Misplaced Pages

#183816

58-401: The AC75 ( America's Cup 75 ) is a racing yacht used in the 2021 America's Cup and 37th America's Cup matches and planned to be used for the 38th America's Cup match. The 23 m (75 ft) monohulls feature wing-like sailing hydrofoils mounted under the hull, a soft wingsail , and no keel. Following the 2017 America's Cup , winners Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron accepted

116-556: A Defender and demonstrate that it will continue to have qualifying annual regattas on an ongoing basis" and not merely intend to hold its first annual regatta before the envisaged America's Cup match. The New York Supreme Court has also found that the Great Lakes between the United States and Canada are arms of the sea, allowing clubs with regattas on those lakes to be challengers. The challenge document must give dates for

174-557: A country other than the defender, which is "incorporated, patented, or licensed by the legislature, admiralty or other executive department". The club must hold an "annual regatta [on] an ocean water course on the sea, or on an arm of the sea, or one which combines both". The New York Supreme Court and the New York Court of Appeals have held that this means the challenging club must in fact "have held at least one qualifying annual regatta before it submits its Notice of Challenge to

232-601: A distance of around 2,225 nautical miles (2,560 mi; 4,121 km). It is one of yachting's premier offshore races, attracting entrants from all over the world. Started in 1906, the race is organized by the Transpacific Yacht Club . Fastnet was established in 1924 with 7 boats. The race covers approximately 600 miles starting at Cowes on the Isle of Wight, rounding Fastnet rock on the southern coast of Ireland, and finishing at Cherbourg, France. Until 2019,

290-401: A distance of over 682 nautical miles (1,263 km; 785 mi). The Newport to Bermuda race started in 1906. It runs from Newport, Rhode Island to Bermuda . The Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac was founded in 1898 with five boats. The race runs over 300 miles, from Chicago to Mackinac Island on the northern tip of the lower peninsula of Michigan. The Marblehead to Halifax race

348-789: A fleet race between the New York Yacht Club 's America and 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The race was witnessed by Queen Victoria and the future Edward VII and won by America . This is considered to be the first America's Cup race. On 8 July 1857, the surviving members of the America syndicate donated the cup to the New York Yacht Club via the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup filed with

406-412: A formula by which most racing/cruising boats were designed during that period. After its descendant, the mathematically complex International Offshore Rule (IOR) of the 1970s, contributed to much decreased seaworthiness (and even speed), the simpler Performance Handicap Racing Fleet (PHRF) system was adopted. The PHRF uses only proven performance characteristics, especially theoretical sailing speed, as

464-610: A handsome margin." Subsequently, the Cup races were conducted, usually every three to four years, based on a challenge issued by one club to the current Cup holder, which until 1983 was the NYYC. As at 2017, the La Ciotat Based Yacht Partridge 1885 is documented as being the world's oldest, still fully operational classic racing yacht. As yacht racing became more prevalent, and yacht design more diverse, it

522-538: A means to allow dissimilar yachts—typically crewed by friends and families at clubs rather than by professional crews—to race together. Most popular family-oriented cruising sailboats will have a rating filed with a local chapter of the PHRF. The most prevalent handicap rating systems today are the Offshore Racing Congress (ORC), Offshore Racing Rule (ORR), International Rating Certificate (IRC), and

580-431: A notice of challenge from Circolo della Vela Sicilia stipulating a monohull would be used in 2021. Conceptual graphics of a monohull with soft sails and topside canting hydrofoils were released on 21 November 2017, and the first draft of the class rule was published by the defender and the challenger of record on 29 March 2018. The return to monohulls with soft sails after three America's Cups on multihulls with wingsails

638-473: A tradition of naming the company's blimps after America's Cup yachts, including America , Puritan , Mayflower , Volunteer , Vigilant , Defender , Reliance , Resolute , Enterprise , Rainbow , Ranger , Columbia and Stars & Stripes . The 1988 parody film Return of the Killer Tomatoes included background TV coverage of "Full Contact America's Cup" yacht racing. The 1992 film Wind

SECTION 10

#1732786659184

696-407: Is a sailing competition and the oldest international competition still operating in any sport. America's Cup match races are held between two sailing yachts : one from the yacht club that currently holds the trophy (known as the defender) and the other from the yacht club that is challenging for the cup (the challenger). The winner is awarded the America's Cup trophy , informally known as

754-399: Is affectionately called the "Auld Mug" by the sailing community. It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it, and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names. All challenges for the America's Cup are made under the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup , which outlines who can challenge for the cup, and what information a challenge must provide to

812-399: Is allowed to send one team and three boats of a chosen one-design class. Formerly it was raced every two years. It appears that due to international disagreements that this event no longer takes place. The America's Cup was established in 1851. This is the oldest, and arguably the most prestigious, event in yacht racing. Participants are restricted to a measurement formula for the boats, and

870-606: Is believed to have started with sailboats in the Netherlands sometime in the 17th century. Soon, in England , custom-built racing "yachts" began to emerge and the Royal Yacht Squadron was established in 1815. In 1661 John Evelyn recorded a competition between Katherine and Anne , two large royal sailing vessels both of English design, "…the wager 100-1; the race from Greenwich to Gravesend and back." One of

928-406: Is largely about the America's Cup racing towards the end of the 12-meter era. Although the names have been changed, it is largely about Dennis Conner 's 1980s loss and comeback. The documentary The Wind Gods: 33rd America's Cup (2011) centres around Oracle Team USA's efforts to challenge for the 33rd America's Cup . David Ellison collaborated with American journalist Julian Guthrie on

986-641: Is primarily a single-handed race, but crewed boats do compete. It starts in France's north coast and runs to Guadeloupe, a French Island in the Caribbean. The race covers about 3700 miles. Mini Transat started in 1977 and runs every two years. This is a singlehanded race that crosses the Atlantic on a similar route as the Route Du Rhum. This race is broken up into two legs, the first going from France to

1044-570: Is reminiscent of earlier America's Cup classes and seaworthy traditions, but the rule included hydrofoils to attract high performance crews and large TV audiences. Under the protocol, each competing club could build two yachts, but two-boat testing was excluded except during the PRADA Christmas Cup on 17–20 December 2020, and for the defenders during the PRADA Cup 15 January – 22 February 2021. To reduce design and testing costs of

1102-529: The J-Class regattas of the 1930s. After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge, the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller, less expensive 12-metre class yachts to compete; this class was used from 1958 until 1987. It was replaced in 1990 by the International America's Cup Class , which was used until 2007. After a long legal battle, the 2010 America's Cup

1160-747: The J/22 and J/24 , the Etchells , and the Star and New York 30 of Nathanael Herreshoff are examples of one-design boats. In general, modern yacht-racing contests are conducted according to the Racing Rules of Sailing , first established in 1928. Though complex, the RRS are intended primarily simply ensure fairness and safety. The Rules are revised and updated every four years by the body now known as World Sailing . Some yacht-racing rules give "line honours" to

1218-484: The New York Supreme Court . The deed is the primary instrument that governs the rules to make a valid challenge for the America's Cup and the rules of conduct of the races. It states that the cup "is donated upon the condition that it shall be preserved as a perpetual challenge Cup for friendly competition between foreign countries", outlines how a foreign yacht club can make a challenge to the holder of

SECTION 20

#1732786659184

1276-634: The Performance Handicap Racing Fleet (PHRF). Many countries organise their own handicap systems which do not take into account the size, weight, or sail area of the yacht, but performance is measured on the basis of previous race results. The Irish E.C.H.O. system is such a handicap system. One-design racing was invented by Thomas (Ben) Middleton in 1886 in Killiney Bay close to Dublin City, Republic of Ireland. Middleton

1334-474: The United Kingdom . The winning yacht was a schooner called America , owned by a syndicate of members from the New York Yacht Club (NYYC). In 1857, the syndicate permanently donated the trophy to the NYYC, under a Deed of Gift that renamed the trophy as the 'America's Cup' after the first winner and required it be made available for perpetual international competition. It was originally known as

1392-462: The "R.Y.S. £100 Cup", standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or "sovereigns" in value. The cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved as the "100 Guinea Cup" by the America syndicate, but was also referred to as the "Queen's Cup" (a guinea is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling, now £1.05). Today, the trophy is officially known as the "America's Cup" after the 1851 winning yacht, and

1450-404: The 'Flying Start' used today. Bringing yacht racing to the forefront of public life, the America's Cup was first raced in 1851 between the New York Yacht Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron . Not ruled or regulated by measurement criteria as today, it is the second-place finisher was Aurora, "and but for the fact that time allowance had been waived for the race she would have been the winner by

1508-413: The America's Cup attracts the world's top sailors, yacht designers, wealthy entrepreneurs and sponsors. It is a test of sailing skill, boat and sail design, and fundraising and management skills. Competing for the cup is expensive, with modern teams spending more than US$ 100 million each; the 2013 winner was estimated to have spent US$ 300 million on the competition. The most recent 2024 America's Cup

1566-601: The Auld Mug, is an ornate sterling silver bottomless ewer crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co . Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey , bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron 's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight . The cup was originally known as the 'R.Y.S. £100 Cup', awarded in 1851 by the British Royal Yacht Squadron for a race around the Isle of Wight in

1624-400: The Auld Mug. Matches are held several years apart on dates agreed between the defender and the challenger. There is no fixed schedule, but the races have generally been held every three to four years. Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup has the right to challenge the yacht club that currently holds the cup. If the challenging club wins

1682-667: The Canary Islands and the second to Guadeloupe Island in the Caribbean. The South Atlantic Race was established in 1971 as "Cape to Rio" with over 50 entries. The race runs from Cape Town, South Africa to Rio de Janeiro — some 3600 miles. The Round Ireland Yacht Race is held bi-annually. Running approximately 704 miles, it starts and finishes in Wicklow, and includes all the offshore islands except Rockall. [REDACTED] Media related to Yachting races at Wikimedia Commons America%27s Cup The America's Cup

1740-403: The allegations. ETNZ defended themselves with the statement "every good idea has 1000 fathers". Racing yacht Yachting , that is, recreational boating, is very old, as exemplified in the ancient poem Catullus 4 : The yacht you see there, friends, says that she's been The fastest piece of timber ever seen; She swears that once she could have overhauled All rival boats, whether

1798-492: The centre-board nor sliding keel is considered a part of the vessel for any purposes of measurement. As long as these rules are met, the New York Court of Appeals has ruled that the defender may use a boat of a different category to the challenger, such as meeting a challenge in a monohull with a catamaran. Under the deed, the defender and challenger "may by mutual consent make any arrangement satisfactory to both as to

AC75 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-485: The challenge called For racing under canvas or with oars. (trans. James Michie) "Yacht" is referred to as deriving from either Norwegian ("jagt"), Middle Low German ("jaght") or from the Dutch word jacht, which means "a swift light vessel of war, commerce or pleasure. The sporting element in the word lies in the derivation of jaght from the root jaghen, which means to hunt, chase or pursue…." The formal racing of boats

1914-481: The class unique class features, the rule specified foil controlling systems all manufactured by defender team and foil arms all manufactured by the Challenger of Record's builder Persico Marine . The visible differences between designs have been commented by most of the yachtbuilding community and the specialized press as each of the boats were launched. Potential speed of 50 kn (93 km/h; 58 mph)

1972-435: The competitors. Buoys were laid in a straight line, to which the competitors attached their yachts by means of spring ropes. The yachts were required to keep all the sails forward of the mainmast on deck until the starting signal was given. The Yacht Racing Association was founded in 1875 by Prince Batthyany-Strattman, Captain J. W. Hughes, and Mr. Dixon Kemp. The Y.R.A. wrote standardised yacht racing rules which included

2030-426: The cup and what happens if they do not agree on how the match should be conducted. The deed makes it "distinctly understood that the cup is to be the property of the club [that has most recently won a match for the cup], subject to the provisions of this deed, and not the property of the owner or owners of any vessel winning a match". The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 until 1983 . The NYYC successfully defended

2088-424: The dates, courses, number of trials, rules and sailing regulations, and any and all other conditions of the match, in which case also the ten months' notice may be waived". Since 1958, the practice has usually been for the defender and challenger to agree that the challenger shall be a Challenger of Record, which then arranges a Challenger Series involving a number of other yacht clubs from countries other than that of

2146-743: The defender. The yacht that wins the Challenger Series wins the Herbert Pell Cup and also an associated sponsored cup such as the Prada Cup in 2021 or the Louis Vuitton Cup from 1983 to 2017, and again in 2024. However, if the challenger and defender cannot agree, the deed provides a backstop, requiring a first-to-two match on ocean courses defined in the deed, at a venue selected by the defender, under its rules and sailing regulations so far as they do not conflict with

2204-411: The defender. The deed then allows for most of the arrangements for the match to be made by negotiation and mutual consent, but provides a backstop in the event agreement is not reached. The first valid challenge that is made must be accepted by the defender or it must forfeit the cup to that valid challenger or negotiate other terms. To be eligible, a challenging club must be "an organized yacht Club" of

2262-468: The film; Guthrie later authored The Billionaire and the Mechanic , a non-fiction book detailing the history of Oracle Team USA. In 2021, Australian psychedelic rock band Pond released a single titled America's Cup . The song centres around the gentrification of Western Australia and Fremantle , the host city of the 1987 America's Cup , after Australia's victory of the 1983 America's Cup with

2320-469: The finish line first, much as in foot and horse races, should suffice to win the contest. As a result, both ratings and “ one-design ” competition were developed. Ratings systems rely upon some formulaic analysis of usually very specific yacht-design parameters such as length, sail area , displacement , and hull shape. During the 1920s and through the 1970s the Cruising Club of America established

2378-749: The finish line was in New York). It is a single-handed race against the prevailing wind and current in the North Atlantic. The race is held every 4 years but has become an amateur race in the early 21st century. Originally, the Ostar was the main race for offshore sailors, but has meanwhile lost its status to the Route du Rhum. The race covers about 3,000 miles. Route Du Rhum was established in 1978. This race happens every four years, starting in November. It

AC75 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-556: The first boat to cross the finish line and "handicap honours" to the corrected time winner, which may be a slower boat with a lower handicap. The major races of today can be classified as inshore, offshore, ocean, and around the world. They adhere to one set of rules, but use diverse handicapping standards. The Admiral's Cup was created in 1957 by the Admiral of the Royal Ocean Racing Club . Each country involved

2494-427: The load water line. If it has more than one mast, it must be between 80 and 115 feet (24 and 35 m) on the load water line. These dimensions may not be exceeded by either challenger or defender. The yachts must be propelled by sails only and be constructed in the country to which the challenging and defending clubs belong. Centreboard or sliding keel vessels are allowed with no restrictions nor limitations, and neither

2552-450: The match, it gains stewardship of the cup. From the first defence of the cup in 1870 until the twentieth defence in 1967, there was always only one challenger. In 1970 multiple challengers applied, so a Challenger Selection Series was held to decide which applicant would become the official challenger and compete in the America's Cup match. This approach has been used for each subsequent competition. The history and prestige associated with

2610-426: The proposed races, which must be no less than 10 months from the date the challenge is made, and within date ranges specified for both the northern and southern hemispheres. The challenge document must also provide information on the yacht, including length on load water line; beam at load water line, and extreme beam; and draught of water. If the yacht has one mast, it must be between 44 and 90 feet (13 and 27 m) on

2668-1035: The provisions of the deed, on the dates submitted by the challenger and in yachts meeting the terms of the deed and the challenge notice. Winning clubs [REDACTED] New York Yacht Club : 25–1 [REDACTED] Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron : 5–3 [REDACTED] San Diego Yacht Club : 3–1 [REDACTED] Société Nautique de Genève : 2–1 [REDACTED] Golden Gate Yacht Club : 2–1 [REDACTED] Royal Perth Yacht Club : 1–3 Multiple winning skippers [REDACTED] Peter Burling – Wins 2017, 2021, 2024 – Won 22 / Lost 6 [REDACTED] Russell Coutts – Wins 1995, 2000, 2003 – Won 14 / Lost 0 [REDACTED] Dennis Conner – Wins 1980, 1987, 1988 – Won 13 / Lost 9 [REDACTED] Harold Stirling Vanderbilt – Wins 1930, 1934, 1937 – Won 12 / Lost 2 [REDACTED] Charlie Barr – Wins 1899, 1901, 1903 – Won 9 / Lost 0 [REDACTED] Jimmy Spithill – Wins 2010, 2013 – Won 17 / Lost 23 Reference In 1928, Goodyear chairman Paul W. Litchfield began

2726-479: The race finished at Plymouth. The Tour De France A La Voile was established in 1978 with 20 boats. The race parallels the cycling event and takes place along France's three coasts: English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean. It covers over 1000 miles. The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race was established in 1945. This Australian race runs from Sydney , New South Wales to Hobart , Tasmania —

2784-479: The rules concerning this formula have been controversial since the beginning. The English, who were the challengers for the first 132 years of the race, commented "England rules the waves, but America waives the rules." This race was not traditionally an inshore race, due to the requirement that the British boat would sail to the racing area, which involved sailing trans-Atlantically. The Auckland Anniversary Regatta

2842-479: The trophy 24 times in a row before being defeated by the Royal Perth Yacht Club , represented by the yacht Australia II . Including the original 1851 victory, the NYYC's 132-year reign was the longest (in terms of time) winning streak in any sport. Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts 65–90 ft (20–27 m) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen. This culminated with

2900-586: The vessels was owned, and sometimes steered, by Charles II . In 1782, the Cumberland Fleet , a class of sailing vessel known for its ability to sail close to the wind, were painted racing up the Thames River with spectators viewing from a bridge. Much like today, this obsession with sailing close to the wind with speed and efficiency fueled the racing community. In the 19th century, most yacht races were started by allotting starting positions to

2958-596: Was a 7-2 win for Emirates Team New Zealand, making the New Zealand team the only team in the foiling era to win the cup 3 times in a row. The America's Cup is the oldest competition in international sport, and the fourth oldest continuous sporting trophy of any kind. The cup itself was manufactured in 1848 and first called the "RYS £100 Cup". It was first raced for on 22 August 1851 around the Isle of Wight off Southampton and Portsmouth in Hampshire , England , in

SECTION 50

#1732786659184

3016-402: Was claimed based on computer simulations. Notable high speeds actually recorded in racing were: Following the release of the canting hydrofoil design in 2017, Brazilian shipwright Manoel Chaves contacted ETNZ to inform them that he held a patent for the proposed design. Team New Zealand apparently ignored correspondence from Chaves' patent attorneys for over two years before simply dismissing

3074-490: Was concerned that winning a yacht race was more reliant on having an expensive new yacht, than it was on the skill of the yachtsman. One design yacht racing is conducted with classes of similar boats, all built—often via mass-production—to the same design, with the same sail area and rig, and the same number of crew, so that crew ability and tactical expertise are more likely to decide a race than boat type, or age, or even weather. Popular racing boats such as The Water Wag, Laser,

3132-825: Was founded in 1840. It includes the Heather Cup, which has been contested on over 170 yearly occasions since establishment. (It was halted briefly during the Second Boer War .) The Vic-Maui Yacht Race runs from Victoria, Canada to Lahaina, Hawaii — a distance of 2,308 nautical miles ((4,274 km)). The race was started in 1965 and is held every other year. It is the longest of the Pacific-Hawaii races. The Transpacific Yacht Race (Transpac) starts off Point Fermin ( San Pedro , near Los Angeles ) and ends off Diamond Head Lighthouse in Honolulu —

3190-542: Was founded in 1905. The race runs for over 360 miles, from Marblehead, Massachusetts to Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Coastal Classic , started in 1982, is held in New Zealand. At about 125 miles, it is shorter than most offshore races. It runs north from Auckland to Russell, which is at the northern tip of New Zealand's North Island. Ostar was organised by the Royal Western Yacht Club and first held in 1960. The Ostar runs from Plymouth to Newport (in 1960

3248-586: Was held between the defending Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and the Royal Yacht Squadron 's INEOS Britannia from 12 October 2024 in Barcelona , Spain. Both the 37th and 38th America's Cup matches are, or due to be, sailed by AC75 class yachts. On the 19 October 2024, Emirates Team New Zealand won the Americas Cup against challenger of record INEOS Team Britannia in Barcelona, Spain. The final result

3306-484: Was necessary to establish systems of measurements and time allowances due to the differences in boat design. Longer yachts are inherently faster than shorter ones; therefore, in the interests of fairness, in the 1820s a “primitive system of time allowance was introduced on the Solent .” Larger yachts were handicapped; but owners with the biggest vessels had a problem with the allowance system, for they preferred that crossing

3364-522: Was raced in 90 ft (27 m) waterline multihull yachts in Valencia, Spain. The victorious Golden Gate Yacht Club then elected to race the 2013 America's Cup in AC72 foiling, wing-sail catamarans and successfully defended the cup. The 2017 America's Cup match was sailed in 50 ft (15 m) foiling catamarans, after legal battles and disputes over the rule changes. The Cup, also known as

#183816