The Clear Script , is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya Pandita for the Oirat language . It was developed on the basis of the Mongolian script with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe Sanskrit and the Tibetic languages .
21-713: The Clear Script is a Mongolian script, whose obvious closest forebear is vertical Mongolian. This Mongolian script was derived from the Uyghur alphabet . The Clear Script was developed as a better way to write Mongolian, specifically of the Western Mongolian groups of the Oirats and Kalmyks. It resolved ambiguities in the written language by assigning symbols to vowels, and adding new symbols and diacritics to show vowels and vowel lengths, and to distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants. Symbols that were preserved from
42-1823: A ᠡ e ᠢ i ᠣ o ᠤ u ᠥ ö ᠦ ü ᠧ ( ē ) Mongolian consonants ᠨ n ᠩ ng ᠪ b ᠫ ( p ) ᠬ q/k ᠭ γ/g ᠮ m ᠯ l ᠰ s ᠱ š ᠲ t ᠳ d ᠴ č ᠵ ǰ ᠶ y ᠷ r ᠸ ( w ) Foreign consonants Mongolian script multigraphs v t e Letter m Transliteration ᠮ Initial ᠮ Medial (syllable-initial) Medial (syllable-final) ᠮ Final C-V syllables m‑a , m‑e ma , me mi mo , mu mö , mü Transliteration — ᠮᠠ ᠮᠢ ᠮᠣ᠋ ᠮᠥ᠋ Alone ᠮᠠ ᠮᠢ ᠮᠣ ᠮᠥ Initial ᠮᠠ ᠮᠢ ᠮᠣ Medial ᠮᠠ ⟨ [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ⟩ ᠮᠠ ᠮᠢ ᠮᠣ Final Transcribes Chakhar / m / ; Khalkha / m / . Transliterated into Cyrillic with
63-493: A and [[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) . This letter's forms are shared with Hudum script a . Confer Kalmyk Oirat э è and ∅ . Confer Kalmyk Oirat и i and ∅ . Confer Kalmyk Oirat о o and ∅ . Confer Kalmyk Oirat у u and ∅ . Confer Kalmyk Oirat ө ô and ∅ . Confer Kalmyk Oirat ү ù and ∅ . Confer Kalmyk Oirat аа aa and а
84-542: A . Confer Kalmyk Oirat ии ii and и i . This letter is shared with Hudum n . This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum b . As in ᡍᠠᠷᠠ xara 'black'. Confer Kalmyk Oirat х h . As in ᡎᠠᠯ γal 'fire'. Confer Kalmyk Oirat һ ḥ . Confer Kalmyk Oirat г g . As in ᡍᡈᡍᡈ kökö 'blue'. Confer Kalmyk Oirat к k . As in ᡔᠠᡎ caq 'time'. Confer Kalmyk Oirat г g . This letter's initial/medial form
105-500: Is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages. Mongolian language [ edit ] [REDACTED] Look up ᠮ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Main articles: Mongolian script , Mongolian writing systems , and Mongolian language Ma [REDACTED] The Mongolian script Mongolian vowels ᠠ
126-540: Is an alphabetic order in the Clear Script, as in other related scripts, but the order for it is not the same as its Mongolian parent script. The Clear Script order is: a , e , i , o , u , ö , ü ; n , b , x , γ , g , k & k’ , q , m , l , r , d , t , y , z/ǰ , c/č , s , š , ng , v/w . Confer Kalmyk Oirat а
147-581: Is misleading because Qocho , the Uyghur (Yugur) kingdom created in 843, originally used the Old Turkic alphabet . The Uyghur adopted this "Old Uyghur" script from local inhabitants when they migrated into Turfan after 840. It was an adaptation of the Aramaic alphabet used for texts with Buddhist , Manichaean and Christian content for 700–800 years in Turpan . The last known manuscripts are dated to
168-523: Is shared with Hudum m . This letter is shared with Hudum l . This letter is shared with Hudum r . As in modern/older ᠴᡇᠨ zun 'summer'. Confer Kalmyk Oirat з z . As in modern ᡓᡅᠯ ǰ il (older ᠴᡅᠯ zil ) 'year'. Confer Kalmyk Oirat ж z̆ . As in modern/older ᡔᠠᡅ cai 'tea'. Confer Kalmyk Oirat ц c . As in modern ᡒᡅ č i (older ᡔᡅ сi ) 'you'. Confer Kalmyk Oirat ч č . This letter
189-403: Is shared with Hudum s . This letter is shared with Hudum š . This letter is shared with Hudum w/v . Old Uyghur alphabet The Old Uyghur alphabet was a Turkic script used for writing Old Uyghur , a variety of Old Turkic spoken in Turpan and Gansu that is the ancestor of the modern Western Yugur language . The term "Old Uyghur" used for this alphabet
210-635: The 14th century, some examples in a horizontal direction can be found. Words are separated by spaces. Like the Sogdian alphabet (technically, an abjad), the Old Uyghur tended to use matres lectionis for the short vowels as well as for the long ones. The practice of leaving short vowels unrepresented was almost completely abandoned. Thus, while ultimately deriving from a Semitic abjad, the Old Uyghur alphabet can be said to have been largely "alphabetized". Unicode text might render incorrectly depending on
231-601: The 18th century. This was the prototype for the Mongolian and Manchu alphabets . The Old Uyghur alphabet was brought to Mongolia by Tata-tonga . The Old Uyghur script was used between the 8th and 17th centuries primarily in the Tarim Basin of Central Asia , located in present-day Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The script flourished through the 15th century in Central Asia and parts of Iran , but it
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#1732772868176252-514: The Buddhist religion throughout western Mongolia. Though the script was useful for translating works from other languages, especially Tibetan, it was also used more informally, as evidenced by some letters from the late 1690s. Around the 19th and early 20th centuries, some Altaians in Russia were able utilize the script to read and write texts due to contacts with Mongolian Buddhists. The script
273-640: The Estonian Language . 2006-05-06. ^ Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4 . ^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription" . collab.its.virginia.edu . Retrieved 2023-03-26 . ^ Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF) . University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses
294-1185: The free dictionary. Main article: Xibe language § Alphabet Manchu language [ edit ] [REDACTED] Look up ᠮ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Main article: Manchu alphabet Notes [ edit ] ^ Scholarly transliteration. ^ As in the exclamation ᠮᠠ / ᠮᠠᠢ ma/mai ( ма(й) ma(i) ) 'here, take it'. References [ edit ] ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF) . www.unicode.org . Retrieved 2022-05-16 . ^ Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2 . ^ Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7 . ^ Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9 . ^ "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF) . Institute of
315-410: The left of the axis generally slant down. The only signs that do not follow these rules are the horizontal signs for S , Š , and part of Ö . Words are delineated by a space, as well as different letter forms. Though most letters only come in one shape, there are some letters that look different depending on where in the word they occur, whether they are initial, medial, or final. There
336-609: The letter м . Derived from Old Uyghur mem ( 𐽹 ). Produced with M using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout. In the Mongolian Unicode block , m comes after γ/g and before l . Clear Script [ edit ] [REDACTED] Look up ᡏ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Main article: Clear Script Xibe language [ edit ] [REDACTED] Look up ᠮ in Wiktionary,
357-553: The traditional Mongolian script were assigned a fixed meaning. There were even some marks enabling distinctions that were unimportant for words written in the Oirat language but were useful for the transcription of foreign words and names, such as between ši and si . The Clear Script was used by Oirat and neighboring Mongols, mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It was widely used by its creator and others to translate Buddhist works so that they might better spread
378-1610: The transliterations c , ø , x , y , z , ai , and ei ; instead of č , ö , q , ü , ǰ , ayi , and eyi ; as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels ( o/u/ö/ü ) after the initial syllable as u or ü . ^ "Mongolian Traditional Script" . Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site . Retrieved 2022-05-16 . ^ "Writing – Study Mongolian" . Study Mongolian . August 2013 . Retrieved 2022-05-16 . ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian . OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6 . ^ Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3 . ^ Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7 . ^ jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization" . Microsoft Docs . Retrieved 2022-05-16 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma_(Mongolic)&oldid=1253514207 " Categories : Mongolic letters Mongolic languages Tungusic languages Hidden categories: Articles containing Halh Mongolian-language text CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with short description Short description
399-585: The typeface version installed. Transliteration ʾ β w δ The Old Uyghur alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2021 with the release of version 14.0. The Unicode block for Old Uyghur is U+10F70–U+10FAF: Ma (Mongolic)#Mongolian language Letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages Ma
420-545: Was eventually replaced by the Arabic script in the 16th century. Its usage was continued in Gansu through the 17th century. The Old Uyghur alphabet is a cursive-joining alphabet with features of an abjad . Letters join together at a baseline, and have both isolated and contextual forms, when they occur in initial, medial or final positions. The script is traditionally written vertically, from top to bottom and left to right. After
441-611: Was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic script . In Xinjiang , Oirats still use it, although today Mongolian education takes place in Chakhar Mongolian all across China. This script is a vertical script, as was its 'vertical Mongolian' parent script. Letters and diacritics are written along a central axis. Portions of letters to the right of the axis generally slant up, and portions to
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