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39-416: Designed by the architect Carlo Maciachini (1818–1899), it was planned to consolidate a number of small cemeteries that used to be scattered around the city into a single location. Officially opened in 1866, it has since then been filled with a wide range of contemporary and classical Italian sculptures as well as Greek temples , elaborate obelisks , and other original works such as a scaled-down version of

78-699: A number of other designs (mostly restorations of decayed religious buildings) in Milan and other areas of Northern Italy, including several cities in Lombardy , Veneto , and Friuli-Venezia Giulia . He would also sporadically return to sculpture and carving; for example, he realized the Corinthian capitals of the church of Bodio , as well as the pulpits of the Basilica of San Vittore in Varese . Maciachini

117-460: A number of theories alleging that Maciachini was an affiliate of some sort of secret organisation, such as a Freemasonry society. Twelve Tribes of Israel The Twelve Tribes of Israel ( Hebrew : שִׁבְטֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל , romanized :  Šīḇṭēy Yīsrāʾēl , lit.   'Staffs of Israel') are, according to Hebrew scriptures , the descendants of the biblical patriarch Jacob (also known as Israel), who collectively form

156-514: A special section for those who do not belong to the Catholic religion and a Jewish section. Near the entrance there is a permanent exhibition of prints, photographs, and maps outlining the cemetery's historical development. It includes two battery-operated electric hearses built in the 1920s. The section, designed by Carlo Maciachini , opened in 1872 to replace the cemeteries of Porta Tenaglia, Porta Magenta, and Porta Vercellina. It lies east of

195-463: A united Kingdom of Israel ever existed is also a matter of ongoing dispute. Living in exile in the sixth century BC, the prophet Ezekiel has a vision for the restoration of Israel, of a future in which the twelve tribes of Israel are living in their land again. According to Joshua 13–19 , the Land of Israel was divided into twelve sections corresponding to the twelve tribes of Israel. However,

234-434: Is widely known among all ancient peoples. Archaeology has found that many of these personal names of ancestors originally were the names of clans, tribes, localities, or nations. [...] if the names of the twelve tribes of Israel are those of mythological ancestors and not of historical persons, then many stories of the patriarchal and Mosaic age lose their historic validity. They may indeed partly reflect dim reminiscences of

273-505: The Israelite nation . The tribes were through his twelve sons through his wives, Leah and Rachel , and his concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah . In modern scholarship, there is skepticism as to whether there ever were twelve Israelite tribes, with the use of the number 12 thought more likely to signify a symbolic tradition as part of a national founding myth , although some scholars disagree with this view. Jacob, later called Israel,

312-557: The Monumental Cemetery (1866). Other notable works of Maciachini are restorations of historic churches in several cities of northern Italy. Along with Camillo Boito , Luca Beltrami , and Luigi Broggi , Maciachini is one of the prominent representatives of the eclectic period of Milanese architecture, sometimes referred to as "Milanese Eclecticism" (approx. 1860–1920). Maciachini was born in Induno Olona , in

351-518: The New Testament . In the gospels of Matthew ( 19:28 ) and Luke ( 22:30 ), Jesus anticipates that in the Kingdom of God his disciples will "sit on [twelve] thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel". The Epistle of James ( 1:1 ) addresses his audience as "the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad". The Book of Revelation ( 7:1–8 ) gives a list of the twelve tribes. However,

390-613: The Province of Varese ( Lombardy ), to a farmers family. As a young boy, he proved to be a talented wood carver, working as an apprentice in local woodworking shops. At the age of 20, he moved to Milan to become an art student at the Brera Academy , where eventually graduated in architecture, at the same time earning a great popularity in the Milanese high society as a carver and decorator. His first major work as an architect

429-474: The Trajan's Column . Many of the tombs belong to noted industrialist dynasties, and were designed by artists such as Adolfo Wildt , Giò Ponti , Arturo Martini , Agenore Fabbri , Lucio Fontana , Medardo Rosso , Giacomo Manzù , Floriano Bodini, and Giò Pomodoro . The main entrance is through the large Famedio , a massive Hall of Fame -like Neo-Medieval style building made of marble and stone that contains

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468-605: The Tribe of Dan is omitted while Joseph is mentioned alongside Manasseh . In the vision of the Heavenly Jerusalem , the tribes' names (the names of the twelve sons of Jacob ) are written on the city gates ( Ezekiel 48:30–35 & Revelation 21:12–13 ). In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , a patriarchal blessing usually contains a declaration of the lineage of the recipient of blessing in relation to

507-575: The Tribe of Levi ) are descendants of a single Levite ancestor who came to Europe from the Middle East roughly 1,750 years ago. The growth of this specific lineage aligns with the expansion patterns seen in other founding groups of Ashkenazi Jews. This means that a relatively small number of original ancestors have had a large impact on the genetic makeup of today's Ashkenazi population. Attributed arms are Western European coats of arms given retrospectively to persons real or fictitious who died before

546-464: The Bible, the twelve tribes of Israel are sons of a man called Jacob or Israel, as Edom or Esau is the brother of Jacob, and Ishmael and Isaac are the sons of Abraham . Elam and Ashur , names of two ancient nations, are sons of a man called Shem . Sidon , a Phoenician town, is the first-born of Canaan ; the lands of Egypt and Abyssinia are the sons of Ham . This kind of mythological geography

585-427: The Catholic cemetery and has a separate entrance. The area is the result of a 1913 expansion to the southern and east. The central building was originally the entrance to the cemetery. Tomb numbering is repeated because the cemetery is divided into six fields and an addition in the eastern side. There are also three common fields, including one for children, where burials date from 1873 to 1894, with small gravestones on

624-656: The Hebrews' tribal past, but in their specific detail they are fiction." Norman Gottwald argued that the division into twelve tribes originated as an administrative scheme under King David. Additionally, the Mesha Stele (carved c. 840 BCE) mentions Omri as King of Israel and also mentions "the men of Gad ". Recent studies of genetic markers within Jewish populations strongly suggest that modern Ashkenazi Levites ( Jewish males who claim patrilineal descent from

663-533: The Israelite national founding myth : the number 12 was not a real number, but an ideal number, which had symbolic significance in Near Eastern cultures with duodecimal counting systems, from which, among other things, the modern 12-hour clock is derived. Biblical scholar Arthur Peake saw the tribes originating as postdiction , as eponymous metaphor giving an aetiology of the connectedness of

702-1046: The Jewish Martyrs of Nazism), Gigiotti Zanini (Zanini tomb), Adolfo Valabrega (Moisé Foligno shrine), Luigi Perrone (Goldfinger shrine). Sculptors whose work is found here include: Mario Quadrelli (Pisa shrine), Giuseppe Daniele Benzoni (Ottolenghi Finzi tomb), Luigi Vimercati (Estella Jung tomb), Agostino Caravati (Alessandro Forti tomb), Rizzardo Galli (Vittorio Finzi tomb), Enrico Cassi (De Daninos tomb), Attilio Prendoni (Errera and Conforti tomb), Eduardo Ximenes (Treves shrine), Giulio Branca (Giovanni Norsa tomb, Michelangelo Carpi tomb), fratelli Bonfanti (Davide and Beniamino Foà tomb), Enrico Astorri (Carolina Padova and Fanny Levi Cammeo tomb), Egidio Boninsegna (Giuseppe Levi tomb), Dario Viterbo (Levi Minzi columbarium), Giannino Castiglioni (Ettore Levis and Goldfinger tombs), Adolfo Wildt (Cesare Sarfatti tomb), Eugenio Pellini (Bettino Levi tomb), Arrigo Minerbi (Renato del Mar tomb), Roberto Terracini (Nino Colombo tomb). The central building

741-554: The cemetery point visitors to several of the most remarkable tombs and monuments. Some of the persons interred in the cemetery include: Mayors of Milan Carlo Maciachini Carlo Francesco Maciachini ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈkarlo franˈtʃesko matʃaˈkiːni] ; sometimes spelled Maciacchini ; 2 April 1818 – 10 June 1899) was an Italian architect and restorer. Born near Varese , he studied in Milan , where he also realized some of his most important works, most notably

780-801: The decoration of facades, rose windows , and other architectural elements. It has been noted that, despite working on religious buildings, Maciachini made very little use of Christian symbols: for example, the chapels in the Famedio (the core building of the Monumental Cemetery) did not include any Cross symbol in Maciachini's original design. On the other hand, stars of David , pentagrams , (left-facing) swastikas , triskelions , and other non-Christian symbols are found in many of Maciachini's facades and architectures. This predilection for "pagan" (possibly esoteric ) symbols has aroused

819-491: The eponymous ancestors, and even whether the earliest version of this tradition assumes the existence of twelve tribes. Biblical lists of tribes, not all of which number 12, include the following: Scholars such as Max Weber (in Ancient Judaism ) and Ronald M. Glassman (2017) concluded that there never was a fixed number of tribes. Instead, the idea that there were always twelve tribes should be regarded as part of

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858-577: The formation of the United Kingdom of Israel passed with the tribes forming a loose confederation, described in the Book of Judges . Modern scholarship has called into question the beginning, middle, and end of this picture and the account of the conquest under Joshua has largely been abandoned. The Bible's depiction of the 'period of the Judges' is widely considered doubtful. The extent to which

897-400: The good things We have provided you.' And they did not wrong Us, but they used to wrong [only] themselves." For thousands of years, Christians and Jews have accepted the history of the twelve tribes as fact. Since the 19th century, however, historical criticism has examined the veracity of the historical account; whether the twelve tribes ever existed as they are described, the historicity of

936-663: The ground bearing the names and dates of death. The monuments, built from 1866 onward, are located along the walkways. There are also family shrines, two of which were designed by Maciachini, columbaria, and ossuaries along the northern and western cemetery walls and burials in the central building. There are 1778 burials, some in memory of people killed by in Nazi concentration camps or in the Lake Maggiore massacres , including at Meina. There are many monuments of artistic value built by important architects and sculptors, described in

975-480: The guide book by Giovanna Ginex and Ornella Selvafolta . The following architects have worked in the Jewish section: Carlo Maciachini (Davide Leonino and Pisa shrines), Giovanni Battista Bossi (Anselmo de Benedetti tomb), Ercole Balossi Merlo (Leon David Levi shrine), Luigi Conconi (Segre shrine), Giovanni Ceruti (Vitali shrine), Carlo Meroni (Taranto tomb), Cesare Mazzocchi (Giulio Foligno shrine), Manfredo d'Urbino (Jarach shrine, Mayer tomb, Besso tomb, Monument to

1014-546: The inheritance of his brothers, treated as if he were the firstborn son instead of Reuben, and so his tribe was later split into two tribes, named after his sons, Ephraim and Manasseh. The Israelites were the descendants of twelve sons of the biblical patriarch Jacob . Jacob also had at least one daughter, Dinah , whose descendants were not recognized as a tribe. The sons of Jacob were born in Padan-aram from different mothers, as follows: Deuteronomy 27:12–13 lists

1053-402: The order from oldest to youngest: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, and Benjamin. Jacob was known to display favoritism among his children, particularly for Joseph and Benjamin, the sons of his favorite wife, Rachel, and so the tribes themselves were not treated equally in a divine sense. Joseph, despite being the second-youngest son, received double

1092-507: The tombs of some of the city's and the country's most honored citizens, including that of novelist Alessandro Manzoni . The Civico Mausoleo Palanti designed by the architect Mario Palanti is a tomb built for meritorious "Milanesi", or citizens of Milan. The memorial of about 800 Milanese killed in Nazi concentration camps is located in the center and is the work of the group BBPR , formed by leading exponents of Italian rationalist architecture that included Gianluigi Banfi. The cemetery has

1131-533: The tribal names are "not personal names, but the names of ethnic groups, geographical regions, and local deities. E.g. Benjamin , meaning "son of the south" (the location of its territory relative to Samaria ), or Asher , a Phoenician territory whose name may be an allusion to the goddess Asherah ." Historian Immanuel Lewy in Commentary mentions "the Biblical habit of representing clans as persons. In

1170-412: The tribe to others in the Israelite confederation. Translator Paul Davidson argued: "The stories of Jacob and his children, then, are not accounts of historical Bronze Age people. Rather, they tell us how much later Jews and Israelites understood themselves, their origins, and their relationship to the land, within the context of folktales that had evolved over time." He goes on to argue that most of

1209-552: The tribes receiving land differed from the biblical tribes. The Tribe of Levi had no land appropriation but had six Cities of Refuge under their administration as well as the Temple in Jerusalem . There was no land allotment for the Tribe of Joseph , but Joseph's two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh , received their father's land portion. Thus the tribes receiving an allotment were: The twelve tribes of Israel are referred to in

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1248-498: The twelve tribes of Israel. The Quran (7th century CE) states that the people of Moses were split into twelve tribes. Surah 7 ( Al-A'raf ) verse 160 says: "We split them up into twelve tribal communities, and We revealed to Moses , when his people asked him for water, [saying], 'Strike the rock with your cane,' whereat twelve fountains gushed forth from it. Every tribe came to know its drinking-place. And We shaded them with clouds, and We sent down to them manna and quails: 'Eat of

1287-415: The twelve tribes: Jacob elevated the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh (the two sons of Joseph and his Egyptian wife Asenath ) to the status of full tribes in their own right due to Joseph receiving a double portion after Reuben lost his birth right because of his transgression with Bilhah. In the biblical narrative the period from the conquest of Canaan under the leadership of Joshua until

1326-508: Was also involved in a resounding failure with his design of the dome of the Cathedral of Pavia , which was completed in 1885 and partially collapsed in that same year. The cathedral had to remain closed for over seven years because pieces of marble would occasionally fall from the fractured dome. The dome is still in place, but its maintenance is difficult and costly because of the defective design. Maciachini died in Varese in 1899, and

1365-482: Was buried in the Monumental Cemetery of Milan. To honour his contributions to the architecture of Milan, a large square of the city, Piazzale Carlo Maciachini , has been named after him. Especially in the restoration of old buildings, Maciachini developed a personal and appreciated style, which was both scientific and eclectic . He would first try to identify the original structure of the buildings he

1404-812: Was enhanced in May 2015 with artistic windows that represent the Twelve Tribes of Israel by the artist Diego Pennacchio Ardemagni. The cemetery contains the Crematorium Temple, which was the first crematorium to open in the Western world . The crematorium opened in 1876 and was operational until 1992. The building is also a columbarium . As with other early crematoria in Italy, it was built in Greek Revival architecture . Signals located throughout

1443-415: Was restoring through a study of any available documentation, to recreate them as faithfully as possible; but then, when precise documentation wasn't available, he would integrate the design, creatively borrowing features from other buildings of the same historical period and architectural style. A recurring theme in Maciachini's style is the extensive use of dense patterns of geometric shapes and symbols in

1482-622: Was the realization of the Saint Spyridon Church in Trieste for the Serbian Orthodox community. A few years later he submitted his proposal for the design of the new Monumental Cemetery of Milan ("Cimitero Monumentale di Milano"), and was chosen by the city authorities for the task. The cemetery was completed in 1866, and is widely recognized as Maciachini's prominent achievement. Thereafter, Maciachini worked on

1521-418: Was the second-born son of Isaac and Rebecca , the younger twin brother of Esau , and the grandson of Abraham and Sarah . According to biblical texts, he was chosen by God to be the patriarch of the Israelite nation. From what is known of Jacob, he had two wives, sisters Leah and Rachel , and two concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah . The twelve sons form the basis for the twelve tribes of Israel, listed in

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