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42-744: The predominant language of the island is Ambonese Malay, also called Ambonese . It developed as the trade language of central Maluku, and is spoken elsewhere in Maluku as a second language. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon City . They are an ethnic mixture of Austronesians and the Melanesians . The Ambonese ethnicity is split of Christian ( Reformed Christianity and Roman Catholicism ) and Muslim ( Sunni Islam ), while indigenous customs such as tattooing have largely disappeared. According to Mikhail Anatolievich Chlenov, relationship between

84-628: A diet of sago. Any starch can be pearled by heating and stirring small aggregates of moist starch, producing partly gelatinized dry kernels that swell but remain intact on boiling. Pearl sago closely resembles pearl tapioca . Both are typically small (about 2 mm diameter) dry, opaque balls. Both may be white (if very pure) or colored naturally gray, brown or black, or artificially pink, yellow, green, etc. When soaked and cooked, both become much larger, translucent, soft and spongy. Both are widely used in Indian , Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan cuisine in

126-433: A feature respect. Ant'o 3S Onggo O . Ant'o Onggo 3S O. Mr. Onggo Antua 3S parangpuan woman sana yonder tu that Antua parangpuan sana tu 3S woman yonder that the woman overthere 3) The third form, akang , is a neater pronoun 'it', which also functions as a determiner. This form links up with the demonstratives ini and itu for deictic reference: it occurs as

168-816: A food source. Since the 17th century, they were producers of nutmeg ; which led to the conquest of the Dutch colonial in Ambon Island and its surrounding region in 1605 as an attempt to monopolized the nutmeg trade, and finally the Amboyna massacre . Developed fishery , agriculture , horticulture and small trades are also means of earning a living. Ambonese craftsmen work in various industries such as pottery, blacksmithing, weapons making, shipbuilding, carving on tortoiseshell shell and mother of pearl, making ornamental crafts from buds of carnation, weaving boxes and mats from strips of palm leaves. Traditionally, they serve in

210-517: A full and one or more variant form. Full forms occur in every syntactic position. Variant form have a more restricted distribution and may be functionally different. The following table summarises the set of full personal pronouns plus (in brackets) their variant forms according to context and syntactic function: ale ale (al) ale 3SN antua (etc.) ontua (etc.) antua (etc.) ontua (etc.) akang antua (etc.) ontua (etc.) akang (kang; ang) From this table it follows that two factors determine whether

252-412: A personal pronoun can be shortened: syntactic construction and syntactic position: These facts show that se , os 'you', dong 'you', ont'o, ant'o, ant'u 'he; she' and dong 'they' have developed into doublets which are functionally (but not semantically) on a par with their full forms, while other short forms ( bet, al, kang, ang ) are phonological variants with a more restricted distribution. It

294-490: A single attribute before nouns, and in combination with postnominal tu . Akang 3S . N barang things tu that Sago Sago ( / ˈ s eɪ ɡ oʊ / ) is a starch extracted from the pith , or spongy core tissue, of various tropical palm stems, especially those of Metroxylon sagu . It is a major staple food for the lowland peoples of New Guinea and the Maluku Islands , where it

336-422: A variety of dishes and around the world, usually in puddings . In India , it is used in a variety of dishes such as desserts boiled with sweetened milk on occasion of religious fasts. The Penan people of Borneo have sago from Eugeissona palms as their staple carbohydrate. Sago starch is also used to treat fiber in a process is called sizing , which makes fibers easier to machine. The process helps to bind

378-399: A wide variety of soils and may reach 30 meters in height (including the leaves). Several other species of the genus Metroxylon , particularly Metroxylon salomonense and Metroxylon amicarum , are also used as sources of sago throughout Melanesia and Micronesia . Sago palms grow very quickly, in clumps of different ages similar to bananas, one sucker matures, then flowers and dies. It

420-485: Is a porridge of sago starch, vegetables, taro, cassava, and fish. The inhabitants of the Ambon Island also have access to imported rice. The Ambonese people have rich musical folklore, many of which have absorbed many European musical elements, for example, the Ambonese quadrille ( katreji ) and the songs of the lagoon, accompanied by a violin and with a lap steel guitar . As of traditional musical instruments such as

462-509: Is a slow-growing wild or ornamental plant . Its common names "sago palm" and "king sago palm" are misnomers as cycads are not palms . Processed starch known as sago is made from this and other cycads. It is a less-common food source for some peoples of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Unlike palms, cycads are highly poisonous: most parts of the plant contain the neurotoxins cycasin and BMAA . Consumption of cycad seeds has been implicated in

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504-556: Is also important to note a number of syntactic variations within the functions of personal pronouns in Ambonese: 1) The 3rd person single dia 's/he; it' can be shortened to di or de when it is in Subject position, or when it is head of a Noun Phrase (NP) in object position. 2) The 3rd person single antua (and angtua, ontua, ongtua ) is also a modifier of head nominals in a phrase, thereby adding an aspect of deference. It adds

546-432: Is also sometimes used for starch extracted from other sources, especially the sago cycad, Cycas revoluta . The sago cycad is also commonly known as the sago palm, although this is a misnomer as cycads are not palms . Extracting edible starch from the sago cycad requires special care due to the poisonous nature of cycads. Cycad sago is used for many of the same purposes as palm sago. The fruit of palm trees from which

588-424: Is called saksak , rabia and sagu . The largest supply of sago comes from Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. Large quantities of sago are sent to Europe and North America for cooking purposes. It is traditionally cooked and eaten in various forms, such as rolled into balls, mixed with boiling water to form a glue-like paste ( papeda ), or as a pancake . Sago is often produced commercially in

630-625: Is often the most ecologically appropriate form of land-use and the nutritional deficiencies of the food can often be compensated for with other readily available foods. Sago starch can be baked (resulting in a product analogous to bread, pancake, or biscuit) or mixed with boiling water to form a paste. It is a main staple of many traditional communities in New Guinea and Maluku in the form of papeda , Borneo , South Sulawesi (most known in Luwu Regency ) and Sumatra . In Palembang , sago

672-435: Is one of the ingredients to make pempek . In Brunei , it is used for making the popular local dish called the ambuyat . It is also used commercially in making noodles and white bread . Sago starch can also be used as a thickener for other dishes. It can be made into steamed puddings such as sago plum pudding. In Malaysia, the traditional food " keropok lekor " (fish cracker) uses sago as one of its main ingredients. In

714-610: Is relatively typical of Austronesian languages . The following table provides a summary of all the pronouns found in Ambonese Malay: A number of observations can be made from the pronouns of Ambonese Malay which demonstrate etymology of certain pronouns: Similarly to other Austronesian languages, such as Malay and Indonesian , the 2nd person singular and one of the 3rd person singular pronouns in Ambonese Malay vary in their degree of politeness. They are summarised in

756-400: Is replaced by another sucker, with up to 1.5 m of vertical stem growth per year. The stems are thick and are either self-supporting or have a moderate climbing habit ; the leaves are pinnate . Each palm trunk produces a single inflorescence at its tip at the end of its life. Sago palms are harvested at the age of 7–15 years, just before or shortly after the inflorescence appears and when

798-459: Is taken from the stems and ground to powder. The powder is kneaded in water over a cloth or sieve to release the starch. The water with the starch passes into a trough where the starch settles. After a few washings, the starch is ready to be used in cooking. A single palm yields about 360 kilograms (800 pounds) of dry starch. Sago was noted by the Chinese historian Zhao Rukuo (1170–1231) during

840-899: Is then washed carefully and repeatedly to leach out the natural toxins. The starchy residue is then dried and cooked, producing a starch similar to palm sago/sabudana. In many countries including Australia, Brazil, and India, tapioca pearls made from cassava root are also referred to as sago , sagu , sabudana , etc. Sago from Metroxylon palms is nearly pure carbohydrate and has very little protein, vitamins, or minerals. 100 grams ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 ounces) of dry sago typically comprises 94 grams of carbohydrate, 0.2 grams of protein, 0.5 grams of dietary fiber, 10 mg of calcium, 1.2 mg of iron and negligible amounts of fat, carotene, thiamine and ascorbic acid and yields approximately 1,490 kilojoules (355 kilocalories) of food energy . Sago palms are typically found in areas unsuited for other forms of agriculture, so sago cultivation

882-664: The Indonesian National Revolution war for the Independence of Indonesia in 1945–1949, large groups of Ambonese people, especially members of the colonial army, emigrated to the Netherlands and New Guinea . At present, the Ambonese people are considered one of the most developed peoples of Indonesia, belong to the class of local intellectuals. Mostly engaged in the production for sale of spices such as carnation and nutmeg , as well as sago as

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924-454: The Song dynasty . In his Zhu Fan Zhi (1225), a collection of descriptions of foreign countries, he writes that the kingdom of Boni "produces no wheat, but hemp and rice, and they use sha-hu (sago) for grain". The sago palm, Metroxylon sagu , is found in tropical lowland forest and freshwater swamps across Southeast Asia and New Guinea and is the primary source of sago. It tolerates

966-481: The 12 gongs , drums, bamboo flute ( efluit ), xylophone ( tatabuhan kayu ) and Aeolian harp are included. Ambonese language Ambonese Malay or simply Ambonese is a Malay -based creole language spoken on Ambon Island in the Maluku Islands of Eastern Indonesia . It was first brought by traders from Western Indonesia, then developed when the Dutch Empire colonised the Maluku Islands and

1008-512: The adherents of both faiths here have traditionally been neighborly peaceful, based on the union of the communities' pela ; which in the Ambonese language means "friend". However, he also mentions that clashes between Ambonese people and other non-indigenous ethnic groups occurs on religious grounds. Mounted tension then resulted in the 1998 inter-religious conflict in Ambon, of which until today

1050-491: The army and the administrative sector. The Ambonese people live in traditional rural communities, called negeri and headed by a starosta called raja . Communities are divided into territorial-related groups called soa , which, in turn, unites the patrilineal clans that are called mata ruma . Marriages are concluded only within confessional groups. For the Ambonese people, they have been traditionally characterized by patrilocal marriage settlement. Relations between members of

1092-743: The city of Ambon , dominant in the Salahutu and Leihitu Peninsulas. While in the Lease Islands , the Christian Ambonese-speaking community is dominant in parts of Haruku , Saparua and Nusa Laut islands. Ambonese Malay has also become lingua franca in Buru , Seram , Geser-Gorom and the south-western Maluku Islands, though with different accents. While originally derived from Malay, Ambonese Malay has been heavily influenced by European languages (Dutch and Portuguese) as well as

1134-466: The colonialists. Due to its far-sighted policy, the Ambonese people have achieved a privileged position in Indonesia since the mid-19th century. Many of them were Europeanized, adopted Christianity, the wealthy townspeople were legally equated with the ruling colonizers, and they were involved in state and military services. For such loyalty, the Ambonese authorities were nicknamed "black Dutch". During

1176-531: The community are regulated by traditional norms of behavior called adat , coming from the customs of the ancestors. Today the adat largely regulates matter on family, hereditary, land law, as well as on elections for leadership positions. A typical Ambonese village consists of about 1,500 people who live in houses made of materials from woven sago leaves or plastered bamboo , wood, coral stones, on stone foundations; they cultivate surrounding hillsides. Traditional rural settlements of Ambonese people are located on

1218-490: The eastern Indonesian forms of Malay have their roots in North Moluccan Malay . In Ambonese Malay, personal pronouns typically have a full form, as well as another one or more shortened and/or variant forms. The pronouns vary in terms of number - singular and plural, as well as clusivity , such as exclusive forms which exclude the addressee and inclusive forms which include the addressee. Such distinction

1260-465: The fiber, give it a predictable slip for running on metal, standardize the level of hydration of the fiber and give the textile more body. Most of the natural based cloth and clothing has been sized; this leaves a residue which is removed in the first wash. Because many traditional people rely on sago-palm as their main food staple and because supplies are finite, in some areas commercial or industrial harvesting of wild stands of sago-palm can conflict with

1302-523: The following table: Used in familiar and intimate relationships and when no outspoken respect needs to be expressed Expresses intimacy. Used among peers, or to people of lower status. Ale se al It is also important to note that although in Ambonese the 1st person singular form beta is the standard form, in Classical Malay, it is used only by royal persons speaking to equals of rank. As previously mentioned, Ambonese pronouns consist of

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1344-574: The form of "pearls" (small rounded starch aggregates, partly gelatinized by heating). Sago pearls can be boiled with water or milk and sugar to make a sweet sago pudding . Sago pearls are similar in appearance to the pearled starches of other origin, e.g. cassava starch ( tapioca ) and potato starch. They may be used interchangeably in some dishes, and tapioca pearls are often marketed as "sago", since they are much cheaper to produce. Compared to tapioca pearls, real sago pearls are off-white, uneven in size, brittle and cook very quickly. The name sago

1386-559: The goal of the foreign colonialists, who at the beginning of the 16th century were the Portuguese colonials, and at the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch colonials. The Ambonese people resisted the Dutch colonization until the beginning of the 19th century. However, their resistance did not help in preventing the Dutch conquering the Indonesian Archipelago and suppressing uprisings of local ethnic groups against

1428-482: The making of the popular keropok lekor of Losong in Kuala Terengganu , each kilogram of fish meat is mixed with half a kilogram of fine sago, with a little salt added for flavour. Tons of raw sago are imported each year into Malaysia to support the keropok lekor industry. In 1805, two captured crew members of the shipwrecked schooner Betsey were kept alive until their escape from an undetermined island on

1470-405: The number of victims have turned into thousands of people. In the situation of an almost civil war, people were forced to move to refugee camps across the capital of the island, Ambon, Maluku , with lines dividing its Muslim and Christian sections were made. The problem is not completely resolved, and the religious issue is still acute, as indeed, in other parts of Indonesia . Ambon belonged to

1512-468: The outbreak of Parkinson's disease -like neurological disorder in Guam and other locations in the Pacific. Thus, before any part of the plant may safely be eaten the toxins must be removed through extended processing. Sago is extracted from the sago cycad by cutting the pith from the stem, root and seeds of the cycads, grinding the pith to a coarse flour , before being dried, pounded, and soaked. The starch

1554-437: The sago is produced is not allowed to ripen fully, as full ripening completes the life cycle of the tree and exhausts the starch reserves in the trunk to produce the seeds to the point of death, leaving a hollow shell. The palms are cut down when they are about 15 years old, just before or shortly after the inflorescence appears. The stems, which grow 10 to 15 meters (35 to 50 feet) high, are split out. The starch-containing pith

1596-401: The shore and have a linear layout. Houses are built on stilts. Men adopted modern European style clothing, and only on special occasions they would wear short jackets and black trousers. Women also wear thin blouses or small-patterned sarongs with black color for the older women and the younger women wear bright colored cotton dresses up to knee-length. The basis of the diet of Ambonese people

1638-550: The so-called colonial ethnic group. They were formed in the 16th to 18th century as a result of the mixing of the indigenous population of Ambon Island and West Seram Regency , the human trade of the Hitu people, and with the immigrants from both other parts of Indonesia and Europeans. In the 15th to 16th century, the largest center of spice trade was established under the rule of the Sultanate of Ternate , and its capture then became

1680-458: The stems are full of starch stored for use in reproduction. One palm can yield 150–300 kg of starch. Sago is extracted from Metroxylon palms by splitting the stem lengthwise and removing the pith which is then crushed and kneaded to release the starch before being washed and strained to extract the starch from the fibrous residue. The raw starch suspension in water is then collected in a settling container. The sago cycad, Cycas revoluta ,

1722-459: The vocabularies or grammatical structures of indigenous languages. Muslims and Christian speakers tend to make different choices in vocabulary. Papuan Malay , a Malay creole spoken in the Indonesian part of New Guinea , is closely related to Ambonese Malay and is said to be a derivative of Ambonese Malay or Manado Malay or a mixture of both. According to Robert B. Allen and Rika Hayami-Allen,

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1764-470: Was used as a tool by missionaries in Eastern Indonesia. Malay has been taught in schools and churches in Ambon, and because of this it has become a lingua franca in Ambon and its surroundings. Christian speakers use Ambonese Malay as their mother tongue , while Muslims speak it as a second language as they have their own language. Muslims on Ambon Island particularly live in several areas in

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