50-562: The Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve (NNR) comprises six separate woodland sites in the Clyde Valley region of South Lanarkshire , Scotland . These six sites are located along a 12 km section of the River Clyde and its tributaries, and lie close to built-up areas such as Hamilton and Lanark on the southern outskirts of Greater Glasgow . The sites can be easily accessed by about two million people living in
100-481: A brief partnership with the English inventor and entrepreneur Richard Arkwright to take advantage of the water power provided by the only waterfalls on the River Clyde . Under the ownership of a partnership that included Dale's son-in-law, Robert Owen , a Welsh utopian socialist and philanthropist , New Lanark became a successful business and an early example of a planned settlement and so an important milestone in
150-457: A collection of four waterfalls along the river Clyde , near the villages of New Lanark and Stonebyres . Only the three falls near New Lanark (Bonnington Linn, Corra Linn and Dundaff Linn) are included in the Falls of Clyde site of special scientific interest; the other, Stonebyres Linn, is about 2 miles (3 km) further downstream. Scottish Wildlife Trust , a charitable organisation, manages
200-520: A consistent design. Householders used to be banned from owning dogs, but this rule is no longer enforced. Some features introduced by the NLT, such as commercial signage and a glass bridge connecting the Engine House and Mill Number Three, have been criticised. The retention of a 1924-pattern red telephone box in the village square has also been seen as inappropriate. The mills, the hotel and most of
250-535: A housing association and commenced the restoration of Caithness Row and Nursery Buildings. In 1970 the mills, other industrial buildings and the houses used by Dale and Owen were sold to Metal Extractions Limited, a scrap metal company. In 1974 the NLCT (now the NLT) was founded to prevent demolition of the village. A compulsory purchase order was used in 1983 to recover the mills and other buildings from Metal Extractions after
300-649: A number of rare types of beetle, including the hairy fungus beetle , which is not thought to be found anywhere else in Scotland. Mauldslie Woods lies west of Carluke , and is the only part of the NNR to have no other official designation. It is north of the Clyde, and has shallower slopes than the other sites in the Reserve. As a result, by the 1800s the woodland here had been cleared and replanted, including one section which
350-469: A repairs notice had been served in 1979. This was because of the state of repair of the buildings despite their listing as historic buildings that required their legal preservation in 1971. They are now controlled by the NLT, either directly through the Trust or through wholly owned companies (New Lanark Trading Ltd, New Lanark Hotel Ltd and New Lanark Homes). By 2005 most of the buildings had been restored and
400-617: Is a bus service [Number 135] from Lanark station bus stance. The railway station has half-hourly services from Glasgow. New Lanark is just over one mile from the Lanark rail and bus stations. The walk is mainly downhill and well signposted. The village has a four-star hotel [the New Lanark Mill Hotel], holiday flats [the Waterhouses], and Wee Row which provides hostel type accommodation. There are restaurants and shops in
450-575: Is mainly due to Scotland's natural habitats being more intact than in the rest of the UK. Most NNRs in Scotland are also designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest . Many also form part of the Natura 2000 network, which covers Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of Conservation . Additionally, some of the NNRs are designated as Ramsar sites . National nature reserves were first created under
500-427: Is now a museum. This is mostly devoted to David Livingstone , who was born there in 1813, both examples include re-creations of the single-room living conditions of the time at New Lanark, featuring trundle beds for children such as Livingstone would have used. The David Livingstone Centre is 18 miles by road from New Lanark, between Glasgow and Hamilton. The living conditions in the village gradually improved, and by
550-576: The Chatelherault estate, which is managed by South Lanarkshire Council. Part of the site is classified as a SSSI, although the NNR extends further to include most of the land along the Avon Water and Meikle Glen within the estate. The main tree species at Hamilton High Parks are ash and elm, with areas of oak, birch and alder also present. The parkland oaks known as the Cadzow oaks are home to
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#1732776099668600-543: The European Route of Industrial Heritage . The New Lanark cotton mills were founded in 1786 by David Dale in a brief partnership with Richard Arkwright . Dale was one of the self-made "Burgher Gentry" of Glasgow who, like most of this gentry, had a summer retreat, an estate at Rosebank, Cambuslang , not far from the Falls of Clyde , which have been painted by J. M. W. Turner and many other artists. The mills used
650-409: The Falls of Clyde site, focusing on the preservation of the endangered or protected wildlife in the grounds, such as peregrine falcons , roe deer and badgers . Much interesting, protected and rare plant life can be found on the site, such as fields of heather, rowan, and bluebells; the slopes of the natural amphitheatre beneath Corra Linn are home to a rare tundra plant life which has survived since
700-525: The Lanark Lanimers celebrations, as birks (birch twigs) from here are carried as part of the procession. This came about due to a dispute in 1840, in which townspeople were accused of damaging birch trees planted by the owner of the wood. Further investigations found that the land did not in fact belong to the purported owner, and so birks gathered from Jerviswood are carried to emphasise the town's right to march over this land. The Falls of Clyde are
750-558: The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 . In 1996 the public body responsible for Scotland's natural heritage , Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH – since renamed NatureScot ), undertook a review of NNR policy that took account of the availability of other designations conferring legal protection, such as site of special scientific interest , special protection area and special area of conservation . It
800-572: The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 as containing habitats and species of national importance. National nature reserves can be owned by public, private, community or voluntary organisations but must be managed to conserve their important habitats and species, as well as providing opportunities for the public to enjoy and engage with nature. There are currently 43 NNRs in Scotland , which cover 154,250 hectares (1,542.5 km ), or less than 1.5% of
850-421: The 20-pound note features New Lanark on its reverse. Considerable attention has been given to maintaining the historical authenticity of the village. No television aerials or satellite dishes are allowed in the village, and services such as telephone, television and electricity are delivered though buried cables. To provide a consistent appearance all external woodwork is painted white, and doors and windows follow
900-491: The 21 owner-occupied properties in the village there are 45 rented properties which were let by the NLA, which was a registered housing association. The NLA also owned other buildings in the village. In 2009 the NLA was wound up as being financially and administratively unviable, and responsibility for the village's tenanted properties passed to the NLCT. In 2009 Clydesdale Bank released a new series of Scottish banknotes , of which
950-488: The Clyde Valley Woodlands NNR managed by NatureScot . Cleghorn Glen was designated as a National Nature Reserve in 1981 and Cartland Craigs was added in 1987. These two woodlands are located in deep gorges along a 4 km long section of Mouse Water . The main tree species on the lower slopes of the gorges are ash , elm , sycamore and hazel , with alder in the wetter areas. The higher parts of
1000-544: The Falls of Clyde in particular there are endangered peregrine falcons and rare tundra plant life that has survived on a cliff face since the last Ice Age. The reserve was first established in 1981, when Cleghorn Glen was declared a National Nature Reserve. In 1987 Cartland Craigs was declared part of the reserve, which was renamed as the Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve. In 2007 four additional sites (Chatelherault,
1050-436: The Falls of Clyde, Mauldslie Woods and Nethan Gorge) were declared parts of the Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve. Five of the six sites are designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), although the boundaries of each SSSI generally differ from those of the NNR. Mauldslie Woods near Carluke is not an SSSI, and has no other official designation. It was added to the NNR as an experimental addition, with
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#17327760996681100-598: The NNR designation in Scotland has been through a partnership group, comprising representatives of existing reserve management organisations and community land groups, chaired by NatureScot. NatureScot remains responsible for the statutory declaration of national nature reserves. NatureScot is responsible for designating NNRs in Scotland and for overseeing the maintenance and management of each reserve. The majority of NNRs are directly managed by NatureScot; however, some are managed by, or in co-operation with other bodies. The NNR partnership consists of nine bodies: Details on
1150-826: The Scottish Wildlife Trust. A path links the two reserves, following a route past Craignethan Castle . Upper Nethan Gorge, located near the village of Blackwood , contains an area of ancient woodland , in which ash and elm woodland grows on steep slopes above the River Nethan. The lower, wetter parts of the woodland host alderwoods , which are not common in South Lanarkshire. Plants such as broadleaved helleborine , wood melick and meadow saxifrage , all of which are locally uncommon, can be seen. Bird species present include great spotted woodpeckers and buzzards . Lower Nethan Gorge, located near
1200-538: The accounts showing the profitability of the mills. As well as the mills' connections with reform, socialism and welfare, they are also representative of the Industrial Revolution that occurred in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries and which fundamentally altered the shape of the world. The planning of employment in the mills alongside housing for the workers and services such as a school also makes
1250-577: The conditions unsatisfactory and resolved to improve the workers' lot. He paid particular attention to the needs of the 500 or so children living in the village (one of the tenement blocks is named Nursery Buildings) and working at the mills, and opened the first infants' school in Britain in 1817, although the previous year he had completed the Institute for the Formation of Character. The mills thrived commercially, but Owen's partners were unhappy at
1300-426: The developing Industrial Revolution in the UK and their place in the history of urban planning . The New Lanark mills depended upon water power. A dam was constructed on the Clyde above New Lanark and water was drawn off the river to power the mill machinery. The water first travelled through a tunnel, then through an open channel called the lade. It then went to a number of water wheels in each mill building. It
1350-496: The early 19th and mid-20th centuries to provide wood for a variety of purposes including charcoal , pit props and products such as clogs and bobbins for the cotton mills at New Lanark . Over 210 species of flowering plants have been recorded at the two sites, including less-common species such alternate-leaved golden saxifrage , wood fescue , yellow star of Bethlehem , globe flower , Dutch rush and herb paris . The woodlands are ideal for badgers, who build their setts on
1400-524: The early 20th century families would have had the use of several rooms. It was not until 1933 that the houses had interior cold water taps for sinks and the communal outside toilets were replaced by inside facilities. From 1938 the village proprietors provided free electricity to all the homes in New Lanark, but only enough power was available for one dim bulb in each room. The power was switched off at 10 pm Sunday-Friday, 11 pm Saturday. In 1955 New Lanark
1450-516: The extra expense incurred by his welfare programmes. Unwilling to allow the mills to revert to the old ways of operating, Owen bought out his partners. In 1813 the Board forced an auction, hoping to obtain the town and mills at a low price but Owen and a new board (including the economist Jeremy Bentham ) that was sympathetic to his reforming ideas won out. New Lanark became celebrated throughout Europe, with many statesmen, reformers and royalty visiting
1500-612: The historical development of urban planning . The New Lanark mills operated until 1968. After a period of decline, the New Lanark Conservation Trust (NLCT) was founded in 1974 (now known as the New Lanark Trust (NLT)) to prevent demolition of the village. By 2006 most of the buildings have been restored and the village has become a major tourist attraction . It is one of six UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Scotland and an Anchor Point of ERIH –
1550-488: The land area of Scotland. They range in size from Corrieshalloch Gorge at 7 ha to Mar Lodge Estate , which covers 29,324 ha. National nature reserve status is an accolade awarded to the best nature reserves in Scotland, and the selected sites provide examples of nationally or internationally important species and habitats. NNRs are intended to showcase Scotland's nature, and as well as being well managed for wildlife they must be managed to provide opportunities for
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1600-439: The last ice age. There is also a great variety of native woodland on the site. Much of Scotland's native woodland has been destroyed or replaced with exotic trees by human activity. Within the Falls of Clyde site there is an abundance of architecture, including Bonnington Pavilion, an 18th-century house of mirrors, an iron footbridge, and the 15th-century Corra Castle , all of which are in ruins. Hamilton High Parks forms part of
1650-476: The management of each reserve are shown in the table below. New Lanark New Lanark is a village on the River Clyde , approximately 1.4 miles (2.3 kilometres) from Lanark , in Lanarkshire , and some 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Glasgow , Scotland. It was founded in 1785 and opened in 1786 by David Dale , who built cotton mills and housing for the mill workers. Dale built the mills there in
1700-549: The mills closed in 1968. The town and the industrial activity had been in decline before then, but after the mills closed migration away from the village accelerated, and the buildings began to deteriorate. The top two floors of Mill Number 1 were removed in 1945 but the building has since been restored and is now the New Lanark Mill Hotel. In 1963 the New Lanark Association (NLA) was formed as
1750-446: The mills. They were astonished to find a clean, healthy industrial environment with a content, vibrant workforce and a prosperous, viable business venture all rolled into one. Owen's philosophy was contrary to contemporary thinking, but he was able to demonstrate that it was not necessary for an industrial enterprise to treat its workers badly to be profitable. Owen was able to show visitors the village's excellent housing and amenities, and
1800-478: The non-residential buildings in the village are owned and operated by the NLT through wholly owned companies. A 1911 Ordnance Survey map is available from the National Library of Scotland. There is a large paid parking car park on the outskirts of the village. Only disabled visitors may park in the village. The walk from the car park down to the mill village provides a worthwhile panoramic view. There
1850-567: The public to visit and enjoy them. NNRs therefore generally have facilities such as visitor centres and trails to allow visitors to explore and understand the habitats or wildlife they contain. 19 of the reserves NNRs have IUCN Category II (national park) status, including, Glen Affric , Rùm , Abernethy Forest and the Great Trossachs Forest . There are no reserves with this status in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. This
1900-697: The recently developed water-powered cotton spinning machinery invented by Richard Arkwright . Dale sold the mills, lands and village in the early 19th century for £60,000, payable over 20 years, to a partnership that included his son-in-law Robert Owen . Owen, who became mill manager in 1800, was an industrialist who carried on his father-in-law's philanthropic approach to industrial working and who subsequently became an influential social reformer . New Lanark, with its social and welfare programmes, epitomised his Utopian socialism ( see also Owenism ). The town and mills are important historically through their connection with Owen's ideas, but also because of their role in
1950-471: The residential buildings, only Mantilla Row has not been restored. Some of the restoration work was undertaken by the NLA and the NLCT. Braxfield Row and most of Long Row were restored by private individuals who bought the houses as derelict shells and restored them as private houses. Seven houses in Double Row have been externally restored by the NLCT and are being sold for private ownership. In addition to
2000-627: The settlement iconic in the development of urban planning in the UK. In 1825, control of New Lanark passed to the Walker family when Owen left Britain to start settlement of New Harmony in the US. The Walkers managed the village until 1881, when it was sold to Birkmyre and Sommerville and the Gourock Ropeworks (although they tried unsuccessfully to sell the mills and the town in 1851). They and their successor companies remained in control until
2050-585: The site being used to demonstrate methods of woodland management that promote biodiversity. The reserve is classified as a Category II protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . There is also a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) entitled Clyde Valley Woods, which covers 437 ha (1.7 sq mi) of land and partly overlaps with the NNR. Six sites make up the Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve. Cartland Craigs and Cleghorn Glen are two distinct sections of
Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue
2100-497: The slopes of the gorges and forage for food in the surrounding fields. Other mammals found include brown hares , pipistrelle bats , and otter . Of the birds present, the most notable are the spotted flycatcher , bullfinch and song thrush , all of which are identified as priority species in the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan . Jerviswood, on the edge of Cleghorn Glen, features in
2150-738: The surrounding urban areas, making the reserve unique amongst Scotland's NNRs, most of which tend to be located in more remote areas. The six sites are: The woodlands are located in steep-sided river gorges and contain outstanding examples of the ancient, semi-natural, deciduous woodland which would once have covered much of the Central Belt . Plant species found on the floor of the woodlands include bluebells , wild garlic , wood anemone and wood sorrel . The woodlands are also home to an unusual array of invertebrates including various species of beetles , hoverflies and caddisflies . Larger creatures include badgers and breeding peregrine falcons . At
2200-597: The village has become a major tourist attraction. In the mid 19th century, an entire family would have been housed in a single room. Some sense of such living conditions can be obtained by visiting the reconstructed Millworkers House at New Lanark World Heritage Site or the David Livingstone Centre at Blantyre. David Dale, who founded New Lanark, was also involved in the mills at Blantyre. Only one tenement row has survived in Blantyre, and that building
2250-499: The village of Crossford , is a semi-natural woodland consisting chiefly of elm, ash and oak trees. The site is particularly noted for a number of uncommon beetles including the nationally scarce species Cerylon fagi , Tetratoma ancora and Ptinomorphus imperialis . Other notable animals found here include green woodpeckers , otters and badgers. National nature reserve (Scotland) The national nature reserves ( NNRs ) of Scotland are areas of land or water designated under
2300-420: The woodlands have a more acidic soil, and are home to species such as oak , birch , hazel , Scots pine and occasional stands of aspen . The woodlands are considered representative of a type of habitat known as lime-sycamore forest; however Scotland is too far north for lime , and so their place is taken by elms. Many of the elm, hazel and oak trees at the northern edge of Cleghorn Glen were coppiced between
2350-693: Was connected to the National Grid . It has been estimated that over 400,000 people visit the village each year. The importance of New Lanark has been recognised by UNESCO as one of Scotland's six World Heritage Sites , the others being Edinburgh Old and New Towns, Heart of Neolithic Orkney, St Kilda , the Antonine Wall and the Forth Bridge . The mills and town were listed in 2001 after an unsuccessful application for World Heritage listing in 1986. About 130 people live in New Lanark. Of
2400-601: Was determined that NNR should possess four attributes: Additionally, it was determined that NNRs should be managed for at least one of three purposes: Between 2000 and 2003 the existing NNRs were reviewed against these criteria. Prior to 2004 there were 73 national nature reserves in Scotland, however a number have since been de-designated. New NNRs have also been designated, such as the National Trust for Scotland 's Glen Coe and Mar Lodge properties, which were both designated NNRs in 2017. Since 2012 governance of
2450-472: Was not until 1929 that the last waterwheel was replaced by a water turbine. Water power is still used in New Lanark. A new water turbine has been installed in Mill Number Three to provide electricity for the tourist areas of the village. In Owen's time some 2,500 people lived at New Lanark, many from the poorhouses of Glasgow and Edinburgh . Although not the grimmest of mills by far, Owen found
2500-482: Was planted as orchard for apples , pears and plums . Since 2007 Mauldslie Woods has formed part of the NNR, and is now being actively managed to restore the native woodland. The aim is to use the site to demonstrate methods of woodland management that promote biodiversity alongside sustainable timber extraction. The Nethan Gorge portion of the NNR consists of two sites on the River Nethan that are managed by
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