) and to both document and bring back examples of
2322-634: The ruins of his Mexican town of Jimenez. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia died at the historic Cibolo Creek Ranch near Shafter, Texas in 2016. Marfa Independent School District serves eastern Presidio County, while Presidio Independent School District serves western Presidio County. Presidio County is within the Odessa College District for community college. 30°00′N 104°14′W / 30.00°N 104.23°W / 30.00; -104.23 Juan Dom%C3%ADnguez de Mendoza Juan Domínguez de Mendoza
2376-423: The site of a historic spring-fed tinaja in 1911 as an irrigation and land-promotion project. The reservoir lake is a source of water for irrigation. Tinaja refers to a depression in the land formed by water flow from a spring, or under a waterfall. In this arid county, it is due to the spring. Altitudes in the county vary from 2,518 to 7,728 feet (767 to 2,355 m) above sea level. Temperatures, moderated by
2430-558: The site of present-day El Paso, Texas where they were reinforced by a large supply of munitions and manpower. Rather than risking a full-scale counterattack against the Natives, New Mexican governor, Antonio de Otermin, decided to establish a fort and refuge camp at the Paso del Norte with the intent to organize a stronger military campaign at a later time. Between 1681 and 1683, Governor Otermin had launched several unsuccessful attacks against
2484-603: The southwest of Santa Fe. However, he was then forced to retreat to El Paso del Norte (now Ciudad Juarez). Later he was criticized for not being sufficiently aggressive in his action against the Pueblos. In 1680, a major uprising of Native American tribes later termed as the Pueblo Revolt, completely uprooted the vast majority of the Spanish colonies in the New Mexico region. The Europeans were forced to retreat to
2538-542: The state of Chihuahua, Mexico, on the south side, and the municipality of Guadalupe of the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, on its southwestern side. Download coordinates as: More than half of Presidio County, 54.6%, experiences a hot arid desert climate ( Köppen BWh ). The remainder has a semiarid steppe climate with 34.7% classified as a cold steppe climate (Köppen BSk ) and 10.8% as a hot steppe climate (Köppen BSh ). Temperatures are coolest and rainfall most abundant in
2592-501: The three main tributaries of the Concho River converge. Domínguez rose in rank to lieutenant general and was appointed maestre de campo in New Mexico - second in command to the Governor. He was an able administrator, and by the time of the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 was one of the most experienced and capable of the New Mexico militia leaders. When the Pueblo Revolt broke out, Domínguez advanced north from Isleta Pueblo to Cochiti , to
2646-547: The village of Porvenir murdered 15 local Hispanic residents . The economy of the county in 1982 was based primarily on agriculture, with 83% of the land in farms and ranches. Wagon trains on the Chihuahua Trail reported seeing unexplained lights in the mid-19th century. The first recorded incident of the Marfa Lights was in 1883 when Robert Reed Ellison and cowhands camped at Mitchell Flats. They thought
2700-413: Was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.43. In the county, the population was distributed as 32.70% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 24.90% from 25 to 44, 20.20% from 45 to 64, and 13.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 94.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.00 males. The median income for a household in
2754-469: Was born in 1631. He was a member of the wealthiest family in New Mexico. He had, at least, two siblings (between them, the governor of New Mexico Tomé Dominguez de Mendoza ). At the age of twelve he went to New Mexico, and he was to accompany several expeditions into what is now Texas. He was a member of the Diego de Guadalajara expedition of 1654 from Santa Fe to what is now San Angelo, Texas , where
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#17327877394732808-415: Was given a long list of expectations and duties that he was to make certain were abided by and accomplished at all times. These requirements included: 1) Making sure that the priests who were to accompany him were treated with respect, politeness, and good courtesy by all the members (Natives and Spaniards) of the expedition. 2) To accurately record, in writing, the number of leagues traveled from camp to camp,
2862-489: Was named the county seat. The boundaries and seat of Presidio County were changed in the 1880s. Marfa was established in 1883, and the county seat was moved there from Fort Davis in 1885. In 1854, the army built Fort Davis in northern Presidio County. Fort Davis closed during the Civil War and reopened in 1867. The black population increased to 489 when Buffalo Soldiers were stationed at Fort Davis. John W. Spencer,
2916-493: Was purchased by John B. Poindexter , the founder and chief executive officer of Houston -based manufacturing firm J.B. Poindexter & Co. Poindexter turned the historic forts into luxury hotel rooms. The grounds are used for big game and bird hunting. It hosted a gathering of members of the International Order of St. Hubertus , a male-only fraternity of hunters, in 2010. A wildfire spread across 1,700 acres of
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