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42-588: The name comes from the name of a part of the Caaguazú Cordillera, " Amambai Mountains ". Amambay is the name of a fern, typical of the forest in the region. The department is divided in 6 districts: For a long time, the land was occupied by the natives of the region and suffered the attacks of the Bandeirantes that were looking for the Guaranís , who were able to find refuge in the jungle of

84-665: A Spanish conquistador , arrived in Santa Catarina in 1541, for instance, he attempted to ban cannibalistic practices in the name of the King of Spain . Because our understanding of Tupi cannibalism relies mostly on primary source accounts of primarily European writers, the very existence of cannibalism has been disputed by some in academic circles. William Arens seeks to discredit Staden's and other writers' accounts of cannibalism in his book The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology & Anthropophagy , where he claims that when concerning

126-763: A different native group that inhabits southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and northern Argentina and speaks the distinct Guaraní languages , but these are in the same language family as Tupi. The Tupi people had a great cultural influence on the countries they inhabited. Innumerable people, streets, neighborhoods, cities, rivers, animals, fruits, plants, football clubs, companies in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay are named in Guarani. Tupi-Guarani placenames in other countries : The Tupi people were present in almost all of South America , excluding Chile . Cabure , Aracua Ara kua ("the hole of

168-520: A fortune, who was captured by the Tupi in 1552. In his account published in 1557, he tells that the Tupi carried him to their village where it was claimed he was to be devoured at the next festivity. There, he allegedly won the friendship of a powerful chief, whom he cured of a disease, and his life was spared. Cannibalistic rituals among Tupi and other tribes in Brazil decreased steadily after European contact and religious intervention. When Cabeza de Vaca ,

210-538: A low range of mountains along part of the Brazil - Paraguay border. In southwest Brasil, it is found in the western Mato Grosso do Sul state. 23°32′S 55°28′W  /  23.53°S 55.46°W  / -23.53; -55.46 This Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Paraguay location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tupi people The Tupi people ,

252-643: A subdivision of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic families, were one of the largest groups of indigenous peoples in Brazil before its colonization. Scholars believe that while they first settled in the Amazon rainforest , from about 2,900 years ago the Tupi started to migrate southward and gradually occupied the Atlantic coast of Southeast Brazil . Many Tupi people today are merged with the Guaraní people , forming

294-472: Is fictitiously portrayed in Nelson Pereira dos Santos ' satirical 1971 film How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman ( Como Era Gostoso o Meu Francês ). Its name is also adapted by science: Tupinambis is a genus of tegus , arguably the best-known lizards of Brazil. The large offshore Tupi oil field discovered off the coast of Brazil in 2006 was named in honor of the Tupi people. The Guaraní are

336-583: Is much used for business purposes. The airport "Dr. Augusto R. Fuster" in Pedro Juan Caballero, offers regular flights to Asunción. Amambay's radio stations are: in AM, La Voz del Amambay and Mcal. López. In FM, Pantanal, amambay, Cerro Corá, Frontera, Capitán Bado and Sin Frontera. There are also, television stations and a telephonic central. There are 23.921 housings in the department, 16.174 in

378-592: Is the highest of Paraguayan territories, it reaches 300 to 400 meters, and the Punta Porá Hill reaches even 700 meters. The Amambay Cordillera serves as the natural limit with Brazil and from it parts the Serranía Cerro Corá, Tacurupytá, Guasú, Alambique, Tuna and Tangaró. Some isolated hills are: Tranquerita, Tacuara, Verón Cué and Cuatiá. The Apa River delimits the territory to the North, just as

420-697: The Ara (bird) ") , Cagua , Maracay Mbarakaja'y (" kitten "), Aragua, Taguay, Yaguaratal, Caigua, Carapita, Yaguaracual, Taguapire, Carupano, Yaguaraparo , Carupe, Irapa Yrapa ("all streams"), Tabay Táva'í ("small town"), Uracoa, Aragüita, Tucupita Tuku pytã (" red lobster "), Guarapo, Chaguaramas Jaguaráma ("land of jaguars"), Tuja, Cuyagua, Chivacoa, Urucure Urukure'a (" Burrowing owl "), Mucuragua, Cuara, Tucani Tukã'í ("small toucan"), Jacuque, Churuguara , Tacuato Taguato ("Falcon"), Aguay, Paraguaná Peninsula Paragua na ("crown-like or crown-shaped"). Arakaka , Kariakay Karia'y kaysa ("barrier of

462-857: The Tupi–Guarani languages . Guarani languages are linguistically different from the Tupian languages . The Tupi people inhabited 3/4 of all of Brazil's coast when the Portuguese first arrived there. In 1500, their population was estimated at 1 million people, nearly equal to the population of Portugal at the time. They were divided into tribes , each tribe numbering from 300 to 2,000 people. Some examples of these tribes are: Tupiniquim , Tupinambá , Potiguara , Tabajara , Caetés , Temiminó , Tamoios . The Tupi were adept agriculturalists ; they grew cassava , corn , sweet potatoes , beans , peanuts , tobacco , squash , cotton and many others. There

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504-721: The market economy , Brazilian society gradually started to lose its Tupi characteristics. The Portuguese language became dominant and Língua Geral virtually disappeared. The rustic indigenous techniques of production were replaced by European ones, in order to elevate the capacity of exportation . Brazilian Portuguese absorbed many words from Tupi. Some examples of Portuguese words that came from Tupi are: mingau, mirim, soco, cutucar, tiquinho, perereca, tatu . The names of several local fauna – such as arara (" macaw "), jacaré ("South American alligator "), tucano (" toucan ") – and flora – e.g. mandioca (" manioc ") and abacaxi (" pineapple ") – are also derived from

546-686: The Estrella Stream does with Brazil. The Aquidabán River and the streams Tapiracuai, Aquidabán-mi, Cabayu and Guazú are also in Amambay. The West of the department is bordered by the Ypané River and others such as Tutytí, Aguaray Verde, Puente de la Tabla Puendy and Ypané-mi. The entire department belongs to the Ecological Region of Amambay. The ecosystem has a great variety of fauna and flora. The richness natural resources in

588-693: The South: Canindeyú Department To the East: Brazil, from which is separated by the Amambay Cordillera To the West: Concepción and San Pedro Departments The average temperature is 21 °C; it reaches 35 °C in summer and drops to −1 °C in winter. The rainy months are January, February and March. In the territory are predominant, from north to south sandstone and rocks. Amambay

630-406: The Tupi language. A number of places and cities in modern Brazil are named in Tupi ( Itaquaquecetuba , Pindamonhangaba , Caruaru , Ipanema ). Anthroponyms include Ubirajara , Ubiratã , Moema , Jussara , Jurema , Janaína . Tupi surnames do exist, but they do not imply any real Tupi ancestry; rather they were adopted as a manner to display Brazilian nationalism. The Tupinambá tribe

672-411: The Tupi population largely disappeared because of European diseases to which they had no resistance or because of slavery, a large population of maternal Tupi ancestry occupied much of Brazilian territory, taking the ancient traditions to several points of the country. Darcy Ribeiro wrote that the features of the first Brazilians were much more Tupi than Portuguese, and even the language that they spoke

714-476: The Tupi warriors, even when prisoners, it was a great honor to die valiantly during battle or to display courage during the festivities leading to the sacrifice. The Tupi have also been documented to eat the remains of dead relatives as a form of honoring them. The practice of cannibalism among the Tupi was made famous in Europe by Hans Staden , a German soldier, mariner, and mercenary, traveling to Brazil to seek

756-563: The Tupi were found to be of use to the Portuguese, who required laborers for cultivating and shipping their exports. This use in harvesting resources led to their eventual enslavement and in turn, the spread of fatal European diseases on the plantations they worked at. This combination of factors nearly led to their complete annihilation, with the exception of a few isolated communities. The remnants of these tribes are today confined to indigenous territories or acculturated to some degree into

798-537: The Tupinambá, "rather than dealing with an instance of serial documentation of cannibalism, we are more likely confronting only one source of dubious testimony which has been incorporated almost verbatim into the written reports of others claiming to be eyewitnesses". Most Brazilian scholars, however, attest to the cultural centrality of cannibalism in Tupian culture. Anthropologist Darcy Ribeiro who had deeply studied

840-404: The area was consolidated with the establishment of rural colonies dedicated to agriculture and livestock industries. Pedro Juan Caballero, the capital of the department, is still known by its old name, Punta Porá, used by the traveling merchants that transported yerba from Mato Grosso to Concepción . In 2020 Amambay, as an important drug trafficking route, while accounting for just 2.4% of

882-512: The area. After the Paraguayan War , vast expanses of land passed to the hands of foreign businessmen dedicated to exploiting yerba mate and lumber. Pedro Juan Caballero was found in 1893, and Bella Vista , in 1902. The department of Amambay was created in 1945 as the No. 10 department of the country. After some reorganization it was declared as the No. 13 department. The population in

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924-522: The banks of Aquidabán Nigui River in 1870 an historic event took place: the death of Marshal Francisco Solano López , in the Battle of Cerro Corá . In the National Park, there is a monument to him. In Cerro Guasú, Yasuká Verá, there are caverns and rests of human artifacts of archeological importance that date from 2.500 to 3.800 years ago. Tapé Tuyá is a road the remaining Paraguayan army took in

966-758: The brave") Iguapa Yguapa ("all coves") Cayenne , the francization of the name Kỹiña ("mean chili pepper" ) Paramaribo Parama ývo ("down the sea"). (Referring to the Caribbean Sea , since although Suriname is part of the Caribbean , it is near the Amazon Delta , in the South Atlantic Ocean). Buriticá Mburiti ka ("from Mauritia flexuosa "), Ituango , Apía , Ibagué yvakue ("fallen fruit or fruit peel"), Acuata, Arauca , Tibacuy, Mocoa, El Jagua, Iguambi, Itagüí ("from

1008-892: The breeding of several animals, such as cow, horse, sheep, goat, and some birds too, chicken, guinea, turkey, goose and duck. The most important industries are: food, dairy, mills, yerba industries and sawmills. In Itapopó there is a very modern ceramic industry. Every year, in October, is organized the Expo Amambay of industry, commerce and services. The most important ways of access to Amambay are Route No. 5 "Gral. Bernardino Caballero" that communicates with Concepción and joins Route No. 3 "Gral. Elizardo Aquino", which connects with Asunción and Cnel. Oviedo. Route No. 11 "Juana de Lara" reaches to Capitán Bado. The department has paved and pebbled routes. The International Route that communicates Pedro Juan Caballero – Capitán Bado with Brazil

1050-722: The campaign of 1896–1870. The area was inhabited by colonies of natives of the Tupí Guaraní Family, the Paí Tavyterá and Ava Guaraní . There is a hill in there that was considered to be a holy place by the Ava Guaraní. They thought it was the center of the Earth, where the world was created and were born the first man and the first woman. In Pedro Juan Caballero, the beaches in the banks of Aquidabán River are places of great beauty and attract many visitors, just as do

1092-753: The commercial centers in the city. The beaches in Bella Vista are much visited by the tourists. It is a territory of intense commerce because of its limitation with Brazil. In the country's economy, the department ranks sixth place in breeding cattle and produces 2% of the national production of cotton. The Agricola production of the region is: garlic , cotton , rice , beans , banana , sweet potato , coffee , sugar cane , onion , sunflower , lemon , maize , tangerine , manioc , peanut , mint , sour and sweet orange , potato , pineapple , grapefruit , soy , tobacco , sorghum , tartago, tomato , yerba mate and carrot . The people also dedicate to

1134-589: The country’s population, suffered over a quarter of its murders. Amambay is located in the north part of the Oriental Region of Paraguay. The exact geographic location is between the parallels 55° 28′ and 57° 00′ of West longitude and between meridians 22° 05′ and 23° 05′ of South latitude. The limits are: To the North: Brazil, from which is separated by the Apa River and Amambay Cordillera. To

1176-457: The direction of anthropophagy being well established as a social and cultural practice. He was particularly criticized for trying to discredit the association of the Tupi with savagery, not by realizing that the Europeans failed to comprehend the meaning of traditional practices such as cannibalism, but by promptly negating their existence altogether. Many indigenous peoples were important for

1218-564: The dominant society. According to primary source accounts by primarily European writers, the Tupi were divided into several tribes which would constantly engage in war with each other. In these wars the Tupi would normally try to capture their enemies to kill later in cannibalistic rituals. The warriors captured from other Tupi tribes were eaten as it was believed by them that this would lead to their strength being absorbed and digested; thus, in fear of absorbing weakness, they chose only to sacrifice warriors perceived to be strong and brave. For

1260-493: The first Europeans arrived, the phenomenon of " cunhadismo " (from Portuguese cunhado , "brother in law") began to spread by the colony. Cunhadismo was an old native tradition of incorporating strangers to their community. The Natives offered the Portuguese an Indigenous girl as wife. Once he agreed, he formed a bond of kinship with all the Natives of the tribe. Polygyny , a common practice among South American Indigenous people,

1302-473: The formation of the Brazilian people, but the main group was the Tupi. When the Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil in the 16th century, the Tupi were the first indigenous group to have contact with them. Soon, a process of mixing between Portuguese settlers and indigenous women started. The Portuguese colonists rarely brought women, making the native women the "breeding matrix of the Brazilian people". When

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1344-699: The historical accounts about the Tupi, reported that the Ka'apor people of the Tupi-Guaraní linguistic and cultural family confirmed that their ancestors had practiced anthropophagical rituals similar to the ones described in the 16th century. Other Brazilian scholars have criticized Arens for what they perceived as historical negationism , and for ignoring important sources ( Jesuit letters) and historical and anthropological studies ( Viveiros de Castro , Florestan Fernandes , Estevão Pinto, Hélène Clastres), many of them dealing directly with indigenous peoples, that point to

1386-528: The interior of Brazil. They acculturated the indigenous tribes who lived in isolation, and took the language of the colonizer, which was not Portuguese yet, but Nheengatu itself, to the most inhospitable corners of the colony. Nheengatu is still spoken in certain regions of the Amazon, although the Tupi-speaking Natives did not live there. The Nheengatu language, as in other regions of the country,

1428-448: The region causes the department to be highly affected by deforestation. Some species of plants currently in danger of extinction include local palm tree species, the karanday , the arary , various species of ferns , clovers , the yvyra paje , kai kygua , and local cedars. In addition, there are some animal species that are in danger too: gua'a sa'yju , jacaré ita , and guasuti . The protected areas are: Cerro Corá National Park

1470-561: The rocks"), Yacare, Teranguara, Chachagüí, Puente Aranda , Catambuco, Aguayo Ipetí ypetĩ ("duck's beak") El Aguay Aguai ("fruit tree") Urcuqui, Timbuyacu, Ambuquí, Timbiré Aguaytía Aguai'ty ("plantation of aguai"), Curiyaca, Imambari Yacuiba , Paraimiri, Itaimbeguasu , Tatarenda, Saipurú, Capirenda, Itay, Ibamiragera, Carandaytí, Ipaguasú, Abapó , Timboy, Caraparí , Urubichá , Kuruguakua , Guanay , Yaguarú and Rogagua . Tacuarembó , Pa'i Sandu , Chapicuy ("worn out"), Sarandí del Yí Sarãndy del Y (" bushes of

1512-529: The urban area and 7.747 in the rural area. The percentage of which count with basic facilities are the following: In the department there are 33 institutions of elementary education, 188 of basic education and 28 of high school education (according to the Paraguayan education system). Counting hospitals and others, there is a total of 22 health care institutions. Amambai Mountains The Amambaí Mountains (Serra de Amambai, Cordillera de Amambai) are

1554-475: Was a Tupi-based language, named Nheengatu or Língua Geral , a lingua franca in Brazil until the 18th century. The region of São Paulo was the biggest in the proliferation of Mamelucos, who in the 17th century under the name of Bandeirantes , spread throughout the Brazilian territory, from the Amazon rainforest to the extreme South . They were responsible for the major expansion of the Iberian culture in

1596-425: Was created by decree No. 20.698 on February 11, 1976, with a surface of 12.038 hectares. It is located in Pedro Juan Caballero's district. Amambay is a department very favored by nature's beauty. Amambay Cordillera forms a chain of mountains: Cerro Corá, Tacurý Pytá, Guasú and Alambique. The most important hills are: Cerro Corá, located in the National Park, Acuá, Lorito, Guasú, Muralle and Sarambí. In Cerro Corá, on

1638-420: Was formed, which in fact occupied Brazil. Without the practice of cunhadismo , the Portuguese colonization was impractical. The number of Portuguese men in Brazil was very small and Portuguese women were even fewer in number. The proliferation of mixed-race people in the wombs of indigenous women provided for the occupation of the territory and the consolidation of the Portuguese presence in the region. Although

1680-629: Was introduced there by Bandeirantes from São Paulo in the 17th century. The way of life of the Old Paulistas could almost be confused with the Natives. Within the family, only Nheengatu was spoken. Agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering of fruits were also based on indigenous traditions. What differentiated the Old Paulistas from the Tupi was the use of clothes, salt, metal tools, weapons and other European items. When these areas of large Tupi influence started to be integrated into

1722-496: Was not a unified Tupi identity despite the fact that they spoke a common language. Upon discovering the existence of the Tupi people, it was assumed by Portuguese settlers that they lacked any sort of religion, a belief that began the process of assimilating the Tupi to Christianity. The settlers began erecting villages for the Tupi, known as aldeias, with the intention of more disciplined religious conversion and institutionalization of European customs. Aside from being assimilated,

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1764-430: Was quickly adopted by European settlers. This way, a single European man could have dozens of indigenous wives ( temericós ). Cunhadismo was used as recruitment of labour. The Portuguese could have many temericós and thus a huge number of Indigenous relatives who were induced to work for him, especially to cut pau-brasil and take it to the ships on the coast. In the process, a large mixed-race ( mameluco ) population

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