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67-597: The people of Cuzcatan came to be called Pipiles in the historical chronicles, a term that today is usually translated as "boys" or less likely as "young nobles." This was due to the perception of the Central Nahuatl -speaking Tlaxcala and Mexica allies of the Spanish that the Nahuas of Cuzcatan were speaking a corrupted version of their language in those regions. An alternative theory is that it meant "nobles," from

134-464: A breastplate, a corselete or vest (made of cotton) and a mashte (species of loin cloth) and each painted their faces and bodies with unique colored abstract shapes and forms. The warriors were organized in teams or platoons bearing distinctive names, such as: The warriors of Cuzcatlan had a variety of weapons, most made of wood and volcanic rock shards. Pedro de Alvarado reported that they also wore thick cotton armor, which were evidently designed to repel

201-506: A brief section on the question of the Lenca. At the beginning of the 16th century, each dialect had its own confederation, each divided into several manors constituted at the same time by several towns. Each town was governed by a main head man who was assisted by four lieutenants who helped him in the tasks of their society. He was succeeded by his first-born or selected by the clan mothers. Wars were not that common during times of peace unless

268-492: A city and municipality that is part of the San Salvador Metropolitan Area (AMSS). The leader of Cuzcatan was the head of state; below him the state elders and priests who advised the ruling family; then a caste of commoners. Upon the death of a Lord, the succession was hereditary starting with the eldest son and so on. In case there were no sons available, the closest male family member was chosen by

335-494: A city located in the valley of comaygua of the Classic period, the city was protected by a series of walls still visible today. Various vases managed to be rescued from the site and taken to national museums. Since the late 20th century, scholars have focused on researching and exploring settlement patterns of the Lenca in order to better understand the chronology of settlement during the pre-Columbian era. Lenca heritage tourism

402-498: A decreasing amount of land for tribal people. Many Lenca men have had to find employment in neighboring cities. Many Lenca communities still have their communal territory. They devote the majority of cultivation to commodity crops raised for export to foreign markets. Most Lenca still use traditional agricultural practices on their own crops, as well as the crops for investors. During the Pre-European Era, Lencan pottery

469-403: A large part of the central and western areas of present-day El Salvador and covering different varieties of environments with a total of 7 plant formations between the coast and elevations greater than 2,000 meters. The economy of Cuzcatlan had contributions from both the indigenous Pipil people who inhabited the land and Spanish conquistadors post colonization. Indigenous economy consisted of

536-617: A legend developed that the last leader of Cuzcatlan was named Atacat, some authors say this is a mistake originating from a misreading of a few Spanish accounts. Historical accounts of the Annals of the Cakchiquels called the Pipil coastal people Panatacat (place of the water man); this could have been a name or a title for a person as well. After the collapse of the Nawat standing warriors in

603-460: A massive two- to three-tiered pyramidal earthwork mound. Quelepa is a major site in eastern El Salvador. Its pottery shows strong similarities to ceramics found in central western El Salvador and the Maya highlands. Archaeologists speculate that Quelepa was settled by Lenca speakers from Honduras. Population pressure may have prompted their migrations to new territory. Another site is Tenampua ,

670-557: A news report published on June 21, a former soldier of Honduras’ Inter-Institutional Security Force (known as Fusina) alleged that Cáceres’ name, along with the names of other environmentalists in Honduras, had appeared on a military hit list. A few weeks after her murder, major international investors—the Netherlands Development Finance Co. (FMO) and FinnFund—announced that they would suspend funding for

737-681: A radical tribal Clan Members tried to over throw the clan mothership. Lencas were multilingual as many other empires and nations were before, speaking languages such as Nahuat , Chorti , Xinca , Mangue etc. Its objective was to expand trade on certain times of the year, the different Lenca lordships made truces. These truces are remembered by the Lencas as the Wankasku (Guancasco) ceremony. The commoner Lencas dedicated themselves mainly to planting cornfields, Roots such as Yuca (Manioke), Potato (Patewa), sweet potato (Kumarewa, Cacao (Kaukau) etc. During

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804-570: A subgroup of Nahua people, who can also be known as Nawats, Nahuats, or Southern Nahuas . Nahua people originally resided in modern-day Mexico with waves of Pipil people migrating to what was Cuzcatlan. This Mesoamerican land is believed to be inhabited by the first wave of Pipils as early as 3000 BCE. Another wave of Nahua migrants, known as the Izalco Pipils, voyaged in the 10th century. The Nawat Pipil arrived in El Salvador around

871-412: Is a group of Nahuatl languages of central Mexico, in the regions of central Puebla , Tlaxcala , central Veracruz , Morelos , Mexico State , and Guerrero . Nuclear: Classical Nahuatl , Morelos Nahuatl , Tetelcingo Nahuatl Tlaxcala-Puebla Nahuatl (border of Puebla and Tlaxcala) and its descendant Southern Coahuila Nahuatl Central Puebla Nahuatl (Xochiltepec–Huatlatlauca, south of

938-484: Is an archaeological site in the Comayagua Valley believed to be a primary Lenca center during the middle and late formative periods. The site contained a large primary residential center several times the size of that of its neighboring settlements which were secondary centers in the region. The site was most likely chosen because of its proximity to some of the major floodplains in the valley, whose fertile soil

1005-541: Is expanding. It has brought attention to indigenous Lenca traditions and culture, especially in Honduras. The Honduran Tourism Institute, along with the United Nations Development Program , has developed a cultural heritage project dedicated to the Lenca and their culture called La Ruta Lenca . This tourist route passes through a series of rural towns in southwestern Honduras within traditional Lenca territory. The route has designated stops in

1072-534: Is not known for the kind of monumental architecture used by the Classical Maya because its later Spanish rulers dismantled most of the palaces and temples over the centuries to build walls and roads. El Salvador is one of the most looted archeological places in the western hemisphere, with many artifacts being looted in recent years, including the Izalco Jaguar heads and artifacts in museums. In 2020,

1139-454: Is still made by women in the town of Gracias, Honduras and the surrounding villages, most notably in La Campa. The pieces are usually a dark orange or brick color. Visitors can watch demonstrations of how custom pottery is made. The contemporary Lenca primarily practice Roman Catholicism , adopted, often by force, during the colonial Spanish era after the first war. The Battle of Acajutla

1206-964: The Kuskatan football team joined ConIFA , the football governing body for non- FIFA members . Sites in Spanish: 13°40′00″N 89°14′00″W  /  13.6667°N 89.2333°W  / 13.6667; -89.2333 Central Nahuatl languages Not to be confused with Central Nahuatl language . Central Nahuatl Geographic distribution Mexico State , Puebla , Guerrero Linguistic classification Uto-Aztecan Aztecan (Nahuan) Nahuatl Central Nahuatl Subdivisions Nuclear Nahuatl Puebla–Tlaxcala Xochiltepec–Huatlatlauca ? Southeastern Puebla Northern Guerrero Southern Guerrero Language codes Glottolog None cent2258   (partial match) Central Nahuatl

1273-462: The Lencan languages such as Chilanga , Putun (Potón), and Kotik , but today are native speakers of Spanish. In Honduras , the Lenca are the largest tribal group, with an estimated population of more than 450,000. Since pre-European times the Lencas occupied various areas of what is now known as Honduras and El Salvador . The Salvadoran archaeological site of Quelepa (which was inhabited from

1340-718: The National Congress , Gladys Aurora Lopez," was reported as having "direct ties" to it. Yaneth's body was found on 7 July 2016; she had been murdered the previous day in the Matamulas sector of Marcala . Police initially claimed that Yaneth was killed during the robbery of her professional bike. Because she was active in COPINH, however, fellow members and supporters believe that she was assassinated because of her political work. United Nations and European Union officials protested her death. Three suspects were arrested within

1407-534: The Agua Zarca project. On July 8, Secretary of Security Julian Pacheco said that the government had failed to provide adequate protection for Cáceres, who had received death threats previously. Lesbia Yaneth was another Lenca activist who opposed the Aurora hydroelectric project which was planned in the municipality of San José, La Paz . This project was very important to the government; "the vice-president of

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1474-653: The Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH). In 2015 she won the Goldman Environmental Prize and in March 2016 she was cruelly murdered , being honored both in her country and abroad thanks to her constant and long environmental struggle and for the rights of the tribal peoples of Honduras. While there are ongoing political problems in contemporary Central America over tribal sovereignty, land rights and identity,

1541-473: The Comayagua Valley region, Dixon finds ample evidence of cross-cultural relationships; many artifacts have been found that show that settlements were linked through ceramics. The production of Usulua Polychrome ceramics has been shown to link Lenca settlements with neighboring chiefdoms during the classic period. The Lenca sites of Yarumela and Los Naranjos in Honduras, and Quelepa in El Salvador, all contain evidence of Usulután -style ceramics. Yarumela

1608-588: The Cuzcatlan people. It is believed that this sacred drum could be dated back to ancient Mesoamerica. This word derives from the Aztec word Teponaztli , which means drum. In Aztec ceremonies this drum was used for religious, military, and royal ceremonies which reflected the use of this instrument in Cuzcatlan.    After the fall of the Aztec Empire , Hernán Cortés sent Pedro de Alvarado to conquer

1675-632: The European continent. Mota led the Lenca war defence in the surrounding settlement of Gracias a Dios, in the current department of Lempira and the exterior Coco River in Miskito territories from the Spaniards; Entepica was chief of Piraera and lord of Cerquín. After independence from Spain in 1821 and the formation of the Republic of Honduras , the formation of a new country was legalized through

1742-434: The Lenca continue to struggle in both nations over tribal territorial sovereign rites of custom and usage of the land. In the mid-1990s, tribal leaders formed political groups in order to petition the government over issues of land ownership and tribal rites. Due to the unresolved land issues and constitutional amendments in those countries that favor land ownership by large-scale investors and agro-industrialists, there has been

1809-431: The Lenca have retained many of their pre-European customs of usage of land by international laws. Although their tribal language is nearly extinct, and their culture has changed in other ways over the centuries due to the Spanish influence, the Lenca continue to preserve some custom ways and identify as tribal people. There are programs and dictionaries to help revitalize the language and custom Lenca culture. Aside from that,

1876-416: The Lenca still eat their Traditional foods like Atol Shuko (Black Corn Paste looks purple), Tamales Pisques, Miel de Jocote (Jocote Syrup), Miel De Mango (Mango Syrup), Panal De Abeja (Bee hives), Cuzuco (Armadillo), Garrobo (stone Iguana), Chakalines (River shrimp), Punches (River Crab) etc. Modern Lenca communities are centered on the milpa crop-growing system. Lenca men engage in agriculture, including

1943-586: The Nahuas social class "Pipiltin" and the Nawat Pipil origin story that they are descendants of Nanahuatzin . The name Kuskatan (place of jewel necklaces) possibly comes from the Náwat words "kuskat" (necklace) and Kuzti (jewel) meaning "jewel necklace", and "tan", meaning "among/in/near/place of/with.". In Nahuatl its cognate term is Cuzcat(l)an. The Pipil people are an ethnic group who resided in western modern day El Salvador and parts of Honduras . They are

2010-605: The Pipil people and even indigenous Mexican, including Nahua and Mixtec. The economy was based on the barter or exchange of agriculture and handcrafted goods such as multicolored textiles. Cocoa bean and Indigo dye was a major export crop that was carefully cultivated in the Izalcos area and traded throughout the isthmus. Indigo specifically was a large part of Cuzcatlan economy, it was the base for agrarian and industrial products. The large dependency on Indigo and Cocoa beans required massive amounts of labor which were carried out by

2077-459: The Señorío of Cuzcatlán like Itzqueye. Téotl, Quetzalcoatl and Itzqueye were three of the most important to the people's spiritual beliefs. Cuzcatlan was within proximity to other indigenous groups, with their music being made up of new ideologies and borrowed traditions. A specific instrument used music was a slit drum that Cuzcatlan's referred to as tepunahuaxtles . This drum was not specific to

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2144-475: The Spaniards arrived, their population, together with that of the Pipil and Poqomam, was 116,000 to 300,000 souls. Other estimates speak that the Lencas themselves numbered 300,000 (1520s) and about 25,000 in 1550. The Lempira resistance and defense of 1537-1538 managed to arm more than 30,000 warriors, indicating a large population, but some mention that the population in 1537 was barely 15,000 souls and it dropped to 8,000 two years later due to diseases brought from

2211-581: The Spanish version) and Tacuzcalco . On June 17, de Alvarado arrived in Cuzcatan. Some of the population acquiesced to his rule; others fled to the mountains. After the fall of Cuzcatan in 1525, Pedro de Alvarado's cousin Diego de Alvarado established the Villa De San Salvador . Over the next three years, various attempts by the Nahuas of Cuzcatan to destroy the newly founded town resulted in

2278-904: The United States History Proto-Uto-Aztecan Proto-Nahuan List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages Italics indicate extinct languages Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Nahuatl_languages&oldid=1255568057 " Category : Nahuatl Hidden categories: Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Families rejected by Glottolog Lenca The Lenca , also known as Lepa Wiran, meaning “Jaguar People” or “People of The Jaguar” are an Indigenous people from present day southwest Honduras and eastern El Salvador in Central America . They historically spoke various dialects of

2345-459: The area due to Spanish influence. This is another industry that was dependent on male indigenous labor for brick making, roof and tile manufacturing, blacksmithing , and charcoal making. Through Spanish chroniclers ( cronistas ) and archaeological investigations we know that the Señorío de Cuzcatlán was well organized with respect to its "Creator" or "Divine energy of life" Tiyut/ Teotl , its priesthood, first ancestors, religious rites, etc. One of

2412-464: The areas indigenous people. This became a large way for people to survive as the landowning class grew due to its labor system. Its production involved the construction of an elaborate irrigation network, parts of which can still be seen today. Cacao served in the region as currency. Other agricultural products grown by the Pipil were cotton, squash, corn, beans, fruits, balsam, some peppers, and chocolate; but chocolate could only be prepared and served to

2479-481: The caliber of throwing weapons they themselves had (see list below) as it could not repel Spanish lances. So heavy was this cotton when it became wet, Alvarado reported, that the Nahuat soldiers could not rise from the ground when thrown down. No pictorial depiction of this armor has survived. Some of the documented weapons are described below. The Lordship of Cuzcatan covered an area of approximately 10,000 km covering

2546-631: The center of what is now the Republic of Honduras. The earliest known references in western discourse about the term Lenca dates back to 1548, in the Provanzas de Juan Ruiz de la Vega , AGCA , A1.29,40.102,4670.”  The word ”Lenca” was originated By The Taulepa Clan Which Meant The Common Wealth of the People. Raphael Girard , wrote about the origin of the Kiche and other Maya groups. He also addresses

2613-843: The city of Cuzcatlán (the capital city of Cuzcatan), was founded by the exiled Toltec Ce Acatl Topiltzin around the year 1054. In the 13th century the Pipil city states were most likely unified, and by 1400, a hereditary monarchy had been established. The Pipil people aided in the flourishing of Cuzcatlan and referred to this region as the "Land of the Jewel". Using techniques that were heavily influenced by ancient Mayan culture. Pipil people inhabited this land but also resided with other indigenous groups. They were alongside specifically Lenca and Pokomam Maya and expressed similarities in their culture and traditions. Pipil's created towns and cities that were able to support large populations which were supported by irrigated agricultural lands. The area of Cuzcatan

2680-2356: The city of Puebla) ? Southeastern Puebla (see for classification) Guerrero Nahuatl (Northern/Central Guerrero, Balsas River region) Ometepec Nahuatl (Southern Guerrero) References [ edit ] ^ Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda (1986). Las áreas dialectales del náhuatl moderno . Serie antropológica, no. 62. Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas. ISBN   968-8377-44-9 . OCLC   19632019 . (in Spanish) v t e Uto-Aztecan languages Northern Numic Western Northern Paiute (including Bannock) Mono Central Shoshoni (including Gosiute ) Comanche Timbisha Southern Colorado River (Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, Ute ) Kawaiisu Takic Nicoleño ? Serran Serrano Vanyume Kitanemuk Tataviam Tongva Cupan Cahuilla Cupeño Luiseño-Juaneño Other Hopi Tübatulabal Southern Tepiman Pimic Oʼodham Pima Bajo Tepehuan Northern Tepehuan Southern Tepehuan Tepecano Tarahumaran Huarijio Upriver Huarijio Downriver Huarijio Tarahumara Tubar Opatan Eudeve Opata Cahita Yaqui Mayo Corachol Cora Huichol Guachichil ? Aztecan Nahuatl Central Classical Nahuatl Morelos Nahuatl Tetelcingo Nahuatl Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl Central Puebla Nahuatl Guerrero Nahuatl Ometepec Nahuatl Coahuila Nahuatl Huasteca Huasteca Nahuatl Western Michoacán Nahuatl Coatepec Nahuatl Pochutec Temascaltepec Nahuatl Durango Nahuatl Cazcan ? Eastern Sierra Puebla Nahuatl Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl Orizaba Nahuatl Isthmus Nahuatl Tabasco Nahuatl Pipil Other Nahuatl language in

2747-423: The conquest, its towns were evangelized. Some more conservative communities resisted converting to Catholicism, while others converted more peacefully. At the time of the Spanish conquest only Five Lencas are named in the documents of that time: Antú Silan Ulap , Lempira , Mota , Entepica , and Guancince . Lempira organized a war of resistance that lasted about twelve years and ended with his death in 1537. When

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2814-421: The constitution, of which tribal clans and ethnic groups were not part of the spoils of war or receiving total sovereignty back even though tribals participated as combatants. Despite the adoption of Catholicism , Spanish language, and the loss of their tribal language, the Lenca still preserve several features of their original culture today. In 1993, the tribal leader and Lenca activist Berta Cáceres co-founded

2881-454: The counsel of elders and priests. At the time of the Spanish conquest, Cuzcatan had developed into a powerful state that maintained a strong standing army. It had successfully resisted Mayan invasions and was the strongest military force in the region. There were many Lords of Cuzcatan; most have been forgotten with time, but historical writings by Spanish chroniclers, including Domingo Juarros , mention some that may have existed: Over time,

2948-575: The cultivation and harvest of crops. During different crop seasons, for instance, Lenca men participate in ceremonies where they consume chicha and burn incense. Guancasco is the annual ceremony by which neighboring communities, usually two, gather to establish reciprocal obligations in order to confirm peace and friendship. The guancascos take many forms and have adopted many Catholic representations, but they also include traditional customs and representations. Processions and elaborate exchanges of greetings and Honduran folk dancing are performed for

3015-449: The cultivation of coffee , cacao , tobacco , varieties of plantains , and gourds . Other principal crops are maize , wheat , beans , squash , sugarcane , and chili peppers . In El Salvador peanuts are also cultivated. Within their communities, Lenca traditionally expect all members to participate in communal efforts. While there has been a growing national acceptance of tribal rites and culture in both Honduras and El Salvador,

3082-616: The decision to move the town a few kilometers south to its present location, to the valley commonly known as "the valley of the hammocks" (due to significant seismic activity) next to the Quezaltepeque (San Salvador) volcano. Archeological sites in El Salvador include the Tazumal complex, which has Mesoamerican masonry, including truncated pyramids resembling those of Toltec temple sites. Other sites include San Andrés , Cara Sucia , Joya de Cerén and Cihuatán . Otherwise, Kuskatan

3149-433: The departments of Intibuca, La Paz, Lempira, and adjacent valleys. Stops include La Campa , where traditional Lenca pottery is handcrafted by a cooperative; the archaeological sites of Los Naranjos and Yarumela ; the town of Gracias, and other towns with Lenca heritage. La Ruta Lenca was designed to attract tourism to Lenca communities and to encourage preservation of remaining indigenous cultural practices by increasing

3216-518: The early pre-classic period to the Spanish Conquest of 1537. Prehistoric Lenca settlements were typically located along major rivers to afford access to water for drinking and washing and to waterways for transportation. The lowlands were typically fertile areas. The Lenca built relatively few and small monumental public structures, except for military fortifications. Most constructions were made of adobe rather than stone. In his research of

3283-630: The economic return for artisans and providing new markets. The project has had some successes. Members of the Lenca community have taken larger national roles since the late 20th century, primarily in the areas of human and land rights for the indigenous peoples, which are seen as inextricably linked. They have also been active in a variety of environmental issues, particularly in trying to protect their territories against major development projects that would alter their lands and ecology. The risk of speaking out has been great; indigenous people opposing such major developments have been murdered. Berta Cáceres

3350-469: The economy due to the large local force that they exerted. A new dynamic was established as these industries consisted of Spanish overseers and indigenous mestizo . One of the most significant industries they cultivated were war supplies. During the years 1525 - 1539, there was an influx of raids that occurred in the area. This led to slave labor being utilized for the creation of war supplies such as iron. Archaeology and architecture also gained prevalence in

3417-509: The first two battles with Alvarado's forces, Alvarado entered the capital of Cuzcatlan without resistance. Initially the people had to accept this conquest, offering gifts and service. Alvarado then enslaved those Nawat Pipil that they could capture. The Lenca people in the eastern zone maintained a guerrilla resistance for a further decade with Lord Lempira . Warrior service was obligatory for men from about age 15 or 20 until they were unable to serve due to age. The warrior's attire consisted of

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3484-462: The mid-1980s, NGO cooperatives of women artisans were created in order to market their pottery. To increase sales of their works, the cooperatives were encouraged to orient their designs and styles to meet the tastes of urban buyers and to expand their market. In the 21st century, Lenca women are making modern painted pottery (often painted black and white) not based on traditional designs in an effort to appeal to foreign buyers. Custom Lencan pottery

3551-619: The native city states further south. After subduing or striking alliances with the Mayan peoples in the highlands, on June 6, 1524, Pedro de Alvarado crossed the Paz river with a few hundred soldiers and thousands of Kaqchikel Mayan allies and subdued the Cacique of Izalco (the first major city state en route to Cuzcatlan). Fierce battles were fought in defense of Izalco in Acaxual (today Acajutla in

3618-560: The pilgrimage sites was the sanctuary dedicated to the ancestor goddess Nuictlán constructed by Cē Ācatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and located on Lake Güija. Human sacrifice was practiced during war time as part of a warrior code of honor. The people living in the ancient Cuzcatlán possibly attributed cosmic power to the following: Xipe Totec , Quetzalcoatl , Ehécatl , Tláloc , Chacmool , Tonatiuh , Chalchiuhtlicue and others. In addition there were some deities identified with

3685-549: The pre-classic period to the beginning of the early post-classic period) is considered a site that was inhabited and ruled by the Lencas. Another important center of the Lencas is the Yarumela settlement in central Honduras in the Comayagua Valley, which was an active city in the late Pre-Classic and Early Classic periods; archaeologists come to believe that it was a very important commercial center for this culture. Other minor settlements are Tenampua and Los Naranjos, also located in

3752-482: The ruling class. There was modest mining of gold and silver, although these were not used as currency but as offering to their many gods. Only the priests and the ruling family could use gold and silver as ornaments. Another large contribution to Cuzcatlan economy was the establishment of slave trafficking and labor which appeared after Spaniard colonization. Pedro de Alvarado began establishing slave labor throughout Central America beginning in modern-day Guatemala. This

3819-415: The sites are found in agricultural fields under cultivation. Surface evidence in rural areas reveals that pre-European tribal settlements existed in many regions. Many surface-visible earthwork mounds have been damaged from being plowed over by rural farmers. The evidence for pre-European Lenca has come from research and excavation of several sites in Honduras and El Salvador. It shows that Lenca occupation

3886-554: The statue of the patron saint of the town. Towns in central and western Honduras such as Yamaranguila, La Campa, La Paz, etc, all host the annual celebration. Until recently, archaeological research and investigation of Lenca settlements had been limited. In studies of how the tribal and colonial cultures affected each other, more attention had been given to colonial-era settlements influenced by Europeans. In addition, many tribal sites are isolated and difficult to access. Researchers may also have difficulty conducting excavations because

3953-402: The year 900. On arrival, they had to fight their way to the new land due to the fact of the Mayan civil wars that were taking place as well but with the treaty or "cult" of Quetzalcoatl , Qʼuqʼumatz and Kukulkan as the Pipil had many Mayan allies. City states such as Tehuacán , Chalchuapa and Cihuatán eventually became absorbed into the Cuzcatlan polity confederation. According to legend,

4020-445: Was a battle on June 8, 1524, between the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado and the standing army of Cuzcatlan Pipils , an indigenous Nahua state, in the neighborhood of present-day Acajutla , near the coast of western El Salvador . As with other tribal groups, their practices often incorporate Pre-European custom, and some Lenca communities retain more exclusively tribal customs. Some custom practices are associated with

4087-418: Was also common to be assigned firewood, woven cotton clothes and clothing. These contributions were expected and required of the settlements and acted as payment to the Spaniards. Those who failed to pay their contributions were typically faced with threats and even violent force. There were large contributions to the Cuzcatlan economy due to the creation of Spanish industries in the area. They began to overtake

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4154-650: Was an important leader of the Lenca and founder of the Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH). Cáceres strongly protested the development of the DESA Agua Zarca Hydro Project and dam on the Gualcarque River in Honduras. Cáceres won the 2015 Goldman Environmental Prize for her work with the Lenca and her leadership in environmental movements. She was discovered murdered at her home on 3 March 2016. In

4221-459: Was characterized by a relatively continuous pattern of growth. The Comayagua Valley is located at the highland basin linking the Pacific and Caribbean drainage systems of Honduras . The valley provides evidence for a rich setting of cross-cultural relationships and Lenca settlements. According to Boyd Dixon, research in the area has revealed a complex history spanning approximately 2500 years from

4288-542: Was cultivated for agriculture. The pattern and scale of the late pre-classic settlements suggest the existence of a ranked society . All corners of the basin were located within a half-day walk of Yarumela. Other features found in the area are at the sites of Los Naranjos and Chalchuapa in El Salvador, each dominated by a single constructed earthen mound. Many other sites appear to share site-planning principles and structural forms with these examples, having large, open, flat plazas, leveled by manual grading, and dominated by

4355-403: Was divided into different regions: The Lordship did not form a unified political system and were at first independent, and were obligated to pay tribute/taxes to the polity of Cuzcatán although the four Pipil tribes became a loose confederation, unifying in times of war or natural disasters. With time, they were all annexed by the chiefdom of Cuzcatán, today the modern city of Antiguo Cuscatlan

4422-660: Was then established into Cuzcatlan during his first invasion in 1524. As Spaniards continued to settle in the Cuzcatlan, it became common for their households to contain indigenous slaves, typically women to act as servants. Many of these slaves were obtained through war or through barter. Those who were not placed into households would be forced to contribute to local cultivation. Settlements would be assigned to an " encomienda " which indicates what type of contribution they must provide. Typically an "encomienda" consisted of food products such as maize , beans, chilli peppers, turkeys, venison , salt, dried fish, honey, and beeswax. However, it

4489-465: Was very similar to that of other Mesoamerican groups, especially Mayan pottery and that of several groups from central Mexico. Today, Lencan pottery is very distinctive. Handcrafted by Lenca women, the modern custom pottery is considered an ethnic marking of their culture, as is common among custom Lenca people. Many handmade pieces are sold at very high prices in the United States and Europe. In

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