73-751: AFS Intercultural Programs (or AFS , originally the American Field Service ) is an international youth exchange organization. It consists of over 50 independent, not-for-profit organizations , each with its own network of volunteers , professionally staffed offices, volunteer board of directors and website . In 2015, 12,578 students traveled abroad on an AFS cultural exchange program, between 99 countries. The U.S.-based partner, AFS-USA, sends more than 1,100 U.S. students abroad and places foreign students with more than 2,300 U.S. families each year. As of 2022, more than 500,000 people have gone abroad with AFS and over 100,000 former AFS students live in
146-560: A global perspective . The term "exchange" means that a partner institution accepts a student, but does not necessarily mean that the students have to find a counterpart from the other institution with whom to exchange. Exchange students live with a host family or in a designated place such as a hostel, an apartment, or a student lodging. Costs for the program vary by the country and institution. Participants fund their participation via scholarships, loans, or self-funding. Student exchanges became popular after World War II , intended to increase
219-468: A student visa . Typically, guest students coming to the United States are issued a J-1 cultural exchange visa or an F-1 foreign student visa . Students are expected to integrate themselves into the host family, immersing themselves in the local community and surroundings. Upon their return to their home country they are expected to incorporate this knowledge into their daily lives, as well as give
292-539: A church, various fireplaces and doorways from homes in Connecticut and Rhode Island, and a 3 and one-eight inch thick "Indian-repelling door" from Deerfield, Massachusetts . Beauport served as Sleeper's escape, a backdrop for summer parties, and became not only a home, but a major showcase for Sleeper's interior design and decoration business. Clients could choose wallpapers , window treatments , or entire rooms to have reproduced in their own houses. Sleeper had
365-950: A contact person for an AFS student, organizing fund raising events, and arranging activities for AFS students. As a volunteer-driven organization, AFS depends on donations of time to implement and monitor the delivery of programs. On a European level, the European Federation for Intercultural Learning (EFIL) serves as the umbrella organization for many AFS partner countries in and around Europe, currently including 26 AFS partner countries: Austria, Belgium (both Flemish and French organizations), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Denmark & Sweden, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey and Tunisia. EFIL does not engage in active student exchanges between countries. Instead, it supports member organizations in
438-503: A country, but may live at any spot within that country. The home country organization will contact a partner organization in the country of the student's choice. Students accepted for the program may or may not be screened by the organization in their home country. Partner organizations in the destination country each have differing levels of screening they require students to pass through before being accepted into their program. For example, students coming to America may be allowed to come on
511-500: A different country. This gives university students a chance to develop their work experience by seeing how their studying profession is practiced in another country. International exchange for tertiary students allows them to gain cultural experience in their studies and a chance to travel abroad while completing their degree. A series of studies conducted within the last decade found similar results in students studying abroad in Spain for
584-429: A few days to few months depending on program type, host university requirements and destination country in advance of departure, Students generally must be between the ages of 13 and 18. Some programs allow students older than 18 years of age in a specialized work-study program. Some programs require a preliminary application form with fees, and then schedule interviews and a longer application form. Other programs request
657-503: A full application from the beginning and then schedule interviews. High school scholarship programs often require a set GPA of around 2.5 or higher. Programs select the candidates most likely to complete the program and serve as the best ambassadors to the foreign nation. Students in some programs, such as Rotary, are expected to go to any location where the organization places them, and students are encouraged not to have strict expectations of their host country. Students are allowed to choose
730-446: A hundred prominent colleges or universities around the country. Also represented were a smaller group from America's professional class: doctors, lawyers, architects, painters, brokers, businessmen, poets and writers. This literate group produced many letters, diaries, journals, and even poetry. The AFS collected many of these writings into Friends of France , published in 1916. The Service used this volume to recruit more volunteers to
803-401: A new match. This process, however, could take time while the students' duration of stay is limited. Even with preparation and knowledge about the new environment, they could still experience culture shock , which can affect them in different ways. Students from a completely different culture can also encounter homesickness for a longer period of time. Transportation can also be a problem, as it
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#1732771858722876-620: A number of US students traveling in Guatemala on a college sponsored trip were attacked in the Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa area, with the entire group being robbed and physically harassed and threatened, and five of the young women being raped . Henry Davis Sleeper Henry Davis Sleeper (March 27, 1878 – September 22, 1934) was an American antiquarian , collector, and interior decorator best known for Beauport , his Gloucester, Massachusetts , country home that
949-431: A presentation on their experience to their sponsors. Many exchange programs expect students to be able converse in the language of the host country, at least on a basic level. Some programs require students to pass a standardized test for English language comprehension prior to being accepted into a program taking them to the United States. Other programs do not examine language ability. Most exchange students become fluent in
1022-575: A request: Would they forego ambulance driving for trucking supplies to the front? Eight hundred AFS recruits joined the camion service, including John Kautz, who published Trucking to the Trenches in 1918. After the war the Field Service produced three hefty volumes of writings from numerous AFS alumni, including excerpts from the previously published books above. Following the Great War,
1095-564: A short-term and/or semester long program. These studies found that students can improve their speaking proficiency during one semester, there is a positive relationship between students' integrative motivation and interaction with second language culture, and student contact with the Spanish language has a great effect on their speaking improvement. It is especially apparent in students who live with host families during their program. Anne Reynolds-Case found improvements in understanding and usage of
1168-784: A specialty in " Puritan Revival ", the Jacobean -American architecture and decorative arts of the original American colonies, but his tastes and interests included French decor of several centuries and a great deal of orientalia . Sleeper decorated the (ultimately 56) rooms to evoke different historical and literary themes. Sleeper served as the Director of the Museum of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (today known as Historic New England ) from 1911 to 1913, and
1241-588: A trial. The success of Section Z was immediate and overwhelming, and by April 15, 1915, the French created American Ambulance Field Service operating under French Army command. This marked the formal beginning of American Ambulance Field Service, three units of which made their mark during battles in northern France, the Champagne, Verdun and the Vosges. By the summer of 1916, the Field Service severed its ties with
1314-519: A two-month program in Spain. He studies how these groups perceive customs, such as concern for personal appearance, physical contact, cooking styles, politics, etc. The study found a variety of results depending the cultural custom. However, the US students' perceptions most closely aligned with the Young Spaniards (16–22 years old). At the same time, Angela George's study found little significance in
1387-489: A written contract that sets standards for personal behavior and grades, while others may be less rigorous. Lower cost programs can result in a student participating without a supervisor being available nearby to check on the student's well-being. Programs provided by agencies that provide compensation for representatives are more likely to retain local representatives to assist and guide the student and keep track of their well-being. The costs of student exchange are determined by
1460-483: Is "one of the most widely published houses of the twentieth century." Henry Davis Sleeper was born March 27, 1878, in Boston . He was the youngest son of Major Jacob Henry Sleeper (1839–1891), a distinguished Civil War veteran, and Maria ( née Westcott) Sleeper (1837–1917). His elder brothers were Jacob Sleeper and Stephen Westcott Sleeper, who later married Elisa Cushing. He was the grandson of Jacob Sleeper, one of
1533-543: Is called the "Parlamentarisches Patenschafts Programm" (PPP) and over the years the German authorities have made many efforts to present this as their "own program". Not only AFS Germany but all competitors are more or less behind-the-scene service providers so people may not recognized who is doing this program in Germany. AFS hosts German CBYX students throughout the US, and administers the scholarship for US students located in
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#17327718587221606-675: Is often difficult or impractical for a student to buy a car during a short program. Moreover, students will find it hard to find a job, even part-time since most exchange visas do not allow students to work and it is difficult to obtain one that does. Another potential drawback is health issues that can occur during the stay in a foreign country. Students are advised to always have health insurance while traveling abroad, and carry emergency contact details of their local hosts and of multiple family members as well. Students participating in student exchange programs have sometimes been vulnerable to threats such as terrorism and other crimes. For example, in 1998
1679-604: The Croix de Guerre and the Legion of Honor . After the war, Sleeper's practice expanded and he won national recognition via prestigious periodicals and several high-visibility clients. Isabella Stewart Gardner commissioned work from him; Henry Francis du Pont engaged his assistance with the big new wing of the family's massive Delaware house, Winterthur , now a famed museum of American decorative arts; he designed for Hollywood stars Joan Crawford and Fredric March . In May 1934, he
1752-650: The European Youth Forum . AFS is an international, voluntary, non-governmental, non-profit organization that provides intercultural learning opportunities to help people develop the knowledge, skills and understanding needed to create a more just and peaceful world. AFS-USA, Inc. (a.k.a., AFS-USA) is the AFS partner organization in the United States and is a registered 501(c)(3). Approximately 1,100 participants go abroad with AFS-USA annually. Over 1,000 international AFS students from other countries are hosted in
1825-815: The Gloucester Daily Times . Sleeper never married and left no direct descendants. He maintained a townhouse in Boston, which was published in Country Life in 1930. Sleeper died in Massachusetts General Hospital of leukemia on September 22, 1934, and is buried in his family's plot in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Watertown and Cambridge, Massachusetts . Andrew wrote the memorial tribute published in
1898-417: The Gloucester Daily Times . As he had no direct descendants, Beauport was sold to Helena Woolworth McCann, the daughter of Frank Winfield Woolworth , who was contacted by Henry Francis Du Pont urging that Sleeper's rooms remain exactly as they were as the value of the house and its collection of art objects depended primarily on their being left unchanged. McCann preserved the house as it was; at her death,
1971-504: The Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway and Syria . Students participating had to be nominated by their teachers. As of 2023, there are over 60 AFS organizations worldwide serving over 80 different countries, providing exchange opportunities for over 13,000 students and teachers annually. AFS is one of the largest volunteer-based organizations of its kind in the world with more than 50,000 volunteers worldwide and more than 5,000 in
2044-520: The U.S. House of Representatives , who had built a handsome summer mansion, Red Roof, on a rock ledge above the harbor. Sleeper was much taken by the location and immediately decided to build a little further along the ledge from Red Roof. He purchased the land on Eastern Point in Gloucester on August 13, 1907. Eastern Point was an enclave occupied by a somewhat louche group of " Bohemian " artists and intellectuals with frequent visits from some of
2117-444: The vosotros form after studying in Spain. One study specifically studies culture perceptions of students studying abroad in Spain. Alan Meredith defines culture as consisting "of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts." Questionnaires were given to students living with host families during
2190-543: The "gloriously exciting and grandly humanitarian" work of an ambulancier on the Western Front. Also published in 1916, Ambulance Number 10 , by Leslie Buswell, was composed of the author's letters back to the States. Buswell went on to assist Henry Sleeper in the AFS's recruiting and fundraising offices in Boston. Other literary "ambulanciers" brought their letters and journals and memoirs to American publishers in
2263-744: The A.F.S. during the First World War. Seventy AFS Ambulance Drivers assisted the efforts to liberate the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in April and May 1945. In September 1946, Stephen Galatti , president of AFS, established the American Field Service International Scholarships. During the 1947–48 school year, the first students came from ten countries including Czechoslovakia , Estonia , France , Great Britain , Greece , Hungary ,
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2336-704: The AFS became sponsors for the French Fellowships—graduate student scholarships for study in France and in the US—which were ultimately administered by the Institute of International Education and were precedents for the Fulbright Foundation exchanges. AFS also created an association for its veterans, publishing a bulletin, organizing reunions and contributing a wing to house its memorabilia at
2409-477: The AFS were formerly known as American Field Scholarships. AFS-USA awards financial aid and scholarships to students each year, including via the following programs: Youth exchange A student exchange program is a program in which students from a secondary school (high school) or higher education study abroad at one of their institution's partner institutions. A student exchange program may involve international travel, but does not necessarily require
2482-735: The American Ambulance and moved its operations from cramped quarters in Neuilly to Paris, onto the spacious grounds of the Delessert château at 21 rue Raynouard in the Passy area of Paris. There, it grew rapidly over the next year, continuing to provide "sanitary sections" to the French Army, while also serving as a recruitment source of combat pilots for the newly formed Escadrille Lafayette , one of whose prime movers, Edmund L. Gros,
2555-668: The British and Belgian armies in the north. In early 1915, one of those drivers, A. Piatt Andrew , was appointed "Inspector of Ambulances" by Robert Bacon , head of the American Ambulance and one of Andrew's colleagues from the Taft Administration. The newly appointed inspector toured the ambulance sections of Northern France and learned that the American volunteers were bored with so-called "jitney work," transporting wounded soldiers from railheads to hospitals far back from
2628-711: The French Army as "foreign sanitary sections" during World War I. The first was Henry Harjes’’ "Formation" units under the American Red Cross, followed by Richard Norton's American Volunteer Motor-Ambulance Corps, organized in London under the St. John's Ambulance (the British Red Cross). Later, both would merge —under the American Red Cross—as the "Norton-Harjes". In the summer and fall of 1917, when all
2701-656: The Museum of Franco-American Cooperation in Blérancourt, France. When World War II broke out, AFS reorganized its ambulance service, sending units first to France and then to the British Armies in North Africa, Italy, India-Burma and with the Free French for the final drive from southern France to Germany. 2,196 men served in the A.F.S. during World War II. Twenty-five were sons of drivers who served in
2774-881: The Northeast. The National Security Language Initiative for Youth (NSLI-Y) program is part of a broader government-wide presidential initiative that prepares American citizens to be leaders in a global world. NSLI-Y encourages a lifetime of language study and cultural understanding by providing more than 600 fully funded scholarships to American high school students. As of 2023, NSLI-Y offers academic scholarships to learn Arabic, Mandarin Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Korean, Persian (Tajiki), Russian, and Turkish through summer and year-long programs in Jordan, Morocco, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, South Korea, Tajikistan, Estonia, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, and other countries around
2847-596: The U.S. When war broke out in 1914, the American Colony of Paris organized an "ambulance"—the French term for a temporary military hospital—just as it had done in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 when the "American Ambulance" had been under tents set up near the Paris home of its founder, the celebrated Paris-American dentist, Thomas W. Evans . The "American Ambulance" of 1914 took over the premises of
2920-465: The U.S. Tens of thousands of volunteers and a small staff make the AFS program happen worldwide. AFS volunteers are both young and old, busy professionals and retirees, and students and teachers. AFS provides development and training opportunities for volunteers. AFS volunteers help in many areas including facilitating the AFS mission in the local community and schools by finding and interviewing students and families. Further involvement includes serving as
2993-445: The U.S. annually. AFS-USA is supported by a volunteer base of over 5,000. Study abroad programs range from two week group trips, to traditional year-long exchanges. Students on traditional exchanges live in volunteer host families, and study at a local high school. Other programs include community service, university classes, or language classes. Public Diplomacy Initiatives at AFS-USA offer support for international students to study in
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3066-582: The United States and for U.S. students to study abroad via full funded scholarships by grant-making foundations or by the Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau of the U.S. Department of State. The Congress Bundestag Youth Exchange Program (CBYX) was launched in 1983 by the U.S. Congress and the German Parliament. AFS currently provides 50 merit-based, full scholarships for U.S. students and 60 scholarships for German participants. In Germany it
3139-602: The West Bank. Countries that formerly participated include Algeria, Ethiopia, Yemen, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, and Syria. The YES Abroad Program also provides scholarships for high school students in the US to spend an academic year in countries with significant Muslim communities, including as of 2023 Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Morocco, North Macedonia, Senegal, Thailand, and Turkiye. Former host countries include Egypt, Mali, Oman, Philippines, and South Africa. Scholarships awarded by
3212-409: The adoption of regional features during their semester abroad. Though most of these studies focused on students who came from America to study in Spain, the United States is not the only one sending their students. Brian Denman's article demonstrates an increase of Saudi student mobility for education, including locations such as Spain. Even though exchange students learn to improve themselves through
3285-404: The charges from a student exchange program organisation or the university or college. The costs vary depending on the country, length of study and other personal factors. Different programs through the school/university of choice may offer students scholarships that cover the expenses of travel and accommodation and the personal needs of a student. Students study abroad from many countries around
3358-552: The coming years. William Yorke Stevenson produced To The Front in a Flivver in 1917, stayed on in France after militarization, and composed From "Poilu" to "Yank" in 1918. Robert Imbrie published Behind the Wheel of a War Ambulance in 1918, as did Julien Bryan with Ambulance 464: Encore des Blesses . The AFS recruits who joined the Service in late spring 1917, after Congress's declaration of war, were greeted by Piatt Andrew with
3431-445: The experience of studying and staying in another country, there are also many difficulties to be encountered. One of them is when exchange students are unable to adapt to pedagogy followed by the host country. Another is conflicts between the host family (who have provided accommodation) and the students, when it cannot be solved by communicating with each other and the student usually will be asked to stay with another host until they find
3504-531: The field of intercultural learning. The European Union and the Council of Europe are the organization's core Partners for fundraising, policy-setting and sharing. The main activities include networking and advocacy, training and seminars for volunteers and staff, establishing new partner countries in Europe, and coordinating Europe-wide projects. It is an important European Youth organization and an active member of
3577-584: The founders of Boston University as well as a clothier and manager of a real estate trust. Henry's education appears to have been by private tutors due to ill health as a child, and it is unclear as to whether he was ever formally educated. Sleeper was introduced to the Eastern Point in Gloucester, Massachusetts , in the spring of 1906 by the Harvard economist A. Piatt Andrew , who later served in
3650-619: The front lines. French army policy prohibited foreign nationals from traveling into battle zones. In March 1915, Andrew met with Captain Aimé Doumenc, head of the French Army Automobile Service and pleaded his case for the American volunteers. They desired above all, he said, "to pick up the wounded from the front lines..., to look danger squarely in the face; in a word, to mingle with the soldiers of France and to share their fate!" Doumenc agreed to give Andrew
3723-488: The globe. As of 2017, the top 8 countries sending students abroad for tertiary education are as follows: Each state in Australia provides a different program of student exchange for secondary students. The programs from each state are different for whether a student in Australia is looking to study internationally or a student from another country is looking to study in Australia. Student exchange in Australia, depending on
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#17327718587223796-529: The host country for several years. Some exchange programs also offer academic credit . Students of study abroad programs aim to develop a global perspective and cultural understanding by challenging their comfort zones and immersing themselves in a different culture. Studies have shown that students' desire to study abroad has increased, and research suggests that students choose programs because of location, costs, available resources and heritage. Although there are many different exchange programs, most popular are
3869-423: The house was inherited by her daughters from whose hands it passed into the care of Historic New England in 1942. The McCanns' daughter, also named Helena, was the wife of Winston Frederick Churchill Guest (who later married C. Z. Guest after their 1944 divorce). Beauport, Sleeper-McCann House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2003. In 2008, due to new information on Sleeper's life emerging,
3942-559: The language of the host country within a few months. Some exchange programs, such as the Congress-Bundestag Youth Exchange , KL-YES , FLEX are government-funded programs. The Council on Standards for International Educational Travel is a not-for-profit organization committed to quality international educational travel and exchange for youth at the high school level. Long-term (10 to 12-month) exchange applications and interviews generally take place between
4015-593: The more colorful and unconventional members of Boston Society, in particular Isabella Stewart Gardner , the legendary art collector and builder of Fenway Court in the Back Bay Fens , now the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum . The group became known as Dabsville, DABS containing the initials of the core members. In the fall of 1907, construction of Beauport , Sleeper's relatively modestly scaled Arts and Crafts -style house, began and
4088-420: The much larger, federalized U.S. Army Ambulance Service , it had numbered more than 2500 volunteers, including some 800 drivers of French military transport trucks. It had actively recruited its drivers from the campuses of American colleges and universities, promoting morale by creating units with volunteers from the same schools. All financed their own uniforms and transportation to France where they worked under
4161-504: The participants' understanding and tolerance of other cultures, as well as improving their language skills and broadening their social horizons. Student exchanges also increased further after the end of the Cold War . An exchange student typically stays in the host country for a period of 6 to 12 months; however, exchange students may opt to stay for one semester at a time. International students or those on study abroad programs may stay in
4234-534: The programs at set schools will learn about Australian culture, but also gain English language skills at a high school level. Exchange programs for university students to study abroad vary depending on the university campus offers. International student exchange programs for university students are aimed to enhance students' intercultural skills and knowledge. Student exchange programs for university students allow broadening their knowledge on their study of choice from
4307-417: The programs that offer academic credit, as many students are concerned about traveling hindering their academic and professional plans. A short-term exchange program is also known as STEP. These focus on home-stays, language skills, community service, or cultural activities. High school and university students can apply for the programs through various government or non-governmental organizations that organize
4380-449: The programs. A short-term exchange lasts from one week to three months and doesn't require the student to study in any particular school or institution. The students are exposed to an intensive program that increases their understanding of other cultures, communities, and languages. A long-term exchange is one which lasts six to ten months or up to one full year. Participants attend high school or university in their host countries, through
4453-523: The recommendation of the organization in their home country, or the hosting partner may require the student to submit a detailed application, including previous school report cards, letters from teachers and administrators, and standardized English fluency exam papers. The US agency may then accept or decline the applicant. Some organizations also have Rules of Participation. For example, almost all US organizations cannot allow an exchange student to drive an automobile during their visit. Some organizations require
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#17327718587224526-571: The same conditions as French ambulance drivers—with the same pay—and often found themselves serving under extremely dangerous missions on the Front. By the end of the war, some 127 men who had served with the AFS had been killed and a notable number of individuals and units had earned the Croix de Guerre and the Médaille de Guerre for their heroic actions as drivers. Other volunteer ambulance corps served
4599-461: The same time, a large percentage of volunteers signed up for the military, thenceforth members of USAAS units, but remaining identified with their AFS past—a past kept alive through the work of HQ, still at 21 rue Raynouard, where a Bulletin was published and where visiting ambulance drivers could find temporary lodgings and meals. The young AFS drivers came from "prominent families in the States," and had attended, or were still attending, one of almost
4672-490: The state, might be managed by registered exchange organizations or the school chosen for study must be registered. The countries that are most popular for Australian students to choose to study are, Japan, France, Germany, USA, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Spain and Argentina. The main purpose of student exchange in Australia is to allow students to study, engage and experience a new culture. International students who choose to study in Australia are given different opportunities through
4745-492: The student to study outside their home country. Foreign exchange programs provide students with an opportunity to study in another country and experience a different environment. These programs provide opportunities that may not be available in the participant's home country, such as learning about the history and culture of other countries and meeting new friends to enrich their personal development. International exchange programs are also effective to challenge students to develop
4818-606: The unfinished Lycée Pasteur in the suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine—and was run by the nearby American Hospital of Paris. The volunteer drivers of 1914 found themselves behind the wheels of motorized, not horse-driven, vehicles: Model-Ts, purchased from the nearby Ford plant in Levallois-Perret. In the fall of 1914, when the war front moved away from Paris, the American Ambulance set up an outpost in Juilly and sent out detached units of volunteer drivers to serve informally with
4891-541: The volunteer ambulance services were invited to join the new U.S. Army Ambulance Service, Norton's units simply disbanded, while Harjes’, under the American Red Cross, moved into Italy where they would subsequently serve under the USAAS. Once the Americans entered the war, many drivers joined combat units, both French and American, serving as officers in a variety of assignments, notably in air force and artillery units. At
4964-766: The world. The Future Leaders Exchange (FLEX) program originated in the FREEDOM Support Act, which was sponsored by U.S. Senator Bill Bradley and was passed by Congress in 1992. FLEX provides full merit-based scholarships to students from the countries of the former Soviet Union. As of 2023, students come to the US from a variety of countries in Eurasia including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Czechia, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Kennedy-Lugar Youth Exchange and Study (YES)
5037-623: Was a founding member and trustee of the Shirley-Eustis House Association . In 1918, Sleeper became the U.S. Representative of, and a major fundraiser for, the American Field Service , an ambulance corps founded by A. Piatt Andrew early in World War I. While Andrew served in the battle zones, Sleeper crisscrossed the Atlantic with supplies and funds, and worked closely with the French military. France awarded him
5110-424: Was granted an Honorary Membership in the American Institute of Architects . Sleeper also maintained a townhouse in Boston, which was published in Country Life in 1930. Sleeper died in Massachusetts General Hospital of leukemia on September 22, 1934, aged 56. He is buried in his family's plot in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Watertown and Cambridge, Massachusetts . Andrew wrote the memorial tribute published in
5183-690: Was initiated by The Department of State in the aftermath of Sept. 11. It aims to build bridges of understanding between Americans and people in countries with significant Muslim populations. Students from over 40 countries come to the US for academic year programs. As of 2023, students come from the following countries: Albania, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Egypt, Gaza, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Malaysia, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkiye, and
5256-560: Was sufficiently finished to receive A. Piatt Andrew as a house guest in May 1908. As property flanking Sleeper's became available, Beauport was expanded several times until 1925, often in response to events or important experiences in his life. He constructed the house with pieces of old buildings, including paneling from an 18th-century house in Essex, Massachusetts that he used in his entrance hall and dining room. He salvaged Gothic windows from
5329-404: Was the Field Service's in-house physician. When the United States entered the war in April 1917, the French Army successfully appealed to the Field Service for drivers for its military transport sections—and so, no longer limited to medical transport, the organization renamed itself the "American Field Service", thus establishing today's well-known acronym, "AFS". Before the AFS was absorbed into
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