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53-450: Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery is a 343-acre (139 ha) rural cemetery located in the borough of Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grâce , Montreal , Quebec , Canada which was founded in 1854. The entrance and the grounds run along a part of Côte-des-Neiges Road and up the slopes of Mount Royal . Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery is the largest cemetery in Canada by number of burials and

106-557: A Montreal municipal councillor, was the first person to be buried in the new cemetery. Notre Dame des Neiges is the largest cemetery in Canada with more than 55 kilometres of lanes and one million people interred. The Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery site has more than 65,000 monuments and 71 family vaults. The cemetery originally served Roman Catholics and rural French Canadians. Italian, Portuguese, Japanese, Orthodox Greek, Polish, Ukrainian and Huron are also represented, indicated in many instances by ethnic motifs on gravestones. The cemetery

159-733: A church in Constantinople in her honor. The earliest pictorial sign of her veneration in the West is an eighth-century fresco in the church of Santa Maria Antiqua , Rome. The Feast of the Conception of the Virgin Mary had reached southern Italy by the ninth century. In the Latin Church St. Anne was not venerated, except, perhaps, in the south of France, before the thirteenth century. A shrine at Douai, in northern France,

212-483: A commercial business for the first time, replacing the practice of burying the dead in churchyards or on private farmland. One effect of the law was the development of a large concentration of cemeteries along the border between the New York City boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn , often called the "Cemetery Belt". By the 1860s, rural cemeteries could be found on the outskirts of cities and smaller towns across

265-584: A girl,”—and Allah fully knew what she had delivered—“and the male is not like the female. I have named her Mary, and I seek Your protection for her and her offspring from Satan, the accursed.” So her Lord accepted her graciously and blessed her with a pleasant upbringing—entrusting her to the care of Zachariah... Although the canonical books of the New Testament never mention the mother of the Virgin Mary, traditions about her family, childhood, education, and eventual betrothal to Joseph developed very early in

318-592: A maritime saint, protecting sailors and fisherman, and invoked against storms. Two well-known shrines to St. Anne are that of Ste-Anne-d'Auray in Brittany, France; and that of Ste-Anne-de-Beaupré near the city of Québec. The number of visitors to the Basilica of Ste-Anne-de-Beaupré is greatest on St Anne's Feast Day, 26 July, and the Sunday before Nativity of the Virgin Mary, 8 September. In 1892, Pope Leo XIII sent

371-722: A relic of St Anne to the church. In the Maltese language , the Milky Way galaxy is called It-Triq ta' Sant'Anna , literally "The Way of St. Anne" . In the United States, the Daughters of the Holy Spirit named the former Annhurst College in her honor. By the middle of the seventh century, a distinct feast day, the Conception of St. Anne (Maternity of Holy Anna) celebrating the conception of Mary by Saint Anne,

424-424: A rural area outside of Quebec City, Canada, upon his first design, the highly acclaimed Green-Wood Cemetery , in what at the time was a rural section of Brooklyn . All three of Douglass' rural, garden cemeteries have been conferred a historic status, by their respective nations. Its architect, Charles Baillargé, took inspiration from Green–Wood Cemetery, as well, for his design of this garden cemetery, in what at

477-547: A specific grave can be difficult. As a result, the cemetery now offers a computerized mapping service that allows visitors to quickly and accurately locate graves. It can be accessed at the cemetery using a touch screen display or via the Internet. The only opening in the fence between the Notre Dame des Neiges and Mount Royal cemeteries is where two adjoining military sections are. Shortly after World War I , to emphasize

530-566: Is Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri . There is a shrine dedicated to Saint Anne in the Woods in Bristol , United Kingdom. In John Everett Millais 's 1849–50 work, Christ in the House of His Parents , Anne is shown in her son-in-law Joseph's carpentry shop caring for a young Jesus who had cut his hand on a nail. She joins her daughter Mary , Joseph, and a young boy who will later become known as John

583-668: Is a door. She is often portrayed wearing red and green, representing love and life. Anne is never shown as present at the Nativity of Christ , but is frequently shown with the infant Christ in various subjects. She is sometimes believed to be depicted in scenes of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the Circumcision of Christ , but in the former case, this likely reflects a misidentification through confusion with Anna

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636-707: Is adjacent to the Mount Royal Cemetery , a predominantly English-speaking and originally Protestant adjacent burial ground, the Shaar Hashomayim Cemetery , an Ashkenazi Jewish burial ground and Temple Emanu-El Cemetery, a Reformed Jewish burial ground. These four abutting cemeteries on the slopes of Mount Royal contain a total of 1.5 million burials. "La Pietà Mausoleum" contains a life-sized marble reproduction of Michelangelo's Pietà sculpture (original located in St. Peter's Basilica at

689-560: Is also revered in Islam , recognized as a highly spiritual woman and as the mother of Mary. She is not named in the Quran , where she is referred to as "the wife of Imran". The Quran describes her remaining childless until her old age. One day, Anne saw a bird feeding its young while sitting in the shade of a tree, which awakened her desire to have children of her own. She prayed for a child and eventually conceived; her husband, Imran , died before

742-586: The Catholic Encyclopedia (1907) regards this genealogy as spurious. In the fourth century and then much later in the fifteenth century, a belief arose that Mary was conceived of Anne without original sin . This belief in the Immaculate Conception states that God preserved Mary's body and soul intact and sinless from her first moment of existence, through the merits of Jesus Christ. The Immaculate Conception, often confused with

795-716: The Annunciation of the Incarnation (Mary's virgin birth of Jesus), was made dogma in the Catholic church by Pope Pius IX 's papal bull , Ineffabilis Deus , in 1854. The thirteenth century Speculum Maius of Vincent of Beauvais incorporates information regarding the life of Saint Anne from an earlier work by Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim Abbey. In the Eastern church, the veneration of Anne herself may go back as far as c.  550 , when Justinian built

848-545: The Civil War and cemeteries often had the stench of decomposing corpses. After several yellow fever epidemics, many cities began to relocate cemeteries outside city limits, as it was believed to be more hygienic. As early as 1711, the architect Sir Christopher Wren advocated for the creation of burial grounds on the outskirts of town, "inclosed with a strong Brick Wall, and having a walk round, and two cross walks, decently planted with Yew-trees". An early influence on

901-621: The Presentation of Mary are celebrated as two of the twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church . The Dormition of Anne is also a minor feast in Eastern Christianity. In Lutheran Protestantism , it is held that Martin Luther chose to enter religious life as an Augustinian friar after invoking St. Anne while endangered by lightning. Anne ( Arabic : حنة بنت فاقوذ , romanized :  Ḥannah bint Faḳūdh )

954-509: The Romantic aesthetic taste for pastoral beauty, Mount Auburn was developed as a "domesticated landscape" popularized by 19th century English landscape design. Its plan included retention of natural features like ponds and mature forests with added roads and paths that followed the natural contours of the land, as well as the planting of hundreds of native and exotic trees and plants. United States Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story delivered

1007-461: The Vatican ). Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1998 and plaqued in 2004. No burials or cremations took place between May 16, 2007, and September 11, 2007, because of a labour strike. The interments of more than 300 bodies were affected. In addition, its uncut, unkempt grass became a symbol of the labour dispute. Due to its vast size, locating

1060-524: The lawn cemetery . Presently, many of these historic cemeteries are designated landmarks and are cared for by non-profit organizations. David Bates Douglass , a military and civilian engineer, working in the capacity as a consulting architect, designed the landscape layout of Albany Rural Cemetery , 1845–1846. He modeled his design of the Albany Rural Cemetery, as well as his subsequent and final one, Mount Hermon Cemetery (1848), in

1113-414: The puritanical pessimism depicted in earlier cemeteries. Statues and memorials included depictions of angels and cherubs as well as botanical motifs such as ivy representing memory, oak leaves for immortality, poppies for sleep and acorns for life. From their inception, the new cemeteries were intended as civic institutions designed for public use. Before the widespread development of public parks ,

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1166-683: The Baptist in caring for the injured hand of Jesus. The subject of Joachim and Anne The Meeting at the Golden Gate was a regular component of artistic cycles of the Life of the Virgin . The couple meet at the Golden Gate of Jerusalem and embrace. They are aware of Anne's pregnancy, of which they have been separately informed by an archangel. This moment stood for the conception of Mary, and

1219-619: The Blessed Virgin Mary, was built in 1978. The others were added gradually in the years that followed: John-Paul II (1980), Saint-Francis (1982), Marguerite-Bourgeoys (1983), The Pietà (1985), Saints Peter and Paul (1989), Sainte Clare of Assisi (1994), the two-storey Saint Marguerite d'Youville (1996) and most recently, Esther-Blondin (2007). Opened in November 2007, the Esther Blondin Mausoleum, named after

1272-585: The Church, it was taken over almost in toto by another apocryphal work, the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew , which popularised most of its stories. Ancient belief, attested to by a sermon of John of Damascus , was that Anne married once. The sister of Saint Anne was Sobe , mother of Elizabeth . In the fifteenth century, the Catholic cleric Johann Eck related in a sermon that St Anne's parents were named Stollanus and Emerentia . Frederick George Holweck , writing in

1325-556: The Cross of Sacrifice. The Quebec Memorial on the National Field of Honour at Pointe-Claire lists 24 servicemen buried here, whose graves could no longer be marked or maintained, as alternative commemorations. Every mausoleum in Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery contains multiple crypts , clearly identified, as well as columbaria with glass or marble niches for one or more urns . The first mausoleum, Notre Dame, dedicated to

1378-630: The Prophetess . There was a tradition that Anne went (separately) to Egypt and rejoined the Holy Family after their Flight to Egypt . Anne is not seen with the adult Christ, so was regarded as having died during the youth of Jesus. Anne is also shown as the matriarch of the Holy Kinship , the extended family of Jesus, a popular subject in late medieval Germany; some versions of these pictorial and sculptural depictions include Emerentia who

1431-715: The Rural Cemetery movement was the New Burying Ground in New Haven, Connecticut (later named Grove Street Cemetery ). The New Burying Ground was established in 1796, and was the first example in the U.S. of a non-sectarian cemetery outside of church and city control in a park-like setting. In 1804, the first rural cemetery, the Père Lachaise Cemetery , opened in Paris . The new design took

1484-890: The South Cemetery ( Südfriedhof ) in Kiel dates from 1869, the Riensberger Friedhof in Bremen dates from 1875, the 1881 Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde in Berlin, the 1881 Südfriedhof in Leipzig , and the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg . The Ohlsdorf was transformed from a treeless, sandy plain into 92 acres of sculpted, wooded landscape by its first director, architect Wilhelm Cordes. In 2016 it stands as

1537-751: The U.S. such as Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia , and Green-wood Cemetery in Brooklyn . Many were accompanied by dedication addresses similar to Storys', which linked the cemeteries to the mission of creating a Christian republic . In 1847, the New York State Legislature passed the Rural Cemetery Act which authorized commercial burial grounds in New York . The law led to the burial of human remains becoming

1590-546: The cemetery out of the control of the church, using an attractive park built on a grand scale, architectural design and careful planting inspired by the English garden movement. The first rural cemetery in the United States was Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts , founded by Dr. Jacob Bigelow and Henry Dearborn of The Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1831. The City of Boston became concerned about

1643-471: The child was born. Expecting the child to be male, Anne vowed to dedicate him to isolation and service in the Second Temple . However, Anne bore a daughter instead, and named her Mary. Her words upon delivering Mary reflect her status as a great mystic , realising that while she had wanted a son, this daughter was God's gift to her: When she delivered, she said, “My Lord! I have given birth to

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1696-598: The church of St. Sophia as late as 1333. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, returning crusaders and pilgrims from the East brought relics of Anne to a number of churches, including most famously those at Apt, in Provence, Ghent, and Chartres. St. Anne's relics have been preserved and venerated in the many cathedrals and monasteries dedicated to her name, for example in Austria , Canada, Germany, Italy, and Greece in

1749-568: The comradeship and uniformity of sacrifice of Protestant and Catholic soldiers, the Imperial War Graves Commission insisted on an open passage between the two plots and the Cross of Sacrifice was erected. There are 445 identified Commonwealth service war grave burials commemorated here, 252 from World War I and 215 from World War II. Those whose graves could not be individually marked are named on bronze plaques attached to

1802-541: The country. These cemeteries were decorated with tall obelisks, spectacular mausoleums, and magnificent sculptures. By 1861, the rural cemetery movement began to decline partly due to the high cost of maintaining large landscapes but also due to the development of public parks. Many landscape designers, including Frederick Law Olmsted who designed Central Park in New York City , borrowed ideas from rural cemeteries. As more public parks opened, fewer people went to cemeteries for leisure and relaxation activities. Due to

1855-425: The dedication address on September 24, 1831. Mount Auburn also began the practice of allowing the purchase of family plots large enough to allow the burial of several generations of a single family. Mount Auburn quickly grew as a popular site for both burials and public recreation, attracting locals as well as tourists from across the country and Europe. Mount Auburn inspired dozens of other rural cemeteries across

1908-474: The early 19th century, urban burial grounds were generally sectarian and located on small plots and churchyards within cities. With the rapid increase in urban populations due to the Industrial Revolution , urban cemeteries became unhealthily overcrowded with graves stacked upon each other, or emptied and reused for newer burials. The practice of embalming did not become popular until after

1961-531: The feast was celebrated on the same day as the Immaculate Conception . Art works representing the Golden Gate and the events leading up to it were influenced by the narrative in the widely read Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine. The Birth of Mary , the Presentation of Mary and the Marriage of the Virgin were usual components of cycles of the Life of the Virgin in which Anne is normally shown here. Her emblem

2014-476: The founder of the Sisters of Saint Anne , houses 6,000 burial crypts and niches. The cemetery is the final resting place for a number of former mayors of the city of Montreal plus other prominent persons including: Rural cemetery The rural cemetery movement mirrored changing attitudes toward death in the nineteenth century. Images of hope and immortality were popular in rural cemeteries in contrast to

2067-503: The health hazards caused by decomposing corpses in cemeteries in the middle of the city. A citizens' group led by Bigelow pulled together residents to discuss the design and location of a cemetery outside city limits. The search for a site took six years and land was eventually purchased on a farm known as Sweet Auburn along the Charles River about four miles from Boston. Coinciding with the growing popularity of horticulture and

2120-571: The history of the church. The oldest and most influential source for these is the apocryphal Gospel of James , first written in Koine Greek around the middle of the second century AD. In the West, the Gospel of James fell under a cloud in the fourth and fifth centuries when it was accused of "absurdities" by Jerome and condemned as untrustworthy by Pope Damasus I , Pope Innocent I , and Pope Gelasius I . However, despite having been condemned by

2173-584: The largest rural cemetery in the world, and has been the largest cemetery in Europe since its opening in 1875. As of 1911, rural cemeteries were still unusual in Germany. Other examples include the Waldfriedhof Dahlem in Berlin, 1931. Saint Anne According to apocrypha , as well as Christian and Islamic tradition, Saint Anne was the mother of Mary , the wife of Joachim and

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2226-607: The maternal grandmother of Jesus . Mary's mother is not named in the Bible's canonical gospels . In writing, Anne's name and that of her husband Joachim come only from New Testament apocrypha , of which the Gospel of James (written perhaps around 150 AD) seems to be the earliest that mentions them. The mother of Mary is mentioned but not named in the Quran . The story is similar to that of Samuel , whose mother Hannah ( Hebrew : חַנָּה ‎ Ḥannāh "favour, grace"; etymologically

2279-1264: The patron of miners arises from the medieval comparison between Mary and Christ and the precious metals silver and gold. Anne's womb was considered the source from which these precious metals were mined. She is also the patron saint of: Brittany ( France ), Cuenca ( Ecuador ), Chinandega ( Nicaragua ), the Mi'kmaq people of Canada , Castelbuono (Sicily), Quebec ( Canada ), Santa Ana ( California ), Norwich ( Connecticut ), Detroit ( Michigan ), Adjuntas ( Puerto Rico ), Santa Ana and Jucuarán ( El Salvador ), Berlin ( New Hampshire ), Santa Ana Pueblo , Seama , and Taos ( New Mexico ), Chiclana de la Frontera , Marsaskala , Tudela and Fasnia ( Spain ), Town of Sta Ana Province of Pampanga , Molo, Iloilo City , Balasan, Iloilo , Hagonoy , Santa Ana, Taguig City , Saint Anne Shrine , Malicboy, Pagbilao , Quezon and Malinao, Albay ( Philippines ), Santana ( Brazil ), Saint Anne ( Illinois ), Sainte Anne Island, Baie Sainte Anne and Praslin Island ( Seychelles ), Bukit Mertajam and Port Klang ( Malaysia ), Kľúčové ( Slovakia ) and South Vietnam . The parish church of Vatican City

2332-497: The rural cemetery provided a place for the general public to enjoy outdoor recreation amidst art and sculpture previously available only for the wealthy. The popularity of rural cemeteries decreased toward the end of the 19th century due to the high cost of maintenance, development of true public parks and perceived disorderliness of appearance arising from independent ownership of family burial plots and different grave markers. Lawn cemeteries became instead an attractive design. In

2385-612: The same name as Anne) had also been childless. The Immaculate Conception was eventually made dogma by the Catholic Church following an increased devotion to Anne in the twelfth century. Dedications to Anne in Eastern Christianity occur as early as the sixth century. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition , Anne and Joachim are ascribed the title Ancestors of God , and both the Nativity of Mary and

2438-409: The scale of death caused by the American Civil War (almost 2% the U.S. population died in the war), the U.S. government outsourced many burials to privately owned rural cemeteries. Since family plot owners could do as they wished with their lots, rural cemeteries that began as orderly and scenic ended up as cluttered and unkempt. Rural cemeteries began to fade out of popularity and were replaced by

2491-455: The semi-autonomous Mount Athos , and the city of Katerini. Medieval and baroque craftsmanship is evidenced in, for example, the metalwork of the life-size reliquaries containing the bones of her forearm. Examples employing folk art techniques are also known. Düren has been the main place of pilgrimage for Anne since 1506, when Pope Julius II decreed that her relics should be kept there. The Church of Saint Anne in Beit Guvrin National Park

2544-569: The third-largest in North America . Created on property purchased from Dr. Pierre Beaubien , the new cemetery was a response to growing demand at a time when the old Saint-Antoine Cemetery (near present-day Dorchester Square ) had become too small to serve Montreal's rapidly increasing population. Founded in 1854 as a garden cemetery in the French style, it was designed by landscape architect Henri-Maurice Perreault, who studied rural cemeteries in Boston and New York. On May 29, 1855, thirty-five-year-old Jane Gilroy McCready, wife of Thomas McCready, then

2597-399: The time was the rural outskirts of the city of Québec. The development of the American movement paralleled the creation of the landscaped cemeteries in England , with Mount Auburn inspiring the design of London 's first non-denominational cemetery at Abney Park (1840), one of the Magnificent Seven cemeteries . Among the first of the Parkfriedhof established in German-speaking Europe,

2650-442: Was built by the Byzantines and the Crusaders in the twelfth century, known in Arabic as Khirbet (lit. "ruin") Sandahanna, the mound of Maresha being called Tell Sandahanna. Saint Anne is patroness of unmarried women, housewives, women in labor or who want to be pregnant, grandmothers, mothers and educators. She is also a patroness of horseback riders, cabinet-makers and miners. As the mother of Mary, this devotion to Saint Anne as

2703-409: Was observed at the Monastery of Saint Sabas . It is now known in the Greek Orthodox Church as the feast of " The Conception by St. Anne of the Most Holy Theotokos ", and celebrated on 9 December. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Feast of Saints Anne and Joachim is celebrated on 26 July. The alleged relics of St. Anne were brought from the Holy Land to Constantinople in 710 and were kept there in

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2756-413: Was one of the early centers of devotion to St. Anne in the West. The Anna Selbdritt was a type of iconography depicting the three generations of Saint Anne, Mary, and the child Jesus. Emphasizing the humanity of Jesus, it drew on the earlier conventions of the Seat of Wisdom , and was popular in northern Germany in the 1500s. During the High Middle Ages, Saint Anne became increasingly identified as

2809-407: Was reputed in the fifteenth century to be Anne's mother. In modern devotions, Anne and her husband are invoked for protection for the unborn. The role of the Messiah's grandparents in salvation history was commonly depicted in early medieval devotional art in a vertical double-Madonna arrangement known as the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne . Another typical subject has Anne teaching the Virgin Mary

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