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76-518: The Aero 13 FCR designed for Douglas F4D Skyray is the origin of AN/APQ-120, and it established the configuration of the airborne FCR not only for the radar families of AN/APQ-120, but also a standard for all other airborne radars to follow: Aero 13 FCR was designed as an integrated cylindrical module that could be plugged into the nose of an aircraft, instead of a set of semi-independent black boxes. Aero 13 did not have any capability for semi-active radar homing (SARH) air-to-air missile (AAM)s. 1A FCR

152-466: A delta wing configuration and powered by a pair of Westinghouse J34 turbojet engines, which were equipped with afterburners for bursts of additional acceleration. The D-571-1 had a relatively thick wing with no conventional fuselage save for a pod-like cockpit in a forward position. A total of four 20mm cannons extended forward of the leading edge of the wing; alternative armaments consisted of spin-stabilized rockets. The design study had harnessed

228-409: A feedback path from output to input by connecting the "catcher" and "buncher" cavities with a coaxial cable or waveguide . When the device is turned on, electronic noise in the cavity is amplified by the tube and fed back from the output catcher to the buncher cavity to be amplified again. Because of the high Q of the cavities, the signal quickly becomes a sine wave at the resonant frequency of

304-503: A 70° pitch angle. As a dedicated interceptor, the F4D was unsuited to the multi-mission capabilities that became increasingly in demand, thus the type had a relatively short career in both USN and USMC service. In addition to multiple Navy and Marine Corps squadrons, Naval Air Reserve and Marine Air Reserve squadrons VF-881, VF-882 and VMF-215 also flew the Skyray. The last operational squadron

380-458: A capability for radar guided AAMs. AN/APQ-72 is the first radar installed on F-4s to be built in great numbers, starting with the 19th F-4 produced. AN/APG-59 FCR is a modified AN/APQ-72 designed for the British. The main difference between AN/APG-59 and its predecessor is that the radar dish could be swung sideways in order to reduce the length of the aircraft to 54 feet so that it could fit on

456-453: A cooling system. Some modern klystrons include depressed collectors, which recover energy from the beam before collecting the electrons, increasing efficiency. Multistage depressed collectors enhance the energy recovery by "sorting" the electrons in energy bins. The reflex klystron (also known as a Sutton tube after one of its inventors, Robert Sutton) was a low power klystron tube with a single cavity, which functioned as an oscillator . It

532-607: A handful continued to be flown for experimental purposes by National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) up to the end of the decade. The F5D Skylancer was an advanced development of the F4D Skyray that ultimately did not enter service. The Skyray originated within a design study, the D-571-1 , performed by Douglas and funded by the United States Navy (USN). It was a fast-climbing pure interceptor that used

608-406: A high velocity stream of electrons. An external electromagnet winding creates a longitudinal magnetic field along the beam axis which prevents the beam from spreading. The beam first passes through the "buncher" cavity resonator, through grids attached to each side. The buncher grids have an oscillating AC potential across them, produced by standing wave oscillations within the cavity, excited by

684-417: A laser light beam causes bunching of the electrons. Then the beam passes through a second undulator, in which the electron bunches cause oscillation to create a second, more powerful light beam. The floating drift tube klystron has a single cylindrical chamber containing an electrically isolated central tube. Electrically, this is similar to the two cavity oscillator klystron with considerable feedback between

760-957: A more powerful but considerably larger engine. As the original inlet design was not a good match for the J57, it had to be redesigned. The ensuing delays to the programme led to several other aircraft, such as the North American F-100 Super Sabre and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 , beating it into operational service. During June 1954, the first flight of a production standard Skyray occurred, after which an intense period of flight testing and remedial design work followed. The aft section needed to be reprofiled to eliminate undesirable buffeting as well as to reduce drag . In September 1955, initial carrier suitability trials were performed onboard USS Ticonderoga . No production aircraft were delivered until early 1956, it

836-408: A negatively charged reflector electrode for another pass through the cavity, where they are then collected. The electron beam is velocity modulated when it first passes through the cavity. The formation of electron bunches takes place in the drift space between the reflector and the cavity. The voltage on the reflector must be adjusted so that the bunching is at a maximum as the electron beam re-enters

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912-590: A protracted development cycle, considerable design changes being made even after the maiden flight of a production standard Skyray having taken place in June 1954. The Skyray was declared ready for fleet introduction in April 1956, permitting its entry to service with both the United States Navy (USN) and United States Marine Corps (USMC) shortly thereafter. The Skyray had a relatively brief service life, during which it never participated in actual combat. Despite this, it

988-539: A range of 32 kilometers (20 miles), and the AN/APS-26 targeting radar, with a range of 3.2 kilometers (2 miles). AN/APQ-36 is the improvement over earlier AN/APQ-35, and when AN/APQ-36 entered service on Douglas F3D Skyknight and Vought F7U Cutlass , it was the largest airborne FCR of its time. The more powerful AN/APQ-36 with large size did not have any problem being installed on F-4 prototypes, so that more powerful FCR of larger size would be developed. The AN/APQ-41

1064-409: A second cavity, called the "catcher", through a similar pair of grids on each side of the cavity. The function of the catcher grids is to absorb energy from the electron beam. The bunches of electrons passing through excite standing waves in the cavity, which has the same resonant frequency as the buncher cavity. Each bunch of electrons passes between the grids at a point in the cycle when the exit grid

1140-635: A target, could be used just as well to decelerate electrons (i.e., transfer their kinetic energy to RF energy in a resonator). During the Second World War, Hansen lectured at the MIT Radiation labs two days a week, commuting to Boston from Sperry Gyroscope Company on Long Island. His resonator was called a "rhumbatron" by the Varian brothers. Hansen died of beryllium disease in 1949 as a result of exposure to beryllium oxide (BeO). During

1216-588: Is a development of the original AN/AWG-10, with great improvement in reliability and maintainability by replacing the original transmitter in AN/AWG-10 with a solid state unit whose only tube was a klystron power amplifier. Adding a digital computer allowed much more effective missile launch equations. AN/AWG-10A also incorporated a new servoed optical sight. There were also additions of new modes such as continuously displayed impact point mode, freeze displayed impact mode, and computer released visual mode. AN/AWG-10B

1292-442: Is a slightly modified AN/AWG-10 in that it is compatible with AGM-12 Bullpup and WE.177 , so that British F-4s can perform nuclear strike missions if required. AN/AWG-12 was an improved AN/AWG-11 built by Ferranti with AN/APG-61 FCR. The main difference between AN/AWG-11 and AN/AWG-12 is that the latter has a better ground mapping mode, and it also can control a belly mounted SUU-23/A Vulcan . AN/AWG-12 finally retired in 1992 when

1368-528: Is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube , invented in 1937 by American electrical engineers Russell and Sigurd Varian , which is used as an amplifier for high radio frequencies , from UHF up into the microwave range. Low-power klystrons are used as oscillators in terrestrial microwave relay communications links, while high-power klystrons are used as output tubes in UHF television transmitters , satellite communication , radar transmitters , and to generate

1444-491: Is an American carrier-based supersonic fighter / interceptor designed and produced by the Douglas Aircraft Company . It was the first naval fighter to exceed the speed of sound in level flight and the last fighter produced by the Douglas Aircraft Company prior to its merger with McDonnell Aircraft to become McDonnell Douglas . Development of the Skyray was started by Douglas during the late 1940s as

1520-458: Is an obsolete type in which the electron beam was reflected back along its path by a high potential electrode, used as an oscillator. The name klystron comes from the Greek verb κλύζω ( klyzo ) referring to the action of waves breaking against a shore, and the suffix -τρον ("tron") meaning the place where the action happens. The name "klystron" was suggested by Hermann Fränkel , a professor in

1596-428: Is captured by a collector electrode. To make an oscillator , the output cavity can be coupled to the input cavity(s) with a coaxial cable or waveguide . Positive feedback excites spontaneous oscillations at the resonant frequency of the cavities. The simplest klystron tube is the two-cavity klystron. In this tube there are two microwave cavity resonators, the "catcher" and the "buncher". When used as an amplifier,

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1672-568: Is electrically insulated from the cavity walls, and DC bias is applied separately. The DC bias on the drift tube may be adjusted to alter the transit time through it, thus allowing some electronic tuning of the oscillating frequency. The amount of tuning in this manner is not large and is normally used for frequency modulation when transmitting. Klystrons can produce far higher microwave power outputs than solid state microwave devices such as Gunn diodes . In modern systems, they are used from UHF (hundreds of megahertz) up to hundreds of gigahertz (as in

1748-416: Is negative with respect to the entrance grid, so the electric field in the cavity between the grids opposes the electrons motion. The electrons thus do work on the electric field, and are decelerated, their kinetic energy is converted to electric potential energy , increasing the amplitude of the oscillating electric field in the cavity. Thus the oscillating field in the catcher cavity is an amplified copy of

1824-423: Is small enough that the power output essentially remains constant. At regions far from the optimum voltage, no oscillations are obtained at all. There are often several regions of reflector voltage where the reflex klystron will oscillate; these are referred to as modes. The electronic tuning range of the reflex klystron is usually referred to as the variation in frequency between half power points—the points in

1900-427: Is the last radar tested and evaluated on F-4 prototypes and pre-production series. F-4 equipped with this radar was specifically modified to meet US Navy Ferret electronic countermeasure aircraft requirement, which eventually did not materialize. AN/APQ-50 is the radar installed on low-rate initial production batch of F-4s, but as with earlier radars, it was not used in great numbers in comparison to later radars of

1976-549: The D-571-1 design study. It was a delta wing interceptor capable of a high rate of climb as to permit the rapid interception of approaching hostile bombers. Douglas' proposal was selected by Navy officials to fulfil a formal requirement issued in 1948. The decision to adopt the Westinghouse J40 turbojet engine to power it would lead to considerable difficulties later on as this engine would be cancelled prior to entering production. Aerodynamic issues would also lead to

2052-529: The F8U Crusader and also to reduce dependence upon Douglas Aircraft, which was also producing several other aircraft for the U.S. Navy. This decision effectively removed Douglas from active fighter development. Data from The American Fighter General characteristics Performance Armament Avionics Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Klystron A klystron

2128-722: The AN/APG-59. As with AN/APG-59, AN/APG-60 also had a radar dish which could be swung sideways in order to reduce the length of the aircraft to 54 feet so that it could fit on the small deck lifts of British carriers. AN/APG-60 was later upgraded with Doppler capability during its upgrades, and integrated in the AN/AWG-11. AN/APQ-109 is an improvement of the earlier AN/APQ-100 with an improved cockpit display able to handle TV imagery from weapons such as AGM-62 Walleye . Other significant additions included air-to-ground ranging, ground beacon identification and display capabilities. AN/APQ-109

2204-546: The AN/APQ-120 radar was much more compact than its predecessors, allowing it to fit into the nose along with the cannon, and the radar was later integrated into AN/AWG-14. AN/AWG stands for (A) Piloted Aircraft (W) Armament (G) Fire Control. AN/APG-59 was the first FCR integrated into AN/AWG-10, which developed into two more versions, A and B. The original AN/AWG-10 can detect an aerial target with 5 square meters radar cross section more than 100 kilometers away. AN/AWG-10A

2280-562: The Extended Interaction Klystrons in the CloudSat satellite). Klystrons can be found at work in radar , satellite and wideband high-power communication (very common in television broadcasting and EHF satellite terminals), medicine ( radiation oncology ), and high-energy physics ( particle accelerators and experimental reactors). At SLAC , for example, klystrons are routinely employed which have outputs in

2356-743: The F4D was redesignated as the F-6A Skyray . The F4D (old designation) should not be confused with the F-4D (new designation) – the latter being the "D" variant of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II operated by the USAF. The Skyray was designed exclusively for the high-altitude interception role, with a high rate and angle of climb. It set a new time-to-altitude record, flying from a standing start to 49,221 feet (15,003 m) in two minutes and 36 seconds, all while flying at

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2432-573: The Second World War, the Axis powers relied mostly on (then low-powered and long wavelength) klystron technology for their radar system microwave generation, while the Allies used the far more powerful but frequency-drifting technology of the cavity magnetron for much shorter-wavelength centimetric microwave generation. Klystron tube technologies for very high-power applications, such as synchrotrons and radar systems, have since been developed. Right after

2508-427: The amplifier. No two klystrons are exactly identical (even when comparing like part/model number klystrons). Each unit has manufacturer-supplied calibration values for its specific performance characteristics. Without this information the klystron would not be properly tunable, and hence not perform well, if at all. Tuning a klystron is delicate work which, if not done properly, can cause damage to equipment or injury to

2584-530: The best-known early jet fighters. It was affectionately known as the "Ford" (after the "Four" and "D" of its designation). During 1953, Edward H. Heinemann was awarded the Collier Trophy in recognition of his design work on the F4D. During April 1956, VC-3 became the first squadron to attain operational status with the F4D-1. This unit was later redesignated VFAW-3 and assigned to NORAD , becoming

2660-406: The cavities. In all modern klystrons, the number of cavities exceeds two. Additional "buncher" cavities added between the first "buncher" and the "catcher" may be used to increase the gain of the klystron or to increase the bandwidth. The residual kinetic energy in the electron beam when it hits the collector electrode represents wasted energy, which is dissipated as heat, which must be removed by

2736-484: The classics department at Stanford University when the klystron was under development. The klystron was the first significantly powerful source of radio waves in the microwave range; before its invention the only sources were the Barkhausen–Kurz tube and split-anode magnetron , which were limited to very low power. It was invented by the brothers Russell and Sigurd Varian at Stanford University . Their prototype

2812-571: The designs and research of the German aerodynamicist Alexander Lippisch , who moved to the United States following the end of World War II , and whose work had been examined by several of Douglas's design team. In June 1947, the Navy issued a contract to Douglas to proceed with preliminary investigation and engineering works on the concept up to the mockup stage. As the design was refined, it

2888-405: The drive power for modern particle accelerators . In a klystron, an electron beam interacts with radio waves as it passes through resonant cavities , metal boxes along the length of a tube. The electron beam first passes through a cavity to which the input signal is applied. The energy of the electron beam amplifies the signal, and the amplified signal is taken from a cavity at the other end of

2964-399: The electric field is in the same direction are accelerated, causing the previously continuous electron beam to form bunches at the input frequency. To reinforce the bunching, a klystron may contain additional "buncher" cavities. The beam then passes through a "drift" tube, in which the faster electrons catch up to the slower ones, creating the "bunches", then through a "catcher" cavity. In

3040-530: The electron beam, such a tool can be pulled into the unit by the intense magnetic force, smashing fingers, injuring the technician, or damaging the unit. Special lightweight nonmagnetic (or rather very weakly diamagnetic ) tools made of beryllium alloy have been used for tuning U.S. Air Force klystrons. Precautions are routinely taken when transporting klystron devices in aircraft, as the intense magnetic field can interfere with magnetic navigation equipment. Special overpacks are designed to help limit this field "in

3116-413: The field," and thus allow such devices to be transported safely. The technique of amplification used in the klystron is also being applied experimentally at optical frequencies in a type of laser called the free-electron laser (FEL); these devices are called optical klystrons . Instead of microwave cavities, these use devices called undulators . The electron beam passes through an undulator, in which

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3192-413: The input signal at the cavity's resonant frequency applied by a coaxial cable or waveguide. The direction of the field between the grids changes twice per cycle of the input signal. Electrons entering when the entrance grid is negative and the exit grid is positive encounter an electric field in the same direction as their motion, and are accelerated by the field. Electrons entering a half-cycle later, when

3268-433: The interaction depends on the resonance condition, larger cavity dimensions than a conventional klystron can be used. This allows the gyroklystron to deliver high power at very high frequencies which is challenging using conventional klystrons. Some klystrons have cavities that are tunable. By adjusting the frequency of individual cavities, the technician can change the operating frequency, gain, output power, or bandwidth of

3344-722: The last F-4s in British service retired, and during its service life, it was upgraded with improvements of the AN/AWG-10A/B. AN/AWG-14 is the final member of the lineage of this radar family, and it is a fully digitized upgrade of the AWG series incorporating AN/APQ-120. The open architecture and modular design enable AWG-14 to accommodate different radars, such as AN/APG-65 , AN/APG-66 , AN/APG-76 , Elta EL/M-2011/2021 and EL/M-2032 . [REDACTED] Media related to AN/APQ-120 at Wikimedia Commons Douglas F4D Skyray The Douglas F4D Skyray (later redesignated F-6 Skyray )

3420-403: The modulation forces alter the cyclotron frequency and hence the azimuthal component of motion, resulting in phase bunches. In the output cavity, electrons which arrive at the correct decelerating phase transfer their energy to the cavity field and the amplified signal can be coupled out. The gyroklystron has cylindrical or coaxial cavities and operates with transverse electric field modes. Since

3496-565: The numerous design changes, the mockup review was delayed by almost one year, taking place in March 1949. One criticism produced at this stage was that the nose-up attitude was greater than had been anticipated, necessitating changes to the aircraft's nose and radome to improve the pilot's external visibility. A more pressing issue would be the J40 engine intended to power the aircraft. Douglas' design team had decided to make accommodations to facilitate

3572-563: The only United States Navy fighter squadron in what was predominantly a United States Air Force (USAF) and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) organization. VFAW-3 was permanently based at NAS North Island in San Diego. The United States Marine Corps (USMC) also operated the Skyray. When the Department of Defense adopted a uniform aircraft designation system patterned on the USAF's aircraft designation system during September 1962,

3648-415: The oscillating mode where the power output is half the maximum output in the mode. Modern semiconductor technology has effectively replaced the reflex klystron in most applications. The gyroklystron is a microwave amplifier with operation dependent on the cyclotron resonance condition. Similarly to the klystron, its operation depends on the modulation of the electron beam, but instead of axial bunching

3724-445: The output "catcher" cavity, each bunch enters the cavity at the time in the cycle when the electric field opposes the electrons' motion, decelerating them. Thus the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to potential energy of the field, increasing the amplitude of the oscillations . The oscillations excited in the catcher cavity are coupled out through a coaxial cable or waveguide . The spent electron beam, with reduced energy,

3800-484: The polarity is opposite, encounter an electric field which opposes their motion, and are decelerated. Beyond the buncher grids is a space called the drift space . This space is long enough so that the accelerated electrons catch up with electrons that were decelerated at an earlier time, forming "bunches" longitudinally along the beam axis. Its length is chosen to allow maximum bunching at the resonant frequency, and may be several feet long. The electrons then pass through

3876-511: The resonant cavity, thus ensuring a maximum of energy is transferred from the electron beam to the RF oscillations in the cavity. The reflector voltage may be varied slightly from the optimum value, which results in some loss of output power, but also in a variation in frequency. This effect is used to good advantage for automatic frequency control in receivers, and in frequency modulation for transmitters. The level of modulation applied for transmission

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3952-413: The same family. The parabolic antenna is 24 inches in diameter, and in addition to providing all weather capability, AN/APQ-50 FCR also provides information on automatic firing of rockets. AN/APQ-72 FCR is a development of AN/APQ-50, with the diameter of the antenna increased by a third to 32 inches from the original 24 inches of AN/APQ-50. AN/APA-128 CW illuminator is integrated with the radar to give it

4028-404: The signal applied to the buncher cavity. The amplified signal is extracted from the catcher cavity through a coaxial cable or waveguide. After passing through the catcher and giving up its energy, the lower energy electron beam is absorbed by a "collector" electrode, a second anode which is kept at a small positive voltage. An electronic oscillator can be made from a klystron tube, by providing

4104-477: The small deck lifts of British carriers. Used in the AN/AWG-10. AN/APQ-100 is the replacement for the AN/APQ-72, and it featured a redesigned radar scope in the rear cockpit that offered a plan position indicator (PPI) mapping display option, and adjustable range strobe for bombing. For air-to-ground missions, the radar interfaced with the inertial platform on F-4s. Modified AN/APQ-100 for the British to replace

4180-433: The technician due to the very high voltages that could be produced. The technician must be careful not to exceed the limits of the graduations, or damage to the klystron can result. Other precautions taken when tuning a klystron include using nonferrous tools. Some klystrons employ permanent magnets . If a technician uses ferrous tools (which are ferromagnetic ) and comes too close to the intense magnetic fields that contain

4256-439: The tens of kilovolts). This beam passes through an input cavity resonator . RF energy has been fed into the input cavity at, or near, its resonant frequency , creating standing waves , which produce an oscillating voltage, which acts on the electron beam. The electric field causes the electrons to "bunch": electrons that pass through when the electric field opposes their motion are slowed, while electrons which pass through when

4332-447: The time, Navy planners were particularly concerned by the threat posed to its carrier battle groups by high altitude Soviet bomber aircraft; furthermore, as early jet aircraft were fuel hungry and had limited endurance, to maximise an interceptor aircraft time on station the Navy desired for such an aircraft to possess a relatively high rate of climb so that it could be launched and rapidly reach its operational altitude. On account of

4408-482: The transmitters and receivers. In some applications Klystrons have been replaced by solid state transistors. High efficiency Klystrons have been developed with have 10% more effiency than conventional Klystrons. Klystrons amplify RF signals by converting the kinetic energy in a DC electron beam into radio frequency power. In a vacuum, a beam of electrons is emitted by an electron gun or thermionic cathode and accelerated by high-voltage electrodes (typically in

4484-413: The tube. The output signal can be coupled back into the input cavity to make an electronic oscillator to generate radio waves. The power gain of klystrons can be high, up to 60 dB (an increase in signal power of a factor of one million), with output power up to tens of megawatts , but the bandwidth is narrow, usually a few percent although it can be up to 10% in some devices. A reflex klystron

4560-426: The two cavities. Electrons exiting the source cavity are velocity modulated by the electric field as they travel through the drift tube and emerge at the destination chamber in bunches, delivering power to the oscillation in the cavity. This type of oscillator klystron has an advantage over the two-cavity klystron on which it is based, in that it needs only one tuning element to effect changes in frequency. The drift tube

4636-467: The use of other engines as a contingency measure; this approach proved to be quite fortunate as the J40 had a particularly troubled development, being eventually cancelled with no production units ever being delivered. As a temporary measure, the prototype had to be outfitted with an Allison J35 engine instead. The long-term replacement for the J40 on production aircraft was the Pratt & Whitney J57 ,

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4712-460: The war, AT&T used 4-watt klystrons in its brand new network of microwave relay links that covered the contiguous United States . The network provided long-distance telephone service and also carried television signals for the major TV networks. Western Union Telegraph Company also built point-to-point microwave communication links using intermediate repeater stations at about 40 mile intervals at that time, using 2K25 reflex klystrons in both

4788-429: The weak microwave signal to be amplified is applied to the buncher cavity through a coaxial cable or waveguide, and the amplified signal is extracted from the catcher cavity. At one end of the tube is the hot cathode which produces electrons when heated by a filament. The electrons are attracted to and pass through an anode cylinder at a high positive potential; the cathode and anode act as an electron gun to produce

4864-427: The wing. A formal operational requirement was issued by the Navy in 1948, however, according to aviation author Tommy H. Thomason, that the contract would be awarded to Douglas from the onset was an apparently foregone conclusion. Specifics of this requirement included the ability to intercept and destroy an enemy aircraft at an altitude of 50,000 ft (15,240 m) within five minutes of the alarm being sounded. At

4940-533: Was VMF(AW)-115 , which flew the Skyray until February 1964. A total of four aircraft were used for experimental purposes by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) (which was later renamed NASA ) until 1969. The F5D Skylancer was derived from the F4D and intended to be a Mach 2 capable successor to the Skyray. Although four prototypes were built and flown, the project was cancelled as being too similar in mission parameters to

5016-709: Was an improved, more reliable "hybrid" version of the AN/APQ-100 with solid-state components in the low-voltage sections. Modified AN/APQ-109 for the British to replace AN/APG-60. As with AN/APG-59/60, AN/APG-61 also had a radar dish which could be swung sideways in order to reduce the length of the aircraft to 54 feet so that it could fit on the small deck lifts of British carriers. Used in the AN/AWG-12. AN/APQ-117 terrain following and attack radar, developed from earlier AN/APQ-109, with terrain following capability added. A fully solid-state radar developed from AN/APQ-117,

5092-460: Was an improvement over the AN/APQ-36, and was designed to provide air intercept, search, to automatically track a selected target, and to supply lead angle and range information. Facilities were also provided for air-to-surface search, for beacon interrogation and response display, and for response display when used in connection with identification friend or foe (IFF). Specifications: AN/APQ-46

5168-401: Was completed and demonstrated successfully on August 30, 1937. Upon publication in 1939, news of the klystron immediately influenced the work of US and UK researchers working on radar equipment. The Varians went on to found Varian Associates to commercialize the technology (for example, to make small linear accelerators to generate photons for external beam radiation therapy ). Their work

5244-425: Was contained both in the wings and the deep fuselage. Leading edge slats were fitted for increased lift during takeoff and landing while the trailing edges comprised mostly elevon control surfaces. Additional pitch trimmers were fitted inboard near the jet exhaust, and were locked upwards on takeoff and landing. It had a relatively unique design for the era, which was a key factor in the Skyray becoming one of

5320-480: Was decided to reduce the wing's thickness substantially to increase its high speed capabilities. The twin J34 engine arrangement was also swapped out for a single Westinghouse J40 engine. Only a single hydraulic system was incorporated, thus measures to permit manual reversion in the event of hydraulic failure were also included. Rockets also became the primary armament, which were housed in pylon-mounted pods underneath

5396-447: Was declared ready for fleet introduction in April of that year. A total of 419 F4D-1 (later designated F-6 under the unified designation system ) aircraft would be produced prior to the end of production in 1958. The Skyray was a wide delta wing design with long, sharply swept, rounded wings. It was named for its resemblance to the manta ray . The thick wing roots contained the air intakes that fed its single turbojet engine. Fuel

5472-465: Was developed to add this capability by incorporating a continuous wave illuminator for SARH AAMs. This configuration of Aero 1A remained unchanged for later radars for F-4s all the way until AN/APQ-50. The next radar to be installed on F-4 prototypes and pre-production series was AN/APQ-35, which was actually consisted of two radars: the AN/APS-21 search radar that could locate fighter-size targets at

5548-399: Was further digitized version of AN/AWG-10/10A but retained many analog circuits. A key AVC (avionics change) was the replacement of the unreliable Doppler Spectrum Analyzer (DSA) with a reliable Digital Spectrum Processor (DSP) which also increased accuracy when operating in doppler mode. AN/AWG-11 was a British AN/AWG-10 license-built by Ferranti . The radar used was AN/APG-60, and AN/AWG-11

5624-524: Was preceded by the description of velocity modulation by A. Arsenjewa-Heil and Oskar Heil (wife and husband) in 1935, though the Varians were probably unaware of the Heils' work. The work of physicist W. W. Hansen was instrumental in the development of the klystron and was cited by the Varian brothers in their 1939 paper. His resonator analysis, which dealt with the problem of accelerating electrons toward

5700-460: Was the first carrier -launched aircraft to hold the world's absolute speed record, having attained a top speed of 752.943 mph, (1,211.744 km/h). It also set a new time-to-altitude record, flying from a standing start to 49,221 feet (15,003 m) in two minutes and 36 seconds, all while flying at a 70° pitch angle. The last Skyrays were withdrawn from service in February 1964, although

5776-409: Was used as a local oscillator in some radar receivers and a modulator in microwave transmitters in the 1950s and 1960s, but is now obsolete, replaced by semiconductor microwave devices. In the reflex klystron the electron beam passes through a single resonant cavity. The electrons are fired into one end of the tube by an electron gun . After passing through the resonant cavity they are reflected by

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