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73-431: Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and the establishment of Czech and Slovak nation states , the term ethnic Czechoslovaks has been used to refer to those who exclusively view themselves as Czechoslovaks with no other ethnic self-identification , many of these being of mixed ancestry. The Czech–Slovak language group was summarized under the term "Bohemian–Moravian–Slovak" ( Böhmisch-Mährisch-Slowakisch ) in

146-577: A federal Czechoslovakia. Some major Slovak parties, however, advocated a looser form of coexistence and the Slovak National Party sought complete independence and sovereignty . For a few years, political parties re-emerged, but Czech parties had little or no presence in Slovakia and vice versa. To have a functioning state, the government demanded continued control from Prague, but Slovaks continued to ask for decentralisation. In 1992,

219-574: A Slovak himself, returned most control to Prague. That approach encouraged a regrowth of Slovak separatism after the fall of communism. By 1991, the Czech Republic's GDP per capita was some 20% higher than Slovakia's. Transfer payments from the Czech budget to Slovakia, which had been the rule in the past, were stopped in January 1991. Many Czechs and Slovaks desired the continued existence of

292-600: A court with request for remand . This was amended in 1998 to allow up to 48 hours of police detention without charges. The second amendment to the Charter was passed as the Constitutional Act No. 295/2021 Coll. A new sentense was added to the Article 6(4), stating that: " The right to defend own life or life of another person also with arms is guaranteed under conditions set out in the law. " The provision

365-453: A distinguished Czech lawyer – called this at the time " a result of a strange legislative compromise ". The Charter was first amended by the Constitutional Act No. 162/1998 Coll., which changed the length of possible police detention without charges. The Article 8(3) of the Charter originally allowed the police to detain a person for questioning for up to 24 hours, after which time the person must be either released or charged and handed over to

438-585: A grant of automatic citizenship only to those who were born on Czech territory. For others, the right to citizenship required proof of a five-year period of residence, an "unobjectionable" criminal record, significant fees and a complicated bureaucratic process, which reportedly excluded a rather large percentage of Roma. The Slovak government did not want to grant citizenship to nonresidents. Significant numbers of Roma living in Czech orphanages did not have their legal status clarified and were released from care as adult noncitizens without any right to work or live in

511-527: A meeting in Bratislava . Czechoslovak President Václav Havel resigned, rather than oversee the secession, which he had opposed. In a September 1992 opinion poll, only 37% of Slovaks and 36% of Czechs favoured dissolution. The goal of negotiations switched to achieving a peaceful division. Peaceful division was prioritized as the process ran in parallel with the violent breakup of Yugoslavia (another formerly socialist, Slavic federal state created after

584-416: A much lower understanding of Slovak. Also, the number of Slovak-language books and newspapers sold in the Czech Republic dropped drastically. The Czech television news, however, started to reintroduce Slovak-language coverage from Slovakia and Slovak television (STV2) rebroadcasts the Czech television newscast Události ČT daily, ten minutes after midnight. On the public Radio and Television of Slovakia , it

657-700: A remarkably long time, surviving even during the First Czechoslovak Republic . Only then did the population begin to abandon the idea (the concept of Czechoslovakism officially applied until 1948). For the first time, the Czech (in the original "böhmisch"), Moravian and Slovak languages were officially united in the form of one Czech-Moravian-Slovak commanding language already in the Austro-Hungarian census in 1851 (see map by Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen , 1855). However, according to

730-469: A result, the replacement of the Czech language did not have Moravian significance, because both were included in the unified Czech-Moravian-Slovak language). The Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 definitively confirmed the unity of the Czechoslovak nation in its preamble. Until then, the Czech, Moravian, Silesian and Slovak nations were sometimes taken separately (for example, the "nation of Bohemia,

803-550: A svobod , Slovak : Listina základných práv a slobôd ) is a document enacted in 1991 by the Czechoslovak Federative Republic and currently continued as part of the constitutional systems of both the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic . In the Czech Republic, the document was kept in its entirety as a separate document from the constitution , but imbued with the same legal standing as

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876-524: Is common to have at least one daily newscast from the Czech Republic during prime time news. Furthermore, many programmes on Slovak television channels are still dubbed into Czech, some films in cinemas are subtitled in Czech and there are far more Czech-language books and periodicals on the market than there were before the dissolution. The major boost for the language interchange has come from private television channel providers like CS Link (Czech Republic) and Sky Link (Slovakia) that offer Slovak channels in

949-412: Is interpreted as guaranteeing legal accessibility of arms in a way that must ensure possibility of effective self-defense and as constitutional stipulation which underscores the individual right to be prepared with arms against an eventual attack, i.e. that courts cannot draw a negative inference from the fact that a defender had been preparing to avert a possible attack with use of weapons. The document

1022-560: Is lessened by both nations' membership in the EU as the freedom of movement for workers , a policy that guarantees EU citizens the right to work and to live anywhere in the Union. In the case of movement between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the policy took effect from 2004. By contrast, the Czech Republic has prohibited dual citizenship for naturalized citizens and requires them to give up existing citizenship(s) prior to receiving citizenship of

1095-566: The Antarctic Treaty from the date that Czechoslovakia had signed the agreement in 1962. Both countries have ratified the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties , and it was not a factor in the dissolution of Czechoslovakia since it did not come into force until 1996. The dissolution had some negative impact on the two economies, especially in 1993, as traditional links were severed to accommodate

1168-585: The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms , it is possible to subjectively choose any nationality, regardless of its objective existence or non-existence), respondents began to report again at the Czech census even to the special Czechoslovak nationality, but more than 10,000 respondents have never used this opportunity. Dissolution of Czechoslovakia The dissolution of Czechoslovakia ( Czech : Rozdělení Československa , Slovak : Rozdelenie Československa ), which took effect on December 31, 1992,

1241-473: The Czechoslovak flag . During the 1992 negotiations on the details of dissolution of Czechoslovakia, as demanded by Vladimír Mečiar and Václav Klaus , a clause forbidding the use of the state symbols of Czechoslovakia by its successor states was inserted into the constitutional law on the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. From 1990 to 1992, the red and white flag of Bohemia (differing only slightly from

1314-768: The First Slovak Republic was created as a satellite state of Germany with limited sovereignty. The alignment with the Soviet Union after World War II oversaw the reunification into the Third Czechoslovak Republic . In 1968, the Constitutional Law of Federation reinstated an official federal structure of the 1917 type, but during the Normalization Period in the 1970s, Gustáv Husák , despite being

1387-623: The Pittsburgh Agreement , which promised a common state consisting of two equal nations: Slovaks and Czechs. However, the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 specified a single "Czechoslovak nation". In subsequent years, there were political tensions in the new country between Czechoslovakists and those seeking greater autonomy for the Slovaks in particular. In March 1939, with pressure from Adolf Hitler ,

1460-451: The Polish flag by proportion and tone) officially served as the flag of the Czech Republic. Eventually, after a search for new symbols, the Czech Republic unilaterally decided to ignore the aforementioned law and to keep the Czechoslovak flag, with an altered meaning. Slovakia, meanwhile, adopted its traditional flag ; however, just before independence, on September 3, 1992, the coat of arms

1533-633: The Velvet Divorce , a reference to the bloodless Velvet Revolution of 1989, which had led to the end of the rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia . Czechoslovakia was created with the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I . In 1918, a meeting took place in the American city of Pittsburgh , at which the future Czechoslovak President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and other Czech and Slovak representatives signed

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1606-476: The Visegrád Group , to reduce costs. One of the problems not solved during dissolution was the question of a large number of Romani living in the Czech Republic born and officially registered in today's Slovakia. Most of them did not re-register their official place of stay during the months before dissolution and so the question of their citizenship was left open. The 1992 Czech Nationality Act allowed

1679-568: The coat of arms of Czechoslovakia was a composition of those of the historic geographic areas forming the country, each republic simply kept its own symbol: the Czechs the lion and the Slovaks the double cross. The same principle was applied to the two-part bilingual Czechoslovak national anthem that comprised two separate pieces of music, the Czech stanza Kde domov můj and the Slovak stanza Nad Tatrou sa blýska . Disputes occurred only with respect to

1752-482: The dissolution of Austria-Hungary ). On November 13, the Federal Assembly passed Constitution Act 541, which settled the division of property between the Czech lands and Slovakia. With Constitution Act 542, passed on November 25, they agreed to the secession of Czechoslovakia into two entities as of December 31, 1992. The partition occurred without violence and so was thus said to be " velvet ", much like

1825-619: The euro as its currency, with a conversion rate of 30.126 SK/€, and the €2 commemorative coin for 2009 , Slovakia's first, featured the 20th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution in remembrance of the common struggle of the Czechoslovaks for democracy. By a quirk of fate, the welcoming speech on the behalf of the European Union on the occasion of Slovakia's entry to the eurozone was delivered by Mirek Topolánek ,

1898-413: The " Velvet Revolution ", which had preceded it and had been accomplished by massive peaceful demonstrations and actions. In contrast, other post-communist breakups (such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia ) involved violent conflict. Czechoslovakia is the only former Eastern Bloc state that had an entirely peaceful breakup. In the following years, as Slovakia's economy struggled, Slovaks began to describe

1971-468: The "less-developed Slovakia". Similarly, others looked forward to an independent unexploited Slovakia that might become a new " economic tiger ". According to The Prague Post , "Slovak GDP reached 95 percent of the Czech GDP, and it is likely to draw level with it. The Slovak gross national product (GNP), which includes citizens' incomes abroad and deducts the money multinational companies move out of

2044-475: The Austrian census of Cisleithania beginning in the 1880s. The Czechoslovak language was an attempt to create a single written standard , first proposed during the national revival in the 1830s and the official language of the First Czechoslovak Republic from 1920–1938. Beginning in the 1990s, a political movement of Moravian linguistic separatism has developed. On the occasion of 2011 Census of

2117-543: The Czech Republic elected Václav Klaus and others, who demanded either an even tighter federation ("viable federation") or two independent states. Vladimír Mečiar and other leading Slovak politicians wanted a kind of confederation . Both sides opened frequent and intense negotiations in June. On July 17, the Slovak parliament adopted the declaration of independence of the Slovak nation . Six days later, Klaus and Mečiar agreed to secede Czechoslovakia into two separate states at

2190-713: The Czech Republic , several Moravian organizations ( Moravané and Moravian National Community among others) led a campaign to promote the Moravian nationality and language. The 2011 census recorded 62,908 native speakers of Moravian. In 2021 , the proportion of Moravians increased to 4.99% of the population and further 2.5% declared shared Czech and Moravian affiliation. From the 19th century, when nationalism began to flourish in Europe, nations ceased to be identified by country, but by language. František Palacký , Ján Kollár and Karel Havlíček Borovský have already begun to promote

2263-534: The Czech Republic and Slovakia since they automatically lose Slovak citizenship upon voluntarily acquiring another one (see previous paragraph). Exempt from that law are only Slovak citizens who obtain a foreign citizenship by virtue of marriage with a foreign national. Some Slovak politicians have speculated in the media about softening the Citizenship Act, but no change has yet materialised as of January 2015. Citizens of both countries were allowed to cross

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2336-624: The Czech Republic and vice versa. Additionally, several channels, regardless of their national origin, offer programs both in Czech and Slovak (CSFilm, TV Barrandov ) or even mix like TV Nova 's Nova Sport coverage of the English Premier League . New impulses to mutual contacts coming via television are also common shows like the Intelligence Test of Nations, Czechoslovakia's Got Talent , and Masked Singer broadcast by PRIMA and TV JOJ, and Czecho-Slovak SuperStar ,

2409-653: The Czech Republic converted all money on 8 February 1993 from Kčs to Kč. In Slovakia stamps were also applied on banknotes, and a new 10 SK coin was introduced. At the beginning, the currencies could be exchanged at par, but later the value of the Slovak koruna was usually lower than that of the Czech koruna (in 2004, around 25–27% lower). On August 2, 1993, both currencies were distinguished by different stamps that were first affixed to and then printed on old Czechoslovak koruna banknotes. New Czech and Slovak coins replaced old ones during 1993. On January 1, 2009, Slovakia adopted

2482-569: The Czech Republic or the Slovak Republic, based on their previous citizenship, permanent residence address, birthplace, family ties, job and other criteria. Additionally, people had one year's time to claim the other citizenship under certain conditions. Slovak legislation allowed dual citizenship until 2010, when it was abolished under the Citizenship Act . Only a handful of people have exercised that right, but its significance

2555-519: The Czech Republic, the right wing opened the economy, and the left wing privatised banks and attracted foreign investors. Until 2005, the GDP of the two countries was growing at a similar rate. However, from 2005 to 2008, the Slovak economy grew faster than the Czech economy. Economists agree that this growth was caused by the right-wing reforms of the Mikuláš Dzurinda government and the promise to adopt

2628-467: The Czech Republic. Under pressure from the European Union, the Czech government made amendments to its nationality law in 1999 and 2003, which effectively solved the problem, but compensation has not been provided to those rendered stateless in 1992. In the former Czechoslovakia, the first television channel was a federal one, and the Czech and Slovak languages were used in equal ratios in

2701-419: The Czech Republic. That requirement can be waived only if giving up an existing citizenship might put the applicant or their relatives in danger of persecution in their homeland, which was not the case of applicants from Slovakia. That situation changed with the new Citizenship Act of 2013 (186/2013 Sb.), in force since January 1, 2014. However, most Slovak citizens are still unable to become dual citizens of both

2774-597: The Czechoslovak national anthem. Young Slovak people still have the same knowledge of Czech as their predecessors, if not better. In Slovakia, Czech may still be used automatically in all judicial proceedings, and all documents written in Czech are acknowledged by Slovak authorities and vice versa. Further, the Slovak Official Language Act, passed in 2009, reconfirmed the right of Czechs to use their language in all official communication when dealing with Slovak authorities although it explicitly limited

2847-471: The Czechoslovak people as of two fraternal nations – the Czechs and the Slovaks. The language law was repealed in the same year. National statistics no longer counted on Czechoslovak nationality. Some emigrants in Canada and other countries repeatedly declared their Czechoslovak nationality during the census. Since the 1991 census, thanks to the acquisition of absolute freedom to choose nationality (according to

2920-687: The Czechs and the Slovaks agreed to honour the treaty obligations of Czechoslovakia. The Slovaks transmitted a letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations on May 19, 1993, to express their intent to remain a party to all treaties signed and ratified by Czechoslovakia and to ratify treaties signed but not ratified before dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The letter acknowledged that under international law , all treaties signed and ratified by Czechoslovakia would remain in force. For example, both countries are recognized as signatories of

2993-403: The EU countries whose salaries form the lowest portion of their GDP. In other words, some of people's incomes come from sources other than their main employment, which reduces the real difference between the Czech and the Slovak salaries. Slovaks have become a more integral part of the EU because of their adoption of the euro and are more resolved to take part in the banking and fiscal unions. In

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3066-409: The Slovak contention that "the privacy of correspondence and secrecy of mailed messages and other written documents and the protection of personal data are guaranteed." The inclusion of the goals of the Charter directly into the Slovak constitution means that only the Czech Republic currently has a "Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms". An agreement was signed after the negotiations of

3139-401: The Slovak national team to the silver medal at the 2012 IIHF World Championship , having beaten the Czech team in the semifinals. Several sports have featured a common league, and discussions about having a common football or ice hockey league continue. Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms ( Czech : Listina základních práv

3212-721: The Soviet Union , when the Russian Federation was recognized as successor state not only to the Russian SFSR but also to the Soviet Union itself, and also contrasts with the dissolution of Yugoslavia , where the rump Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , dominated by Serbia and encompassing only it and Montenegro , unsuccessfully demanded recognition as the sole successor to the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia , even though

3285-608: The adoption of two national currencies as early as February 8, 1993. On February 2, 1993 Act No. 60/1993 Coll. came in effect in the Czech Republic to create a separate currency that was already envisaged in the Czech Constitution and in Act No. 6/1993 Coll. that created the Czech National Bank by stamping Czechoslovak banknotes. The stamps had already been prepared in secret in 1992 after the decision about

3358-542: The approximate ratio between the Czech and Slovak population in Czechoslovakia, including army equipment, rail and airliner infrastructure. Some minor disputes, such as gold reserves stored in Prague and federal know-how valuation, lasted for a few years after the dissolution. Initially, the old Czechoslovak currency, the Czechoslovak koruna , remained in use by both countries . Czech fears of an economic loss caused

3431-530: The border using an ID card instead of a passport and were allowed to work anywhere without the need to obtain an official permit. Border checks were completely removed on December 21, 2007, when both countries joined the Schengen Agreement . Under the current European regulations, citizens of either country are entitled to the diplomatic protection of any other EU country and so both have been considering merging their embassies, together with nations of

3504-423: The bureaucracy of international trade, but the impact was considerably less than expected by many people. A customs union between the Czech Republic and Slovakia remained in place from the dissolution until May 1, 2004, when both countries entered the European Union (EU). Many Czechs hoped that dissolution would quickly start an era of high economic growth in the Czech Republic, which no longer had to sponsor

3577-608: The colloquial language, the nationality was not officially ascertained until the 1880 census. According to the results of the 1910 census, 6,435,983 members of the Czech-Moravian-Slovak language were found in Cisleithania . However, the census for Austria-Hungary was considered by someones to be manipulated. In some census districts, the Czech language was cut off and replaced by the German or Moravian language (as

3650-669: The concept of a united nation in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and in Slovakia ( Upper Hungary ). Czech revivalists saw in Slovakia the possibility of strengthening the Czech ethnic group within the Austrian Empire . Slovaks were perceived by Czech revivalists as Czechs who speak a dialect of Czech language . At that time, the term "Czechoslovak nation" was also used for the first time. This idea persisted in society for

3723-509: The constitution. It is a part of the Constitutional Code of the Czech Republic – a sum of constitutional laws and other sources of law, explicitly named in the constitution – that possesses the highest level of legal force. In Slovakia, the basic provisions of the Charter were integrated directly into the Slovak constitution . Though these legal provisions articles are substantively the same, there are some differences, such as

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3796-591: The country, is higher than the Czech one. Old-age pensions are more or less at the same level in both countries, and the consumption per capita is slightly higher in Slovakia. However, salaries are 10 percent lower on average in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic". However, Martin Filko, the head of the Institute of Financial Policy of the Slovak Finance Ministry, pointed out that Slovakia is among

3869-482: The differences between the two nations, which date back to the Austro-Hungarian Empire , and to other issues. There are differences between the Czechs and Slovaks, such as problems with the shared state during communism, the success of the state in the Czech lands , its failure in the Slovak lands that still resulted in the adoption of communism since the Czechs were more influential in the running of

3942-487: The difficulties via mutual negotiations, financial compensation and then an international treaty covering the border modifications. People living or owning property in the border area, however, continued to experience practical problems until both new countries entered the Schengen Agreement Area in 2007, rendering the border less significant. Most federal assets were divided in a ratio of two to one,

4015-433: The dissolution as a "sandpaper divorce". A number of reasons have been given for the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, with the main debates focusing on whether dissolution was inevitable or whether dissolution occurred in conjunction with or even in contrast to the events that occurred between the Velvet Revolution of 1989 and the end of the joined state in 1992. Those who argue from the inevitability stance tend to point to

4088-551: The dissolution of Czechoslovakia. In December 1992 some of the reserve banknotes started to be stamped in the selected banks in secret. From 8 February to 12 February old banknotes of 100, 500 and 1,000 Kčs (Czechoslovak crowns) were exchanged for the stamped ones in the Czech Republic and a new 200 Kč banknote was introduced. Each person over 15 could exchange banknotes up to 4,000 crowns, and minors below 15 years of age up to 1,000 crowns. Banknotes of lower denominations and coins remained until new ones were printed and minted. Banks in

4161-762: The euro because of the financial crisis and the Civic Democrats' ideological stance. Since federalisation in 1968, Czechoslovakia had divided citizenship, either of the Czech Socialist Republic or of the Slovak Socialist Republic , the word Socialist being dropped from both names shortly after the Velvet Revolution . That distinction, however, had little effect on citizens' life. On January 1, 1993, all Czechoslovak citizens automatically became citizens either of

4234-561: The euro, which attracted investors. When the left-wing populist Robert Fico replaced Dzurinda as Slovak prime minister after eight years in 2006, he reduced the right-wing reforms only moderately, but he did not abolish them, unlike the Czech Social Democrats (ČSSD). Meanwhile, the Czechs had three ČSSD prime ministers in four years (2002–06), followed by a centre-right cabinet, which cut and simplified taxes but failed to push through other reforms and did not want to adopt

4307-474: The four remaining ex-Yugoslav states, now independent, collectively encompassed around three-fifths of former Yugoslavia, both in population and in territory. Therefore, Czechoslovakia's membership in the United Nations ceased upon the dissolution of the country, but on January 19, 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were admitted as new, separate states. With respect to other international treaties,

4380-639: The latter being the first international edition of the Pop Idol song contest broadcast by TV Nova and Markíza (both owned by CME ), which also organized joint versions of MasterChef and The Voice in 2012. Also, the New Year's Eve Program for 2009 was prepared and broadcast jointly by ČT and STV and for 2010 by the Czech TV PRIMA and the Slovak TV JOJ, this time even including the singing of

4453-661: The middle of the 1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , which took place in Sweden . The team representing Czechoslovakia was renamed "Czech–Slovak" on January 1. In international ice hockey tournaments, the Czech Republic took over Czechoslovakia's place in the A-groups, and Slovakia had to start in the lower divisions. During the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1993 in Falun , Sweden,

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4526-444: The name RCS, which stood for "Representation of Czechs and Slovaks". In their last game as "Representation of Czechs and Slovaks", the team failed to qualify after it got only a draw in its final match against Belgium , a match that it had to win to qualify. It was afterward that it was officially split up into Czech and Slovak national teams, with both being declared successors to Czechoslovakia. The mutual encounters between

4599-496: The nation of Moravia and the nation of part of Silesia and the nation of Slovakia" was spoken of by the Saint-Germain Treaty minor). In the same year, the Czechoslovak language was enacted as the state language. Czechoslovak nationality was mentioned in official statistics. This situation lasted until 1948, when the 1920 constitution was replaced by a new, people's democratic constitution , which already spoke of

4672-616: The national teams of both countries in many sports are followed by most of the populations, and the number of players and coaches active in the other republic is significant. Martin Lipták, a Slovak handball coach, successfully led the Czech national team to the EHF 2010 Handball European Championship in Austria. A Slovak team under his coaching, Tatran Prešov, won the Czech national league in 2008 and 2009. Czech ice hockey coach Vladimír Vůjtek led

4745-463: The prime minister of the presiding country, the Czech Republic, naturally in his native language, but the other guest speakers used English. The Czech Republic continues to use the Czech koruna, or crown, but are bound to switch to the Euro in the future. Neither the Czech Republic nor Slovakia sought recognition as the sole successor state to Czechoslovakia. This can be contrasted to the dissolution of

4818-412: The prime ministers Václav Klaus and Vladimír Mečiar on in August 1992, that set the date of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia to 31 December 1992. The dissolution was approved by the Parliament in November of the same year. Because of an opposition from the Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA), the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and especially the prime minister Klaus – who described the Charter as "

4891-423: The ski jumping team competed as a combined Czech–Slovakia team in the team large hill event and won silver. The team had been selected before the dissolution. Jaroslav Sakala won two medals in the individual hill events for the Czech Republic at those games along with his silver in the team event. In their qualifying section for the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the Czechoslovakia national football team competed under

4964-451: The state than Slovaks, and the 1968 constitution with its minority veto. Those who argue that events between 1989 and 1992 led to the dissolution point to international factors such as the breakaway of the Soviet satellite nations, the lack of unified media between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and most importantly the actions of the political leaders of both nations like the disagreements between Prime Ministers Klaus and Mečiar. Since

5037-451: The television news there, but foreign films and television series were almost exclusively dubbed into Czech, for example. That and the great similarity of the two languages made almost all people of both nations passively bilingual : they could understand but not necessarily speak the other language. After the dissolution in 1990s, the new television channels in the Czech Republic practically stopped using Slovak, and young Czech people now have

5110-437: The use of Czech in Slovakia to persons with Czech as their mother tongue. The same is true about using Slovak in the Czech Republic under the Administration Procedure Act of 2004. Gustáv Slamečka , a Slovak citizen who was the Czech transport minister (2009–2010), used only Slovak exclusively during his official communication. See also differences between Slovak and Czech languages . The official breakup occurred right in

5183-421: The weeds of the Constitution " – the Charter never became a part of the Constitution. The time was running out and the members of the parliament had to reach an agreement on the text of the new Czech Constitution. Because of that a new legal term Constitutional Code was created, so that the Charter could have a legal authority similar to the constitution without being a part of the constitution. Viktor Knapp –

5256-428: Was added in order to prevent confusion with the similar flags of Russia and Slovenia. The national territory was divided along the existing internal borders, but the border was not clearly defined at some points and, in some areas, the border cut across streets, access roads and communities that had coexisted for centuries. The most serious issues occurred around the following areas: The new countries were able to solve

5329-494: Was the self-determined secession of the federal republic of Czechoslovakia into the independent countries of the Czech Republic (also known as Czechia) and Slovakia . Both mirrored the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic , which had been created in 1969 as the constituent states of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic until the end of 1989. It is sometimes known as

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