181-422: Kuala Terengganu ( Malaysian: [ˈkuˈala ˈtəˈrəŋˈganu] ; Terengganu Malay : Kole Tranung ), colloquially referred to as KT , is the administrative, economic and royal capital of the state of Terengganu , Malaysia. Kuala Terengganu is also the capital of Kuala Terengganu District . It is also the only royal capital among the nine royal states of the country to bear its state's name. Kuala Terengganu
362-629: A Siamese vessel. The British requested that the ex-Sultan to be withdrawn because the British accused the ex-Sultan and also the Sultan of Terengganu, Sultan Omar of supporting Wan Ahmad. Wan Ahmad had constantly attacked Pahang using Kemaman as his base and British trade there were disrupted by the constant attacks. The Siamese agreed to British request, but they have yet to follow through with their agreement. The Strait Settlements Governor, Sir Orfeur Cavenagh sent three ships, HMS Scout, HMS Coquette and
543-525: A Muslim kingdom. The Chinese government, without knowing about the event, sent a censor Ch'en Chun to Champa in 1474 to install the Champa King, but he discovered Vietnamese soldiers had taken over Champa and were blocking his entry. He proceeded to Malacca instead and its ruler sent back tribute to China. In 1469, Malaccan envoys on their return from China was attacked by the Vietnamese who castrated
724-497: A battle broke out in which the Pahangites were decisively defeated and its entire royal court were captured. The Malaccan fleet returned home with Dewa Sura and his daughter, Wanang Seri who were handed over to Sultan Mansur Shah. The Sultan appointed Tun Hamzah to rule Pahang. A policy of rapprochement with Ligor was later initiated by Mansur Shah to ensure steady supplies of rice. On his royal visit to Majapahit , Mansur Shah
905-572: A centre of international trade with strong ties to the Yuan dynasty . In an effort to revive the fortune of Malayu in Sumatra, in the 1370s, a Malay ruler of Palembang sent an envoy to the court of the first emperor of the newly established Ming dynasty . He invited China to resume the tributary system, just like Srivijaya did centuries earlier. Learning of this diplomatic maneuver, King Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit sent an envoy to Nanking and convinced
1086-536: A centre of international trade. Malacca had an edge over these ports because its rulers created an environment that was safe and conducive for business. Chinese records of the mid-15th century stated that Malacca flourished as a centre for trade on account of its effective security measures. It also had a well-equipped and well-managed port. Among the facilities provided for merchants were warehouses , where they could safely house their goods as they awaited favourable trade winds, as well as elephants for transporting goods to
1267-435: A continuous show of friendship, suggesting that it placed Malacca in high regard. In fact, although it was China's practice to consider most foreign countries as vassal states – including Italy and Portugal – its relations with Malacca were characterised by mutual respect and friendship, such as that between two sovereign countries. Muhammad Shah died in 1444 after reigning for twenty years and left behind two sons; Raja Kasim,
1448-498: A defensive line was made near Batu Pahat . The forces were commanded by Tun Perak and assisted by Tun Hamzah, a warrior known as Datuk Bongkok. The two sides clashed in a fierce naval battle in which the more advanced Malaccan navy succeeded in driving off the Siamese, pursuing them to Singapura and forcing them to return home. Malacca's victory in this battle gave it new confidence to devise strategies to extend its influence throughout
1629-523: A descendant of Alexander the Great and Rajendra Chola I , stayed on Bintan Island for several years before he set sail and landed on Temasek in 1299. The Orang Laut , known for their loyal services to Srivijaya, eventually made him king of a new kingdom called Singapura . In the 14th century, Singapura developed concurrently with the Pax Mongolica era and rose from a small trading outpost into
1810-658: A glottal stop. bukit بوكيت ('hill') becomes buke’ ( [bukiʔ] ) Words are distinguished by lengthened initial consonant. Final /l/ is silent. Example: tinggal ('left') becomes tingga ; tebal ('thick') becomes teba . Usually /l/ as in /lah/ is removed and becomes /ah/ . Example: Banyaklah ('so many') becomes banyok ah . Bulang ('moon') vs. bːulang ('many months'); katok ('to strike') vs. kːatok ('frog'); siku ('elbow') vs. sːiku ('hand tool') Several comparisons between Standard Malay and Terengganu Malay with English translations: Starang baroh means 'really',
1991-405: A historical monument known as Kota Lama Duyong ( Duyong Old Fort ). It is a traditional Malay house built with local and European elements. Rumah Warisan Haji Su ( Haji Su Heritage House ), a complex of two traditional Malay houses located in mukim Losong, is another historical and cultural attraction of the city. Kuala Terengganu has various places for recreation. Amongst the most prominent one
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#17327729814002172-771: A letter from the King. His mission was to establish trade with Malacca. The Tamil Muslims who were now powerful in the Malaccan court and friendly with Tun Mutahir , the Bendahara, were hostile towards the Christian Portuguese. The Gujarati merchants who were also Muslims and had known the Portuguese in India, preached a holy war against "the infidels". Because of the dissension between Mahmud Shah and Tun Mutahir,
2353-437: A lot of hospitals. The main hospital is Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital (HSNZ), formerly known as Kuala Terengganu General Hospital, the largest hospital in the state with 821 beds. This is a public government hospital that began to provide its services during the 1920s. Kuala Terengganu Specialist Hospital is the first and largest private hospital in the state, operating since September 2006. Another private hospital that operates in
2534-401: A major expansion of the sultanate. Among the earliest territory ceded to the sultanate was Pahang , with its capital, Inderapura —a massive unexplored land with a large river and abundant source of gold which was ruled by Maharaja Dewa Sura , a relative of the King of Ligor . The Sultan dispatched a fleet of two hundred ships, led by Tun Perak and 19 Malaccan hulubalangs . On reaching Pahang,
2715-502: A nasal vowel changes to /ijaŋ/ : siam سيام ('Siam') becomes siyang /ia/ changes to /ɛ/ : biasa بياسا ('once') becomes bese /s/ and /f/ at the end of syllables changes to /h/ : malas مالس ('lazy') changes to malah /m/ and /n/ at the end of syllables changes to /ŋ/ : hakim حاكيم ('judge') changes to hakeng /r/ changes to /ɣ/ : orang اورڠ ('person') becomes oghang Final consonants are often only pronounced as
2896-617: A number of scholars who served at the Malacca royal court as teachers and counselors to the various sultans. Maulana Abu Bakar served in the court of Sultan Mansur Shah and introduced the Kitab Darul Manzum , a theological text translated from the work of an Arab scholar in Mecca . A scholar by the name of Maulana Kadi Sardar Johan served as a religious teacher to both Sultan Mahmud Shah and his son. In addition to Kitab Darul Manzum ,
3077-485: A part of Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu has a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification (Af) with constant temperature and high humidity. The amount of rainfall varies according to the monsoon season. It is generally fairly hot and humid all year round, averaging from 28 °C to 30 °C in daytime and slightly cooler after dusk. Nevertheless, the sea breeze from South China Sea somehow moderates
3258-456: A party of hunters from Pahang roving and hunting in the area of what is now southern Terengganu. One of the hunters spotted a big animal fang lying on the ground. A fellow party member asked to which animal did the fang belong. The hunter, not knowing which animal, simply answered taring anu (Malay: 'fang of something'). The party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game, fur and sandalwood, which impressed their neighbours. They asked
3439-571: A plot was hatched to kill de Sequeira, imprison his men and capture the Portuguese fleet anchored off the Malacca River. The plot leaked out and de Sequeira managed to escape from Malacca in his ship, leaving behind several of his men who were taken captive. In April 1511 Afonso de Albuquerque , who was the Portuguese expedition leader together with his armada , arrived in Malacca to sever its Islamic and Venetian trade. His intention
3620-571: A popular phrase used to show or express something that is really serious or true. Example: Ambe dok tau starang baroh , as opposed to Standard Malay or West coast Malay dialects: Saya memang tak tahu langsung. Another famous Terengganuan Malay phrase is Senyung sokmo which means Senyum selalu in standard Malay and 'Smile always' in English. It is widely used by Terengganu people to wish other people well and to brighten their days. Dokrok cettong denotes two situations whereby one
3801-684: A population of 406,317. The city population mainly consists of Malays with a population of 319,813. Chinese residents are the second biggest ethnic group (11,617). Other residents include non-Malaysian citizens (4,326), other Bumiputras (643), Indians (867) and others (287). The same census shows that the population of Kuala Terengganu by religion is 96.9% Muslim , 2.5% Buddhist, 0.2% Hindu , 0.2% Christian , and 0.2% follower of other religions, Sikhs , or non-religious. All Malays are Muslim. The Chinese of Kuala Terengganu are made up of Hokkien speakers and they practise either Buddhism, Taoism, or Christianity. A small number of Hindus and Sikhs also exist. By 2020,
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#17327729814003982-623: A reclaimed land slated for future developments. The city and suburbs are relatively easy to negotiate by car. Kuala Terengganu is connected to other towns via a good network of roads that are accessible from many major towns and cities in Peninsula Malaysia. The East Coast Expressway (LPT) E8, which starts from Gombak until Kuala Terengganu, has shorten the time for travellers to drive from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It takes four hours to drive from Kuala Lumpur to reach
4163-412: A result, the village became a safe haven and in the 1370s it began to receive a growing number of refugees fleeing Majapahit's attacks. By the time Parameswara reached Malacca in the early 1400s, the place was already cosmopolitan feel with Buddhists from the north, Hindus from Palembang and Muslims from Pasai. Legend has it that Parameswara saw a mouse deer outwit his hunting dog into the water when he
4344-612: A royal party of 540 people and left for China with Admiral Zheng He to visit the Ming court. In 1414, the Ming Shilu mentions that the son of the first ruler of Malacca visited the Ming court to inform Yongle that his father had died. There is uncertainty in the chronology of the early rulers of Malacca due to discrepancies contained in Malay, Chinese and Portuguese sources, such as the names, number of rulers and reign details: Due to
4525-533: A ruler of Rokan and a ruler named Tuan Telanai from Terengganu . Alauddin Riayat Shah placed a great importance in maintaining peace and order during his reign. He extended the conquests of his father to include the Riau-Lingga islands . He was succeeded by his son, Sultan Mahmud Shah ( r. 1488–1511 ) who was a teenage boy upon his accession. Hence Malacca was administered by Bendahara Tun Perak with
4706-631: A small settlement to a cosmopolitan Entrepôt within the span of a century. This rapid progression was attributable to several factors, key among which were its strategic location along one of the world's most important shipping lanes, the Strait of Malacca and the increasing demand for commodities from both the East and the West. Ships from the East bearing goods from China, the Ryukyu Islands , Java and
4887-878: A song sung in Terengganuan, called " Hati Mahu Baik ". Consonant inventory of Terengganu Malay /a/ followed by a nasal consonant changes to /ŋ/ : ayam ايم ('chicken') becomes ayang ; makan ماكن ('to eat') becomes makang /a/ at the end of syllables changes to /ɔʔ/ : minta مينتا ('to ask') becomes mitok /ah/ changes to /ɔh/ : rumah رومه ('house') becomes rumoh /a/ changes to /ə/ : saya ساي ('I') becomes saye /i/ changes to /iŋ/ : sini سيني ('here') becomes sining /ua/ changes to /ɔ/ : buaya بوايا ('crocodile') becomes boye /aj/ becomes /aː/ : sungai سوڠاي ('river') becomes sunga /aw/ becomes /a/ : pisau ڤيساو ('knife') changes to pisa /ia/ before
5068-477: A steamer Tonze to Kuala Terengganu, under the command of Captain Corbett, accompanied by Major MacPherson. They were sent with orders to compel the ex-Sultan of Riau-Lingga to be sent back by the British to Siam, and to call upon the Sultan to cease supporting Wan Ahmad. After the Sultan of Terengganu declined to surrender the ex-Sultan to the British, the ships bombarded Kuala Terengganu. The Sultan of Terengganu and
5249-565: A vassal state of San-fo-ts’i (三佛齊), which is thought to be Srivijaya . After Srivijaya fell during the 13th century, Terengganu came under the influence of Majapahit . In the 15th century, Majapahit was vying with Ayutthaya Kingdom and the nascent Malacca Sultanate for the control of the Malay Peninsula . Malacca Sultanate prevailed and Terengganu then came under its influence. When the Malacca Sultanate fell in 1511 to
5430-471: A well-defined government with a set of laws. At the top of the sultanate's hierarchy sat the Sultan who was an absolute monarch. The earlier Srivijayan concept of kingship in which the king's right to rule was based on legitimate lineage still prevailed, and with the coming of Islam, it was reintroduced with the name daulat (sovereignty). Malacca's legal codes identified four main state officials appointed by
5611-567: Is Batu Buruk Beach, located not far from the city centre. The beach has many amenities and facilities for the visitors. They can go for many activities at the beach such as horse riding, horse carriage rides and kite flying. However, visitors are not recommended to swim in the waters there because of strong waves. Taman Shahbandar is another recreation place in Kuala Terengganu, located by the Terengganu River estuary. This park
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5792-542: Is a Malayic language spoken in the Malaysian state of Terengganu all the way southward to coastal Pahang and northeast Johor . It is the native language of Terengganu Malays and highly localized Chinese Peranakan (locally known as "Mek and Awang") community as well as a second language among the smaller Indian minority. The language has developed distinct phonetic , syntactic and lexical distinctions which makes it mutually unintelligible for speakers from outside
5973-402: Is a fishing village situated on the northern bank of Terengganu River estuary and can be easily reached by using the bot penambang from Kuala Terengganu jetty. Here, visitors can see for themselves many cottage industries such as the producing of keropok lekor (a local fish cracker), batik printing, and drying salted fish, and the making of belacan (shrimp paste). A giant replica of
6154-481: Is a limited service tourist bus that plies back and forth to tourist areas such as the Nor Arfa batik outlet south of the city, and the jetty for ferries to the island resorts at Redang and Perhentian islands. Kuala Terengganu has its own special bus service known as Bas Bandar or Town Bus, operated by the state-owned firm Cas Ligas Sdn. Bhd. The buses have the characteristics of a traditional old Malay house through
6335-585: Is a small coastal village in Kota Tinggi , Johor spoke a dialect that is a mixture of Johorean and Terengganuan as the residents there are mostly of Terengganu Malay ancestry. In Pasir Raja which is a mukim located in the interior parts of Dungun, majority of the Malays there spoke a variant of Pahang Malay specifically the Ulu Tembeling dialect instead of Terengganuan. It is because the majority of
6516-780: Is about to change as the East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) project, has commenced and is slated to connect Kuala Terengganu with Tumpat and Kota Bharu in Kelantan, Kuantan in Pahang, and Gombak in Kuala Lumpur by 2024. Kuala Terengganu is also the first city in the East Coast to have a public bicycle-sharing system . This service is provided the Singaporean operator, oBike . Like all other cities with oBike,
6697-400: Is also located here. Boat cruise services along Terengganu River are also provided for the visitors. A small hill known as Bukit Puteri can be found nearby to Pasar Payang. The hill is located near the banks of Terengganu River and because of its strategic location, it was used as a fortification by the sultans of the state. Old artefacts, a graveyard, and monuments can be found on top of
6878-726: Is also spoken in coastal Pahang , from Cherating near the border with Kemaman district to as far south as Mersing district in the state of Johor. A variety spoken in the village of Tanjung Sedili in the district of Kota Tinggi is said to be a mixture of Terengganuan, Johorean and several other Malay varieties, reflecting the historical demographics of the area, which once received Malay migrants from Terengganu. Terengganu Malay has two major dialects: Coastal (zlm-coa) and Inland (zlm-inl) and each of these two dialects has several regional differences depending on districts or villages. The dialect spoken in Kuala Terengganu district
7059-572: Is also the home of the Terengganu Inscription Stone , the oldest artefact with Jawi writing in this country. Near the museum is the Islamic Heritage Park (Malay: Taman Tamadun Islam). This park is an educational entertainment park that showcases various replicas of famous mosque from all over the world. Among the replicas are Al-Masjid al-Haram , Qol Sharif Mosque , and Masjid Negara . The Crystal Mosque
7240-598: Is at Jalan Lapangan Terbang, near to Terengganu Sports Complex. The 18th Battalion of the Royal Malay Regiment of the Malaysian Army has its camp in the northern part of the district at Kem Sri Pantai in Seberang Takir, near to the airport and Teluk Ketapang Beach. The camp is currently undergoing restoration and upgrading processes. Unlike other major cities, Kuala Terengganu does not have
7421-571: Is close to other attractions in Kuala Terengganu such as Pasar Payang, Bukit Puteri and Istana Maziah. Other recreational places in Kuala Terengganu are: The Abidin Mosque is Kuala Terengganu's old state royal mosque built by Sultan Zainal Abidin II between 1793 and 1808. It is popularly known as Masjid Putih (White Mosque). The mosque is also the location of the Royal Mausoleum. Seberang Takir
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7602-533: Is considered to be Kuala Terengganu proper. As the capital, the city is vital to the political and economic welfare of the state. It is the centre for the state and federal government agencies administration buildings, housing the offices of many ministries' departments and governmental bodies, such as the Immigration and Customs Department, State Economic Planning Unit, Pos Malaysia Kuala Terengganu General Post Office, Terengganu State Library, and many others. As
7783-493: Is considered to be the most recognisable identity of the state. This can be seen in many local television dramas, movies, songs, poems and religious sermons which emphasize the usage of Terengganu Malay. Radio stations in Terengganu whether public (Terengganu FM) or privately owned ( Hot FM and Molek FM ) mainly use Terengganu Malay in its broadcast alongside standard Malaysian . Recent years show an increase of awareness of
7964-709: Is generally taken to be c. 1400 . The region was dominated by the Srivijaya empire centered on Palembang in Sumatra until it was weakened by the Chola Empire in the 11th century. By the end of the 13th century, the Javanese Singhasari followed by the Majapahit had become dominant. According to the Malay Annals , a prince from Palembang named Seri Teri Buana who claimed to be
8145-725: Is home to two Chinese temples , Ho Ann Kiong and Tien Hou Kong , which was built in 1801 and 1896. Another landmark is the 19th-century Low Tiey water well, erected in 1875. After years and years, it still supplies clean water to Chinatown's residents. Many of the buildings here have undergone restoration or beautification programmes to make them more appealing, but without destroying the heritage value. The recent attractions in Kampung China are its back alleys, many of which are transformed into thematic lanes containing various information, decorations and murals. Pasar Besar Kedai Payang or Central Market (more commonly known as Pasar Payang)
8326-401: Is known as bahasa Terengganu or bahasa Melayu Terengganu . Besides Tranung, Tranu , Ganung , Teganung , Teganu and Ganu are also used with the latter (Ganu) being used as an exonym by people outside of Terengganu when referring to Terengganu. Terengganu Malay is natively spoken in most parts of Terengganu other than Besut and the northern part of Setiu . Besides Terengganu, it
8507-513: Is located about 440 kilometres northeast of Kuala Lumpur on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The city is situated at the estuary of Terengganu River , facing the South China Sea . As a district, Kuala Terengganu is the smallest in terms of area, but it and Kuala Nerus District that together form the city area has the largest population in Terengganu. The city population was 406,317 in 2010 and grew to 375,424 in 2020. City status
8688-531: Is located at Jalan Kemajuan, near the southern end of Sultan Mahmud Bridge , and is the largest library of the state. As a major public library of Terengganu, it is the main information resource centre and provides information services for the users from all sectors and ages. Other libraries or private libraries can be found in schools, colleges, or universities. Other than the state library, smaller village libraries are also available in Seberang Takir, Mengabang Telipot, Tepuh, and Atas Tol. The Terengganu State Museum
8869-557: Is located in Kampung Losong. It is acclaimed to be one of the largest museum complexes in Malaysia and South East Asia with an area of 27 hectares. The architecture is based on the traditional Terengganu Malay house known as rumah tele . It has eight different galleries and other open air exhibits such as Petronas Gallery, Maritime Gallery, Islam Gallery, exhibits of traditional Terengganuese houses, and many others. The museum
9050-615: Is now under construction, thus providing this district with a new establishment. The Sultan Mahmud Airport is located within the district, as is the multipurpose Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium. Although Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu are now two districts on their own, since both of them are under the administration of the same local government, this makes MBKT among the few local governments in Malaysia to manage two different districts e.g. Alor Setar , Penang Island and Seberang Perai . The eastern part of Terengganu district that faces
9231-627: Is referred to as Parameswara and originated in Palembang but usurped the throne of Singapura, but in Malay sources he is Iskandar Shah, a descendant Seri Teri Buana who became the fifth king of Singapura. Parameswara fled north to Muar , Ujong Tanah and Biawak Busuk before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of Bertam River (modern-day Malacca River ). The village belonged to the Orang Laut who were left alone by Majapahit's forces that not only sacked Singapura but also Langkasuka and Pasai. As
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#17327729814009412-531: Is responsible for public health and sanitation, waste removal and management, town planning and beautification, environmental protection and building control, social, economic and tourism development, and general maintenance and constructions of urban infrastructure. The MBKT main headquarters is located at Menara Permint in Jalan Sultan Ismail. There are two districts that are administered by MBKT. They are Kuala Terengganu and Kuala Nerus . Kuala Nerus
9593-404: Is the de facto standard dialect of Terengganu Malay. The major differences between Coastal (known as Pata ) and Inland (known as Ulu ) dialects is the pronunciation of the letter "e" of which Coastal Terengganu speakers tend to pronounce it as a schwa while Inland Terengganu speakers pronounce it with strong "e" (as in r e d). People in the northernmost regions of Terengganu, specifically in
9774-550: Is the easiest and shortest way to get to the city. There are also ferry services to the resort island of Redang and other small islands, although these services are mainly carried out by modern express ferries. The ferries dock at Syahbandar Jetty, just in front of the General Post Office. All types of courts in Kuala Terengganu can be found in Jalan Sultan Mohamad. The High Court, Sessions Court, and
9955-418: Is the main market of the city. This double-storey building houses different kinds of goods, ranging from fresh produce, poultry, sea products, traditional delicacies, home products, clothes, and handicrafts such as batik , songket , and brass ware. Pulau Duyong is a river island located at the Terengganu River estuary. It is popularly known for its traditional boat making activities. Pulau Duyong also contains
10136-622: Is totally exhausted or someone who is very weak. Terengganu Malay: Budok-budok lening koho dok kena makanang tradisi, sohbeng kate kuey, nasik pong ttuko bimbo lagi, nok wak guane makanang lening modeng blake, oghang mude tak mboh belajo duk ngarak ke oghang tue sokmo. Malaysian: Budak-budak sekarang semakin tak kenal makanan tradisi, jangan kata kuih, nasi pun masih tertukar lagi, nak buat macam mana makanan sekarang semua moden, orang muda tak nak belajar selalu mengharap ke orang-orang tua. English 'Kids today don't know about traditional foods, it's not just traditional cakes, even
10317-746: Is widely used in folk songs, poems, and also in mainstream and local media (such as local radio stations, dramas and movies). Ibrahim Taib , a famous Terengganu poet was known for his usage of Inland Terengganu dialect in his poems such as " Mok, Aku Nok Tubaik " ('Mom, I want to get out') and " Jadilah Awang " ('Enough Awang'). Terengganu has a rich history of folk songs sung mostly in Terengganu Malay, among those are Anok Udang , Anok Burung Baniong , Ulek Mayang and Watimang Landok . Besides traditional folk songs, Terengganu Malay has also made way into modern contemporary songs especially singers or bands who were born and raised in Terengganu. Among
10498-580: The Laylat al-Qadr . It began with a daytime procession, led by the Temenggung on elephant-back, conveying the Sultan's prayer mat to the mosque for Tarawih performed after the mandatory night prayers. On the following day the Sultan's turban would be carried in procession to the mosque. Similar ceremonies accompanied the grand celebrations of both Hari Raya Aidilfitri and Hari Raya Aidiladha . Apparently Malaccan Malay society had become so infused with
10679-472: The Malay Annals noted that it was during the reign of the third ruler Muhammad Shah ( r. 1424–1444 ), that the ruling class and their subjects began accepting Islam. While there are differing views on when the Islamization of Malacca actually took place, it is generally agreed that Islam was firmly established during the reign of Muzaffar Shah ( r. 1445–1459 ). Islamisation in
10860-532: The Malay Annals also mentions the Kitab al-luma' fi tasawwuf ('Book of Flashes'), a tenth-century treatise on Sufism by Abu Nasr al-Sarraj. Certain elaborate ceremonies that blend Islamic traditions with local culture were also created in the Malacca Sultanate. One example was recorded during the reign of Muhammad Shah . A special ceremony was held that marked the celebration of the 27th night of Ramadan ,
11041-576: The Maluku Islands would sail in by the northeast monsoon from December to January, while ships leaving for ports along Indian coastline, the Red Sea and East Africa would sail with the southwest monsoon . There were other ports along the Strait of Malacca such as Kedah in the peninsula and Jambi and Palembang in Sumatra, yet none of them came close to challenging Malacca's success as
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#173277298140011222-544: The Ming dynasty ( r. 1402–1424 ) sent his envoy headed by Yin Qing to Malacca. Yin Qing's visit paved the way for the establishment of friendly relations between Malacca and China. Two years later, Admiral Zheng He made his first of six visits to Malacca. Zheng He called at Malacca and brought Parameswara with him on his return to China, a recognition of his position as ruler of Malacca. In exchange for regular tribute,
11403-429: The South China Sea is characterised by sandy coastal beaches that cover the entire stretch of both parts. Small bays and coastal plains can be found. The district is divided into four major drainage basins: Terengganu River basin, Nerus River basin, Ibai River basin, and other small rivers basin. Certain parts of the rivers of Kuala Terengganu are lined with swamp forests. Hills between 200 and 600 metres mostly dominate
11584-599: The Sultan Mahmud Airport ( IATA : TGG, ICAO : WMKN) serving domestic and international routes located in the neighboring Kuala Nerus District . The airlines serving this airport are Malaysia Airlines , Firefly , AirAsia , and Malindo Air . Until December 2014, the airport was connected by 5 cities which operated daily and weekly flights from/to Kuala Lumpur–International , Kuala Lumpur-Subang , Medan , Miri , and Singapore . Malaysia Airlines also brings passengers to Mecca via Jeddah and Medina during
11765-492: The Tang dynasty after Sui dynasty has collapsed. It ceased to send tributes to China after it came under the dominance of the Srivijaya during the 7th century. Chinese history books such as Lingwai Daida written by Zhou Qufei (周去非) in 1178 and the book Zhu fan zhi (also romanised as Chu-fanchi) written by Zhao Rugua (趙汝适; also romanised as Chau Ju-Kua) in 1226 mentioned Teng-ya-nu and Teng-ya-nung respectively, as being
11946-592: The Terengganu Inscription Stone is mounted on a roundabout on Jalan Sultan Ismail. Keropok lekor (especially keropok lekor Losong ), a local delicacy made from fish and other traditional dishes such as nasi dagang , laksam, laksa Terengganu, otak-otak , sata , pulut lepa, ketupat sotong, and roti paun can be found in the city. In the area of Kampung Cina , Peranakan Chinese cuisine that combines Malay and Chinese cooking styles and other traditional Chinese dishes are available. Kuala Terengganu receives almost all of Malaysian terrestrial television channels. Among
12127-466: The Terengganu River estuary which empties into the South China Sea . There are several theories regarding the name Terengganu . One such theory attributes the name's origin to terang ganu , Malay for 'bright rainbow '. Another story, which is considered to be the most popular version, is said to have been originally narrated by the ninth Sultan of Terengganu , Baginda Omar . It tells of
12308-517: The Zhengde Emperor of China when he received the envoys from the exiled Sultan Mahmud. The furious Chinese emperor responded with force, culminating in a period of persecution of Portuguese in China which lasted three decades. Among the earliest victims were the Portuguese envoys led by Tomé Pires in 1516 that were greeted with great hostility and suspicion. The Chinese confiscated all of
12489-518: The hajj season. In 2013, the airport handled 699,310 passengers with 11,402 aircraft movements. The terminal was designed to handle 2 million passengers every year. The city also has water transportation that ply the Terengganu River. The lifeline between the north and south parts of the city are the water taxis more popularly known as bot penambang . Bot penambang are engined, roofed wooden boats made to carry passengers from Seberang Takir Jetty and Pulau Duyong Kecil Jetty to Kuala Terengganu Jetty. It
12670-566: The 'floating mosque' due to its structure that was built above water. Another old mosque in the city is the Hiliran Mosque, which was constructed in 1874. There are two Chinese temples, Ho Ann Kiong Temple and Tian Hou Gong Temple nearby Chinatown . Two Presbyterian churches, the largest being Jalan Air Jerneh Presbyterian Church and another one in Chinatown, and an Anglican church known as St Andrew's Church can also be found in
12851-441: The 1708. The first Sultan of Terengganu, Sultan Zainal Abidin I established his court near Kuala Berang , then he moved his court a few more times until he settled near Bukit Keledang, Kuala Terengganu. During the early 18th century, Kuala Terengganu was still a small town. It was described as having about one thousand houses that were scattered around the town. The Chinese were already present in Kuala Terengganu at that time. Half of
13032-414: The 1970s in cities. Since then, rapid urbanisation has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling trishaw numbers. Today, trishaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction in Kuala Terengganu. The city's only taxi rank stands nearby to the city's bus terminal. As with the rest of Terengganu, Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) does not serve Kuala Terengganu. Nevertheless, this
13213-469: The Asian trade network. The previously centralised port of exchange that policed the Strait of Malacca to maintain its safety for commercial traffic, was replaced with scattered trading network with multiple ports rivalling each other in the strait. The efforts to propagate Christianity which was also one of the principal aims of Portuguese imperialism did not, meet with much success, primarily because Islam
13394-588: The Chinese emperor offered Malacca protection from the constant threat of Siamese attack. Due to Chinese involvement, Malacca had grown as a key alternative to other important and established ports. Chinese merchants began calling at the port and pioneering foreign trading bases in Malacca. Other foreign traders, notably the Arabs, Indians, and Persians came to establish their trading bases and settle in Malacca, raising its population to 2,000. In 1411, Parameswara headed
13575-536: The Emperor of China with the fame and grandeur of Sultan Mansur Shah that the Emperor decreed that his daughter, Hang Li Po , should marry the Sultan. The Malay Annals further asserts that a senior minister of state and five hundred ladies in waiting accompanied the "princess" to Malacca. The Sultan built a palace for his new consort on a hill known ever afterwards as Bukit Cina ("Chinese Hill"). As trade flourished and Malacca became more prosperous, Mansur Shah ordered
13756-827: The Imperial Chinese Right Deputy Commander Zhu Wan killed all the pirates and razed the Shuangyu Portuguese base, using force to prohibit trading with foreigners by sea. Moreover, Chinese traders boycotted Malacca after it fell under Portuguese control, with some Chinese in Java even assisting in Muslim attempts to invade the city. Relations gradualy improved and aid was given against the Japanese Wokou pirates along China's shores. By 1557 Ming China agreed to allow
13937-655: The Islamic worldview that on the eve of the fall of Malacca, warriors at the court requested copies of two Islamic heroic epics, the Hikayat Amir Hamzah and the Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah , to inspire them in battle the next day. The rise of Malacca as a centre of Islam had a number of implications. Firstly, Islam transformed the notion of kingship so that the Sultan was no longer viewed as divine, but as God's Khalifah . Secondly, Islam
14118-783: The Magistrate Court are housed under one building complex. Another type of court, the Syariah Court is situated not far from the Terengganu Courts Complex. The headquarters of the Royal Malaysia Police 's Terengganu Police Contingent and the Kuala Terengganu District Police Contingent are at Jalan Sultan Omar. Other small police stations are located in and around the two districts that make up
14299-488: The Ming dynasty of China; the Chinese were also displeased about the kidnapping of many Chinese children by the Portuguese in Tuen Mun . In retaliation for Portugal's activity in Malacca, several Portuguese were later killed by the Chinese in the battles of Tunmen and Xicaowan in China. Following the 1511 conquest, the city of Malacca remained under Portuguese control for the next 130 years despite incessant attempts by
14480-751: The Portuguese property and goods in the Pires' embassy's possession. Many of the envoys were imprisoned, tortured and executed. Pires himself was said among those who died in the Chinese dungeons. Two successive Portuguese fleets bound for China in 1521 and 1522 were attacked and defeated in the first and second Battle of Tamao . In response to Portuguese piracy and the illegal installation of bases in Fujian at Wuyu island, Yue harbour at Zhangzhou , Shuangyu island in Zhejiang , and Nan'ao island in Guangdong ,
14661-401: The Portuguese to settle at Macau in a new Portuguese trade colony. The Malay Sultanate of Johor also improved relations with the Portuguese. The exiled Sultan Mahmud Shah made several attempts to retake the capital but his efforts were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the Sultan to flee to Pahang . Later, the Sultan sailed to Bintan and established his capital there. From
14842-467: The Portuguese, the newly established Sultanate of Johor exerted its influence on most of the former territories of the Malacca Sultanate, including Terengganu. Terengganu was briefly under the influence of the Aceh Sultanate during the early 17th century, but Johor managed to exert its influence again on Terengganu in the late 17th century. The present Sultanate of Terengganu was established in
15023-423: The Sultan's aid in reclaiming their throne. One such examples was Sultan Zainal Abidin of Pasai who was toppled by his relatives. He fled to Malacca and pleaded with Sultan Mansur Shah to reinstall him as a ruler. Malacca armed forces were immediately sent to Pasai and defeated the usurpers. Although Pasai never came under the control of Malacca afterwards, the event greatly demonstrated the importance of Malacca and
15204-454: The Sultan's control spread from Kuala Linggi to Kuala Kesang, roughly corresponding to the modern state of Malacca . The period saw the diversification of economic sources of the kingdom with the discovery of two tin mining areas in the northern part of the city, sago palms in the orchards and nipah palms lining in the estuaries and beaches. To improve the defence mechanism of the city from potential aggressors, Megat Iskandar Shah ordered
15385-551: The Sultan. Below the Sultan was a Bendahara , a position similar to that of a vizier , who acted as an advisor to the Sultan. It was the highest-ranking office that could be held by any common people in Malacca. The Bendahara was also responsible for ensuring cordial relations with foreign states. Malacca's fifth Bendahara, Tun Perak , excelled in both war and diplomacy. Twice during the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Shah, Tun Perak successfully led Malaccan armed forces in repelling Siamese attacks on Malacca. When Sultan Mansur Shah ascended
15566-414: The administration was hampered by organizational confusion and command overlap, corruption and inefficiency. Competition from other regional ports such as Johor which was founded by the exiled Sultan of Malacca, saw Asian traders bypass Malacca and the city began to decline as a trading port. Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating it, the Portuguese had fundamentally disrupted the organisation of
15747-596: The administrative capital of Terengganu, the Legislative Assembly convenes at Wisma Darul Iman, the state secretariat building. Kuala Terengganu is also the royal capital of the state, being the site of the Sultan's many palaces, for example Istana Badariah and Istana Maziah. The Election Commission of Malaysia has divided Kuala Terengganu into eleven state assembly districts which covers the constituencies of Hulu Terengganu , Marang , Setiu , Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu , which are: Kuala Terengganu
15928-700: The affairs of the Gujarati traders; another was responsible for traders from Southern India, Bengal, Burma and Pasai; a third for traders from Maritime Southeast Asia; and fourth for traders from Annam, China and the Ryukyu Islands. Lesser titled state officials were also appointed. They were known as the Orang Besar . In addition, a governor called the Mandulika oversaw the administration of appanages and territories annexed by conquest. The sultanate
16109-466: The areas of higher education and housing projects have occurred there in contemporary times. The main population centres of Kuala Nerus include Gong Badak and Batu Rakit. Among major education institutions located in this district are Universiti Malaysia Terengganu , Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin , The Institute of Teacher Education Dato Razali Ismail Campus and an industrial training institute. The Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Teaching Hospital
16290-415: The assassination of Raja Rokan and to install Raja Kasim on the throne. Both the Sultan and Raja Rokan were eventually killed in the attack in 1446. Raja Kasim was then appointed as the fifth ruler of Malacca and reign as Sultan Muzaffar Shah ( r. 1446–1459 ). The looming threat from the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya became a reality when it launched a land invasion of Malacca in 1446. Tun Perak ,
16471-520: The chief of Klang brought his men to help Malacca in the battle against the Siamese, in which Malacca emerged victorious. His strong leadership qualities gained the attention of the Sultan, whose desire to see Malacca prosper made him appoint Tun Perak as the Bendahara . In 1456, during the reign of King Trailokanat , Ayutthaya launched another attack, this time by sea. When news about the attack reached Malacca, naval forces were immediately rallied and
16652-487: The city is SALAM Specialist Hospital. There are other types of clinics such as private and public health clinics, village clinics, and 1Malaysia clinics operating in the district. There are no shortages of mosques or Muslim prayer buildings. The most famous among the religious buildings and considered as tourist attractions include Abidin Mosque (built during the reign of the late Sultan Zainal Abidin II between 1793 and 1808) and Tengku Tengah Zaharah Mosque , also known as
16833-483: The city is divided into four levels: pre-school, primary, secondary (lower and upper) and post-secondary. There are 81 primary schools and 34 secondary schools in Kuala Terengganu. Among the examples of secondary schools are KOSPINT , SMK Chung Hwa Wei Sin, Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Batu Rakit, Sekolah Menengah Imtiaz Kuala Nerus, SMKA Sheikh Abdul Malek, SMKA Dato Haji Abbas, Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Mahmud, and SMK Sultan Sulaiman. The Terengganu State Library
17014-411: The city is not spared from modernity and development, Kuala Terengganu still retains strong Malay influences that are intermixed with other cultures from its long history as a port. In Malay , kuala can have the meanings of "river mouth", "estuary", or "confluence". Thus, the name Kuala Terengganu is roughly translated as "the confluence / estuary of Terengganu", referring to the broad expanse of
17195-561: The city via the LPT. Visitors can also drive to Kuala Terengganu by using the Federal Route 3 from Kuantan (besides using the LPT), Kota Bharu , and Johor Bahru that offers a more scenic view of the coastline and villages. From the north of the peninsula, Kuala Terengganu is reachable via East-West Highway 4 and Second East–West Highway 185. The nearest airport which serve the city is
17376-400: The city), and Universiti Teknologi MARA Chendering campus. Other tertiary education institutes include Insitut Teknologi Petronas, Kuala Terengganu Community College, Politeknik Kuala Terengganu, and others. There is one institute of teacher education in Kuala Terengganu, that is Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Dato' Razali Ismail. Similar to other Malaysian schools, non-tertiary education in
17557-872: The city, while the main Catholic church is known as the Terengganu Catholic Mission parish. For Hindu adherents, there is temple that is known as Sri Kali Yuga Durga Lakshmi Aman Temple, located in Jalan Cherong Lanjut. Kuala Terengganu is the centre of tertiary education in the state. There are three public universities here and they are Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (with two of its three campuses in Kuala Terengganu City Council area), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (located in Kuala Nerus area of
17738-521: The city. There is no prison complex in the district, but temporary lock-up cells are to be found in most police stations here. The main fire station is at Jalan Kemajuan, near Bukit Kecil. This is the biggest fire station in Kuala Terengganu. Another fire station is located just beside Pasar Payang in the city centre. The headquarters of the Malaysian Civil Defence Department , the civil defence services agency in Malaysia,
17919-420: The construction of a large and beautiful palace at the foot of Malacca Hill. The royal palace reflected the wealth, prosperity and power of Malacca and embodied the excellence and distinct characteristics of Malay architecture . The brief conflict between Malacca and Đại Việt during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông ( r. 1460–1497 ), began shortly after the 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa , then already
18100-469: The construction of a wall surrounding the city with four guarded entrances. A fenced fortress was also built in the town centre where the state's treasury and supply were stored. The growth of Malacca coincided with the rising power of Ayutthaya to the north. The growing ambitions of Ayutthaya against its neighbours and the Malay Peninsula had alarmed the ruler of Malacca. In a preemptive measure,
18281-530: The declining Majapahit . Its city of Malacca was the chief centre of trade in Indian cloth, Chinese porcelain and silk and Malay spices, and the headquarters of Muslim activity in the Malay Archipelago. Malacca was still looking to expand its territory as late as 1506, when it conquered Kelantan . While the legendary Princess of Gunung Ledang was said to have lived during the reign of Mahmud Shah and
18462-488: The differences, there are disagreements about the early rulers of Malacca. It is, however, generally accepted that the Parameswara of Portuguese and Chinese sources and Iskandar Shah of the Malay Annals were the same person, but a number of authors also accept the similarly named Megat Iskandar Shah as Parameswara's son. During the reign of Megat Iskandar Shah ( r. 1414–1424 ), the kingdom continued to prosper,
18643-557: The district of Besut and several parts of Setiu do not speak Terengganu Malay, but instead uses Kelantan-Pattani Malay . The dialects spoken in Dungun , Marang and Kemaman as well as outside of Terengganu such as in Pahang ( Kuantan , Pekan and Rompin ) and Johor ( Mersing ) does not have significant differences than those in Kuala Terengganu and is classified as part of the Coastal dialect. The residents of Tanjung Sedili which
18824-464: The districts of Besut and northern part of Setiu , the majority of the population speak a variant of Kelantan-Pattani Malay , but in recent years many people from southern Terengganu started to migrate into these two districts and both variants now coexist with each other. In the inland mukim of Pasir Raja, Dungun , several villages still speak a variant of Ulu Tembeling dialect of Pahang Malay, locally known as Pasir Raja dialect. Terengganu Malay
19005-405: The early non-indigenous Hindu/Buddhist tradition, Islam and the indigenous "adat". Whether the first ruler of Malacca, Parameswara, converted to Islam is unknown as there is no evidence to suggest that he had. The 16th-century Portuguese writer Tomé Pires explicitly mentioned that Parameswara was succeeded by his son, Megat Iskandar Shah who only converted to Islam at age 72. On the other hand,
19186-430: The east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, especially those who speak Standard Malay/Malaysian. Terengganu Malay still shares close linguistic ties with neighboring Kelantan and Pahang of which it forms under the umbrella term of "East Coast Peninsular Malayic languages" but maintain its own features distinct from both Pahang and Kelantan-Patani. Terengganu Malay also coexists with two closely related Malayic varieties. In
19367-401: The east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia may reach 30 knots or more during periods of strong surges of cold air from the north (cold surges). The annual rainfall of this area is 2,911 millimetres. During the northeast monsoon season, Kuala Terengganu, being exposed to the coast, receives heavy rainfall. It is not advised to visit any of the offshore islands or participating in sea activities as
19548-493: The emperor that Malayu was their vassal, and not an independent country. Subsequently, in 1377—a few years after the death of Gajah Mada , Majapahit sent a punitive naval attack against a rebellion in Palembang, which caused the diaspora of the Palembang princes and nobles. By the second half of the 14th century, the Kingdom of Singapura grew wealthy. However, its success alarmed two regional powers at that time, Ayutthaya to
19729-466: The establishment of his new city in Malacca, Parameswara began to develop the city and laid the foundation of a trade port. The Orang Laut , were employed to patrol the adjacent sea areas, to repel pirates, and to direct traders to Malacca. Within years, news about Malacca becoming a centre of trade and commerce began to spread across the eastern part of the world. In 1405, the Yongle Emperor of
19910-425: The ex-Sultan had fled Kuala Terengganu during the bombardment. The ships then returned to Singapore. Kuala Terengganu was ravaged by a fire in 1882. The fire that swept through Kuala Terengganu destroyed many buildings, including Green Palace (Istana Hijau), the Sultan's palace. Maziah Palace (Istana Maziah) was later built to replace the destroyed palace. Kuala Terengganu continued to be Terengganu's capital when it
20091-477: The former Town Board. MPKT was established on 18 January 1979 under the enforcement of the Local Government Act 1976 . MPKT was created through the amalgamation of Kuala Terengganu Town Board and four local councils (North KT, South KT, West KT, and Central KT) with an area of 18,712 hectares covering 21 mukim or sub-districts, including some parts of Northern Kuala Terengganu. On 1 January 1985,
20272-400: The former rulers of Malacca and other regional powers to dislodge them (see Malay–Portuguese conflicts ). Around the foothill on which the Sultan's Istana (palace) once stood, the Portuguese built the stone fort known as A Famosa , completed in 1512. Malay graves , the mosque and other buildings were dismantled to obtain the stone that was used to build the fort. Despite numerous attacks,
20453-488: The fort was only breached once, when the Dutch and Johor defeated the Portuguese in 1641 . It soon became clear that Portuguese control of Malacca did not mean they controlled the Asian trade centred on it. Their rule in Malacca was marred with difficulties. They could not become self-sufficient and remained highly dependent on Asian suppliers, as had their Malay predecessors. They were short of both funds and manpower and
20634-469: The founding year of the sultanate by King of Singapura, Parameswara , also known as Iskandar Shah, although earlier dates for its founding have been proposed. At the height of the sultanate's power in the 15th century, its capital grew into one of the most important transshipment ports of its time, with territory covering much of the Malay Peninsula , the Riau Islands and a significant portion of
20815-407: The fruit-bearing Melaka tree ( Malay : Pokok Melaka ) scientifically termed as Phyllanthus emblica . Another theory to the origin of Malacca's name is that it originated from Arab merchants, during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Shah ( r. 1424–1444 ), who called the kingdom "Malakat" ( Arabic for "congregation of merchants") because it was home to many trading communities. Following
20996-435: The help of other senior officials. The town of Malacca continued to prosper with an influx of foreign traders after the appointment of Tun Mutahir as Bendahara. This was due to his efficient and wise administration and his ability to attract more foreign traders to Malacca. By about 1500, Malacca was at the height of its power and glory, this can be exemplified by Mahmud Shah's rejection of the overlordship of both Ayutthaya and
21177-545: The hill. During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan , a century-old brass bell known as genta will be rung to signify that it is time for iftar , or the end of the fasting on that day. The Chinatown of Kuala Terengganu ( Malay : Kampung Cina, Simplified Chinese : 唐人坡, local pronunciation: Teng-lang-po) is the centre of the Peranakan Chinese in the city. One of the main tourist attractions of Kuala Terengganu, this settlement consists of two rows of shophouses from
21358-659: The humidity in offshore areas while the altitude and lush forest trees and plant has cooled the mountain and rural areas. There are two main types of monsoons in the state. The southwest monsoon season is usually established in the later half of May or early June and ends in September. The prevailing wind flow is generally southwesterly and light, below 15 knots. The northeast monsoon season usually starts in early November and ends in March. During this season, steady easterly or northeasterly winds of 10 to 20 knots prevail. The winds over
21539-498: The hunters where did they source their riches, to which they replied, from the land of taring anu , which later evolved into Terengganu. Among the earliest references of Terengganu are in Chinese historical sources. A Chinese writer's note during the Sui dynasty has mentioned about a state named Tan-Tan that sent tributes to China. The state was presumably located somewhere in Terengganu. Tan-Tan sent tributes to Sui dynasty and then to
21720-458: The king headed a royal visit to China in 1418 to raise his concerns about the threat. Yongle responded in October 1419 by sending his envoy to warn the Siamese ruler. Relationship between China and Malacca were further strengthened by several envoys to China, led by the Malaccan princes, in 1420, 1421 and 1423. Between 1424 and 1433, two more royal visits to China were made during the reign of
21901-572: The lucrative spice trade directly from its source. This led to the expansion of Portuguese sea exploration, pioneered by Vasco da Gama , into the east coasts of India that resulted in the establishment of Portuguese stronghold in Calicut . Years later, during the reign of Manuel I , a fidalgo named Diogo Lopes de Sequeira was assigned to analyse trade potential in Madagascar and Malacca. He arrived in Malacca on 1 August 1509 carrying with him
22082-477: The most well known was the song " Blues Tranung/Ganu Kite " by a famous Malaysian band Iklim . It was a hit song not just in Terengganu but also across Malaysia in the 90s and 2000s. " Dondang Dendang ", a 1999 song composed by Suhaimi Mohd Zain and recorded by traditional singers Noraniza Idris and Siti Nurhaliza , contains an old Terengganuan Malay poem in the bridge based on the traditional Terengganu dance called Rodat . Another band called Spring also recorded
22263-502: The mutual support it had established among leaders and states in the region. Sultan Mansur Shah died in 1477 whilst Malacca was at the peak of its splendour. The prosperous era of Malacca continued under the rule of his son, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah ( r. 1477–1488 ) and more foreign rulers within the region began paying homage to the Sultan of Malacca. Among them were a ruler from the Moluccas who were defeated by his enemies,
22444-654: The new base, the Sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organised several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship and helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled Sultan's forces needed to be destroyed. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces but were unsuccessful, until 1526 when the Portuguese razed Bintan. The Sultan retreated to Kampar in Sumatra where he died two years later. He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II . Muzaffar Shah
22625-403: The next Sultan after his death in 1837. However, in 1839, Tengku Omar returned to Terengganu with his entourage to reclaim the throne. He defeated Sultan Muhammad and forced Sultan Muhammad to flee. Tengku Omar reoccupied his fort at Bukit Puteri and was throned as the next Sultan, Sultan Omar. In 1862, ex- Sultan of Riau-Lingga , Sultan Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah went to Terengganu from Bangkok on
22806-417: The north and Majapahit to the south. As a result, the kingdom's fortified capital was attacked by at least two major foreign invasions before it was finally sacked by either Ayutthaya or Majapahit in 1398. The last king of Singapura then fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula . Malay and Portuguese sources give different accounts of the fall of Singapura and its last king. In Portuguese sources, he
22987-481: The northern coast of Sumatra in present-day Indonesia . As a bustling international trading port, Malacca emerged as a centre for Islamic learning and dissemination, and encouraged the development of the Malay language , literature and arts. It heralded the golden age of Malay sultanates in the archipelago, in which Classical Malay became the lingua franca of Maritime Southeast Asia and Jawi script became
23168-423: The northern part of Kuala Terengganu (formerly called as Northern Kuala Terengganu) was declared as the state's newest district with the name of Kuala Nerus . This however does not mean a creation of a new local government area as Kuala Nerus is still under the jurisdiction of MBKT. As the local council for the districts of Kuala Terengganu and Kuala Nerus , and an agency under the Terengganu state government, MBKT
23349-439: The number of the sub-districts increased to 23 while the area increased dramatically to 60,528 hectares. On 1 January 2008, a declaration was made by the state government and Kuala Terengganu became the first city on the East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia to achieve city status. Kuala Terengganu Municipal Council changed its name to Kuala Terengganu City Council (MBKT) to reflect the change of its status. On 18 September 2014,
23530-641: The other one in Gong Badak. Factories such as those that produce bricks or timber products are located further away from the main city areas. As the principal gateway for tourists to the state, tourism remains as one of economic source for Kuala Terengganu. Transport facilities that are available in Kuala Terengganu include the taxicab and Kuala Terengganu Bus Terminal where the local bus services and interstate coaches to all major cities and towns in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore operate. There
23711-482: The people in those areas are descendants of Pahang migrants that migrated into Dungun more than a hundred years ago. Today both varieties (Pahang Malay and Terengganu Malay) coexists in Pasir Raja and the residents can fluently speak both of those varieties. Based on 2013 research, the division of Terengganu Malay are as follows Although essentially a spoken language with no standard orthography, Terengganu Malay
23892-473: The population were Chinese and they were engaged in agriculture and trading. After the death of Sultan Daud in 1831, a brief civil war erupted between two claimants to the throne, namely Tengku Mansur and Tengku Omar. Tengku Omar was based at Bukit Puteri while Tengku Mansur was based at Balik Bukit. Tengku Omar was defeated by Tengku Mansur and he fled from Terengganu. Tengku Mansur became the next Sultan as Sultan Mansur II. His son, Sultan Muhammad succeeded him as
24073-431: The prewar era, with some of them dating back from the 1700s. Most of the houses are 2 stories high, mainly made of bricks or concrete, with wooden flooring for the second storey. Some have kept the intricate wood carving windows, huge heavy wooden front doors, and olden plaques. The centuries-old buildings now consists of sundry shops, local coffee shops, offices, souvenir shops, restaurants, kopitiam , and other services. It
24254-690: The primary medium for cultural, religious and intellectual exchange. It is through these intellectual, spiritual and cultural developments, that the Malaccan era witnessed the establishment of a Malay identity , the Malayisation of the region and the subsequent formation of the Malay world . In 1511, the capital of Malacca fell to the Portuguese Empire , forcing the last Sultan, Mahmud Shah ( r. 1488–1511 ), to retreat south, where his progenies established new ruling dynasties, Johor and Perak . The political and cultural legacy of
24435-483: The process of town planning was carried out according to the Town Board Enactment 1930 . Until 1979, the town continued to be managed by Kuala Terengganu Town Board that governed an area of 5.4 square miles (1,398.6 hectares), with a population of around 53,300 people. Kuala Terengganu Municipal Council (MPKT) was established due to the development that spilled over to the areas outside the jurisdiction of
24616-641: The region surrounding Malacca gradually intensified between the 15th and 16th centuries through study centres in Upeh, the district on the north bank of the Malacca River. Islam spread from Malacca to Jambi, Kampar, Bengkalis, Siak, Aru and the Karimun Islands in Sumatra, throughout much of the Malay Peninsula, Java and the Philippines. The Malay Annals mention that the courts of Malacca and Pasai posed theological questions and problems to one another. Of
24797-480: The region. The defeat of Ayutthaya brought political stability to Malacca and enhanced its reputation in South East Asia. Malacca reached its height of glory between the mid to late 15th century up to before the Portuguese occupation. The reign of Sultan Muzaffar Shah saw the territorial incorporation of the region between Dindings and Johor, and was the first Malaccan ruler to impose authority over both
24978-439: The reign of Sultan Muhammad Shah, was an important facet of this. So too was the appointment of four Shahbandars for the different communities of the port. This accommodated foreign traders, who were also assigned their own enclaves in the city. In the 1430s, China had reversed its policy of maritime expansion. However, by then Malacca was strong enough militarily to defend itself. In spite of these developments, China maintained
25159-403: The rice as well, what can we do all foods these days are modern, younger generations don't want to learn always rely on old people.' Malacca Sultanate The Malacca Sultanate ( Malay : Kesultanan Melaka ; Jawi script : کسلطانن ملاک ) was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca , Malaysia . Conventional historical thesis marks c. 1400 as
25340-510: The river to connect both sides of the city are Manir Bridge and Pulau Sekati Bridge . A new fourth bridge, Kuala Terengganu Drawbridge , was completed in mid-2019 and fully opened for traffic in August. The bascule bridge , which is the first of its kind in Malaysia , spans 638 metres and has four 15-storey towers with skybridges. It connects the city centre with Seberang Takir via Muara Utara,
25521-517: The sea can be very rough. However, in some clear sunny days during the monsoon season, surprisingly east coast is always presented with clear blue sky and cooling wind. In the 19th century, Thomas John Newbold , an English soldier working for the East India Company , estimated the population of Kuala Terengganu to be around 15,000 to 20,000 Malays with 600 Chinese, but this was presumably an overestimation. There were few brick buildings in
25702-416: The so-called Wali Sanga responsible for spreading Islam on Java, at least two, Sunan Bonang and Sunan Kalijaga , are said to have studied in Malacca. Tomé Pires mentions in his Suma Oriental that the rulers of Kampar and Indragiri on the east coast of Sumatra converted to Islam as a result of Sultan Muzaffar Shah's influence and went on to study the religion in Malacca. The Malay Annals also mentions
25883-507: The son of Tun Wati who in turn a daughter of a wealthy Indian merchant, and Raja Ibrahim, the son of the Princess of Rokan. He was succeeded by his younger son, Raja Ibrahim, who reigned as Sultan Abu Syahid Shah ( r. 1444–1446 ). Abu Syahid was a weak ruler and his administration was largely controlled by Raja Rokan, a cousin of his mother who stayed in the court of Malacca during his reign. The situation prompted court officials to plan
26064-429: The sub-districts of Bukit Palos and Alor Limbat were removed from the council and placed under the administration of Marang District Council. With these changes, the area under the council's administration was reduced to 16,806 hectares. On 16 December 1996, Kuala Terengganu Municipal Council was extended to cover the entire area of Kuala Terengganu district back then, including the resort island, Redang Island . With that,
26245-412: The sultanate has endured for centuries, where Malacca has been held up as an exemplar of Malay-Muslim civilisation to this day. It established systems of trade, diplomacy, and governance that persisted well into the 19th century, and introduced concepts such as daulat —a distinctly Malay notion of sovereignty—that continues to shape contemporary understanding of Malay kingship. The founding of Malacca
26426-504: The surviving population. As a result of mutual agreement between the Dutch and Johor earlier in 1606, Malacca was handed over to the Dutch. The fall of Malacca benefited other kingdoms such as Brunei whose ports became a new entrepôt as the kingdom emerged as a new center of trade in the Malay Archipelago, attracting many Muslim traders who fled from the Portuguese occupation after the ruler of Brunei's conversion to Islam . Malacca had
26607-496: The system has no docking stations. Instead the bikes have a built-in Bluetooth lock and can therefore be left anywhere at the end of a journey. Users use a smartphone app to locate and hire bikes. The Sultan Mahmud Bridge , a three-kilometre bridge over the Terengganu River, provides the main road link between the two banks of the river (connecting Kuala Nerus to Kuala Terengganu) and Duyong Island. Two other bridges that straddles
26788-536: The terrestrial television stations that the city receives are TV1 , TV2 , TV3 , NTV7 , TV9 , and TV Alhijrah . Most radio stations in Malaysia are also available here. The state's radio station, Terengganu FM, the Terengganu feed of the national private radio station, Hot FM Teganu , and first private radio station in the East Coast region, Manis FM , are also operated from this city. Terengganu Malay language Terengganu Malay ( Malay : Bahasa Melayu Terengganu ; Terengganu Malay: Bahse Tranung/Ganu )
26969-660: The territory of Melaka will they be allowed to come to Court to offer a gift. If they refuse and blindly hold to their ways, although the foreign yi are not used to using weapons, we will have to summon the various yi to arms, proclaim the crimes and punish the Fo-lang-ji, so as to make clear the Great Precepts of Right Conduct. — Qiu Dao Long, the Investigating Censor of Ming, Ming Shilu , 13 January 1521 The Portuguese conquest of Malacca enraged
27150-406: The third ruler, Raja Tengah ( r. 1424–1444 ), named Sri Maharaja in some sources. During Raja Tengah's rule, it was said that an ulama called Saiyid Abdul Aziz came to Malacca to spread the teaching of Islam. The king together with his royal family, senior officials and the subjects of Malacca listened to his teachings. Shortly after, Raja Tengah adopted the Muslim name, Muhammad Shah and
27331-597: The throne, acting on Tun Perak's advice, he agreed to dispatch a peace envoy to Siam. Tun Perak also advised the Sultan to marry the daughter of the King of Majapahit, Malacca's traditional enemy. Next to the Bendahara was a state treasurer, called the Penghulu bendahari . Next was the Temenggung which was comparable to a chief of public police and state security. After the Temenggung was the Laksamana. The Laksamana
27512-498: The title Sultan on the advice of the ulama. He began to Islamise his administration—customs, royal protocols, bureaucracy and commerce were made to conform to the principles of Islam. As Malacca became increasingly important as an international trading centre, the equitable regulation of trade was the key to continued prosperity—and the Undang-Undang Laut Melaka (Maritime Laws of Malacca), promulgated during
27693-572: The total population for the entire area under Kuala Terengganu City Council jurisdiction had risen to around 375,424 people. Terengganu Malay is the most widely spoken and main lingua franca in the city and is spoken by the Malays in Kuala Terengganu. Some Malays also speak Kelantanese , especially those who came from Besut , northern Setiu and Kelantan . The Chinese mostly use Hokkien with some using Teochew and Mandarin . Most Indians in Kuala Terengganu speak Tamil . Standard Malay and English are widely spoken and understood. Kuala Terengganu
27874-489: The town. The Municipal Council was upgraded to Kuala Terengganu City Council on 1 January 2008. The city is administered by Kuala Terengganu City Council , which covers the whole area of Kuala Terengganu district as well as Kuala Nerus district . The district's location at the estuary of Terengganu River divided the district into two parts, Kuala Terengganu Utara (North Kuala Terengganu), now known as Kuala Nerus, and Kuala Terengganu Selatan (South Kuala Terengganu), which
28055-517: The town. The principal brick buildings were a mosque and a custom house. Most of the houses were made of wood and thatch. The Chinese settlement in Kuala Terengganu, Kampung Cina, had become an old and established settlement. Most of the houses and shops in Kampung Cina were made of stone and brick. There were also a considerable number of Arabs and their descendants in Kuala Terengganu. According to The Malaysian Census 2010, Kuala Terengganu has
28236-499: The unique roof design to reflect the state cultural identity. The buses cover three lines in and out of the city. A token fare of MYR1 should be paid for each ride. There are also trishaw services although this service is dying fast and is not as extensive as the ones in the states of Malacca and Penang . In Kuala Terengganu, pedestrian-pulled rickshaws were gradually replaced by trishaws (beca in Malay). Trishaws were ubiquitous up to
28417-412: The uniqueness of Terengganu Malay, such as the increasing use of Terengganu Malay in shop signs and recently the publication of a Hulu Terengganu Malay dictionary. The people of Terengganu refer to their language as base/bahse Tranung/Tghanung ( /bahsə tɣanuŋ/ ) which means 'the language of Terengganu' or cakak Tranung ( /tʃakaʔ tɣanuŋ/ ) which means 'Terengganu speech'. In Standard Malay , it
28598-510: The warehouses. To administer the cosmopolitan marketplace, the traders were grouped according to region and placed under one of four shahbandars . Malacca had few domestic products with which to trade. It produced small amounts of tin and gold as well as dried fish , yet even the salt for preserving the fish had to be sourced from elsewhere in the region. Basic goods, including vegetables , cattle and fish , were supplied by Malacca's trading partners. Rice , mainly for local consumption,
28779-621: The western and eastern ends of the Malay Peninsula . The kingdom controlled a section of global trade on a vital choke point; the narrow strait that today bears its name, the Strait of Malacca . Its port city had become the centre of regional and international trade, attracting regional traders as well as traders from major states such as the Chinese Ming dynasty , the Ryukyu Kingdom as well as Persians, Gujarats and Arabs. The reign of Mansur Shah ( r. 1459–1477 ) witnessed
28960-477: The western part of the district, with more than 70% of the district made up of lowlands less than 20 metres high because of its geographical proximity to the coast. The city itself has a few high points with the highest being Bukit Besar, followed by Bukit Kecil. Bukit Puteri is centrally located in the city, just near the Terengganu River estuary. The lowlands provide the district with suitable areas for plantations such as paddy, palm oil trees, and rubber trees. As
29141-458: The young and enslaved them. In view of the Lê dynasty's position as a protectorate to China, Malacca abstained from any act of retaliation. Instead, Malacca sent envoys to China in 1481 to report on the Vietnamese aggression and their invasion plan against Malacca, as well as to confront the Vietnamese envoys who happened to be present in the Ming court. However, the Chinese informed that since the incident
29322-463: Was annexed by Thailand as part of an agreement with the Japanese. After the war, the British regained control of Terengganu. In 1957, Malaya achieved its independence , and subsequently in 1963, Malaya, North Borneo (now the state of Sabah ), Sarawak , and Singapore merge to form Malaysia . On 18 January 1979, Kuala Terengganu Municipal Council was established to oversee the development of
29503-713: Was a major fishing port and one of the important trading ports in Malaya. The chief export commodities were coffee , gambier , gold , ivory , pepper and tin . They were mainly traded for rice , tobacco , cotton goods and opium . The economic sector in Kuala Terengganu is mostly made up of small-scale manufacturing industries such as the traditional textile making, local food industries, arts and craft factories, and agriculture, with most of them centred around residential areas or villages. There are two main industrial estates catered to bigger industries, one in Chendering and
29684-466: Was already strongly entrenched among the local population. Melaka is a country which offers tribute and which has been Imperially enfeoffed. The Fo-lang-ji have annexed it and, enticing us with gain, are seeking enfeoffment and rewards. Righteousness will certainly not allow this. It is requested that their gift be refused, that the difference between according and disobedience be clearly made known and that they be advised that only after they have returned
29865-427: Was also able to vassalise Siak in Sumatra. Later in his reign, Pahang, Kampar and Indragiri rebelled but were eventually subdued. The friendly relations between China and Malacca escalated during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah. The Sultan sent an envoy headed by Tun Perpatih Putih to China, carrying a diplomatic letter from the Sultan to the Emperor. According to the Malay Annals , Tun Perpatih succeeded in impressing
30046-523: Was also accompanied by these warriors. At that time, Majapahit was already declining and found itself unable to overcome the rising power of the Malaccan Sultanate. After a display of Malaccan military prowess in his court, the king of Majapahit, afraid of losing more territories, agreed to marry off his daughter, Raden Galuh Cendera Kirana to Sultan Mansur Shah and hand over control of Indragiri, Jambi, Tungkal and Siantan to Malacca. Mansur Shah
30227-817: Was an important factor in enabling Malacca to foster good relations with other Islamic polities, including the Ottoman Empire , thereby attracting Muslim traders to Malacca. Thirdly, Islam brought many great transformation into Malaccan society and culture, and ultimately it became a definitive marker of a Malay identity. This identity was in turn enriched further through the standards set by Malacca in some important aspects of traditional Malay culture, notably in literature , architecture , culinary traditions , traditional dress, performing arts, martial arts, and royal court traditions. Over time, this common Malay cultural idiom came to characterise much of Maritime Southeast Asia through Malayisation . Malacca developed from
30408-428: Was awarded to Kuala Terengganu with the title Bandaraya Warisan Pesisir Air (English: Waterfront Heritage City) on 1 January 2008. Besides being a major political and economic centre to the state, the city is also the main gateway to many of the state's tourist destinations. The attractions in and around the city include Kampung Cina , Pasar Besar Kedai Payang, Terengganu State Museum, and Batu Buruk Beach. Even though
30589-418: Was captured on that day . The Portuguese constructed a fortress called A Famosa using rocks and stones taken from Muslim graves, mosques, and other buildings. Several churches and convents, a bishop's palace, and administrative buildings such as the governor's palace were built. The Portuguese imposed higher taxes on Chinese traders and restricted their ownership of land. The news of the city's capture reached
30770-476: Was chased away by a Malaccan army that beheaded 30,000 Đại Việt soldiers. The expansionist policy of Mansur Shah was maintained throughout his reign when he later added Kampar and Siak to his realm. He also turned a number of states in the archipelago into his imperial dependencies. The ruler of such states would come to Malacca after their coronation to obtain the blessing of the Sultan of Malacca. Rulers who had been overthrown also came to Malacca requesting
30951-571: Was described in his own words when he arrived to Malacca: If they were only to take "Malaca" out of the hands of the Moors , Cairo and Mecca would be entirely ruined, and Venice would then be able to obtain no spiceries except what her merchants might buy in Portugal. The Portuguese launch their first attack on 25 July 1511, but this was met with failure. Albuquerque then launched another attack on 15 August 1511, which proved successful as Malacca
31132-608: Was first designated as a local government area in 1928 through the Municipal and Health Enactment 1928 . At this time, the area only covered a small part of the current city border, specifically the historic core around the river mouth. The area, nevertheless, was enlarged slowly. In 1950, the town was administered by Kuala Terengganu Town Board under section 51(1), the Local Authority Election Ordinance 1950 . Like many other town boards at that time,
31313-426: Was formerly a part of Kuala Terengganu district, but on 18 September 2014, the sixth Malaysian Prime Minister , Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak declared this northern part of Kuala Terengganu district as the eighth and newest district in Terengganu state. With a population or over 300,000 and a size of 39,890 hectares, it comprises a substantial part of the former larger Kuala Terengganu district. Significant development in
31494-650: Was governed with several sets of laws. The formal legal text of traditional Malacca consisted of the Undang-Undang Melaka (Laws of Malacca), variously called the Hukum Kanun Melaka and Risalat Hukum Kanun , and the Undang-Undang Laut Melaka (the Maritime Laws of Malacca'). The laws as written in the legal digests went through an evolutionary process. The legal rules that eventually evolved were shaped by three main influences, namely
31675-684: Was imported. Much of the mercantile activity in Malacca, therefore, relied on the flow of goods from other parts of the region. Among Malacca's most crucial functions was its role as both a collection centre for cloves , nutmeg and mace from the Maluku Islands and a redistribution centre for cotton textiles from ports in Gujarat , the Coromandel Coast , Malabar Coast and Bengal . Other goods traded in Malacca included porcelain , silk and iron from China and natural products of
31856-435: Was invited by the people in the north of the peninsula to become their ruler, establishing the Sultanate of Perak. Meanwhile, Mahmud Shah's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and established the Sultanate of Johor . Malacca was later conquered by the Dutch in a joint military campaign in January 1641. The Portuguese fortress, did not fall to the force of Dutch or Johorean arms as much as to famine and disease that decimated
32037-422: Was once wooed by the sultan himself. By the 15th century, Europe had developed an appetite for spices . At that time, the spice trade was virtually monopolised by Venetian merchants via a convoluted trade route through the Arabian Peninsula and India, which in turn linked to its source in the Maluku Islands via Malacca. Upon becoming king in 1481, John II of Portugal decided to break this chain and control
32218-409: Was resting under the Malacca tree. He thought this bode well, stating, "this place is excellent, even the mouse deer is formidable; it is best that we establish a kingdom here". Tradition holds that he named the settlement after the tree he was leaning against while witnessing the portentous event. Today, the mouse deer is part of modern Malacca's coat of arms . The name "Malacca" itself was derived from
32399-565: Was still a vassal state of Siam and during the early years of British colonisation of Malaya . Terengganu fell under the administration of Britain through the Bangkok Treaty of 1909 and was forced to accept a resident "British advisor". Terengganu, along with four other states were grouped under the term of Unfederated Malay States . British maintained its rule on Terengganu until the Japanese occupation in World War II . On 18 December 1941, Japanese forces from Kota Bahru would advance towards Kuala Terengganu. On 18 October 1943, Terengganu
32580-405: Was the head of the navy and also the chief emissary of the Sultan. He ensured that the Malacca Strait was safe and enforced the Undang-Undang Laut Melaka (Maritime Laws of Malacca). Malacca's most prominent Laksamana was Hang Tuah . At the bottom of this nobility structure were the four Shahbandars ('harbour masters') for the different communities in the port—one focused exclusively on handling
32761-422: Was years old, they could do nothing about it, and the Chinese Emperor Chenghua sent a letter to the Vietnamese ruler reproaching him for the incident. The Emperor also granted permission for Malacca to retaliate with violent force should the Vietnamese attack, an event that never happened again. An unsubstantiated Chinese account reported that Lê Thánh Tông led 90,000 men on an invasion to Lan Sang but this force
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