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47-564: Americus Institute was a secondary school in Americus, Georgia , United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The school was established in 1897 by the Southwestern Georgia Baptist Association in order to educate African American youth in the area. By the 1920s, the school was enrolling about 200 students annually and was considered one of the premier secondary schools for African Americans in

94-444: A high school (abbreviated as HS or H.S. ), can also be called senior high school . In some countries there are two phases to secondary education (ISCED 2) and (ISCED 3), here the junior high school , intermediate school, lower secondary school, or middle school occurs between the primary school (ISCED 1) and high school. Historical marker A commemorative plaque , or simply plaque , or in other places referred to as

141-400: A historical marker , historic marker , or historic plaque , is a plate of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material, bearing text or an image in relief , or both, to commemorate one or more persons, an event, a former use of the place, or some other thing. Most such plaques are attached to a wall, stone, or other vertical surface. Many modern plaques and markers are used to associate

188-420: A 1,200 place secondary (practical specialism). and 1,850 place secondary school. The ideal size for a typical comprehensive high school is large enough to offer a variety of classes, but small enough that students develop a sense of community. Research has suggested that academic achievement is best when there are about 150 to 250 students in each grade level, and that above a total school size of 2,000 for

235-741: A fee ($ 185 to $ 225) to receive the historical marker itself. In the same state, the Boston neighborhood Charlestown has its own local association to administer historical markers. Other historical markers in and around Boston are administered by agencies such as The Bostonian Society or are associated with sites such as those along the Freedom Trail , the Black Heritage Trail , and the Emerald Necklace . Other examples of mostly locally generated historical markers in

282-628: A greater variety of classes, or sponsoring a greater number of extra-curricular activities . (Some of these benefits can also be achieved through smaller but specialized schools, such as a dedicated special school for students with disabilities or a magnet school for students with a particular subject-matter interest.) In terms of structure, organization, and relationships, larger schools tend to be more hierarchical and bureaucratic , with fewer and weaker personal connections and more rigidly defined, unvarying roles for all staff. Teachers find that large schools result in more information to process in

329-585: A green plaque scheme which is run alongside that of the blue plaque scheme administered by English Heritage. Other schemes are run by civic societies, district or town councils, or local history groups, and often operate with different criteria. After the First World War , the families of British and British Empire (now Commonwealth) service men and women killed during the conflict were presented with bronze Memorial Plaques . The plaques, of about 125 millimetres (4.9 in) in diameter, were designed by

376-466: A net profit of $ 1,387 in 1922. While the school continued to promote a curriculum of practice over theory, many students from Americus matriculated to some of the best historically black colleges and universities in the country. By 1929, the school became one of five secondary schools to become affiliated with Morehouse College (the new name of Atlanta Baptist College). The school filed for bankruptcy in 1930 and permanently closed in 1932. The city purchased

423-476: A party administers the distribution of historical markers varies. For example, the "Preservation Worcester" program in Worcester, Massachusetts , allows a person to register their house or other structure of least fifty years of age if the building is well preserved, with retention of its original character and importance to the architectural, cultural or historical nature of the local neighborhood . One then pays

470-422: A secondary school may have a canteen, serving a set of foods to students, and storage where the equipment of a school is kept. Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for

517-432: A secondary school, academic achievement and the sense of school community decline substantially. Arguments in favor of smaller schools include having a shared experience of school (e.g., everyone takes the same classes, because the school is too small to offer alternatives), higher average academic achievement, and lower inequality . Arguments in favor of larger schools tend to focus on economy of scale . For example,

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564-561: A single basketball court could serve a school with 200 students just as well as a school with 500 students, so construction and maintenance costs, on a per-student basis, can be lower for larger schools. However, cost savings from larger schools have generally not materialized, as larger schools require more administrative support staff, and rural areas see the potential savings offset by increased transportation costs. Larger schools can also support more specialization, such as splitting students into advanced, average, and basic tracks , offering

611-522: A small two-room cottage. In its first year of existence, the owners of the school donated roughly $ 400 for the school's maintenance. In the years following its establishment, the school grew steadily. The two-room cottage was expanded with additional rooms and a second floor, and a dining hall and dormitories for boys and girls were also built on the campus. By 1907, the faculty had grown to eight, of whom seven had had professional training in education and six had graduated from Spelman Seminary . Additionally,

658-537: A strict legal framework where they may be answerable to their government through local authorities and their stakeholders. In England (but necessarily in other parts of the United Kingdom) there are six general types of state-funded schools running in parallel to the private sector. The state takes an interest in safeguarding issues in all schools. All state-funded schools in England are legally required to have

705-618: A website where they must publish details of their governance, finance, curriculum intent and staff and pupil protection policies to comply with The School Information (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2012 and 2016 . Ofsted monitors these. School building design does not happen in isolation. The building or school campus needs to accommodate: Each country will have a different education system and priorities. Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from

752-569: Is a small plaque, but in English, unlike many European languages, the term is not typically used for outdoor plaques fixed to walls. The Benin Empire , which flourished in present-day Nigeria between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries, had an exceedingly rich sculptural tradition. One of the kingdom's chief sites of cultural production was the elaborate ceremonial court of the Oba (divine king) at

799-534: Is thought to be the oldest system of its kind in the world. Plaques are attached to buildings to commemorate their association with important occupants or events. The National Trust (which is a non-profit charity organization unlike English Heritage and English Heritage properties) has its own similar markers as well. The Dead Comics' Society installs blue plaques to commemorate the former residences of well-known comedians, including those of Sid James and John Le Mesurier . However, not all historical markers in

846-572: Is usually compulsory for students at least until age 16. The organisations, buildings, and terminology are more or less unique in each country. In the ISCED 2014 education scale, levels 2 and 3 correspond to secondary education which are as follows: Within the English-speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the 'equivalent ages'; then countries that base their education systems on

893-524: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers , can choose to maintain a national set of historical markers that fit a certain theme. The Royal Society of Arts established the first scheme in the world for historical commemoration on plaques in 1866. The scheme was established under the influence of the British politician William Ewart and the civil servant Henry Cole . The first plaque

940-1018: The National Trust for Historic Preservation and the National Register of Historic Places (in the United States), the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty (in the United Kingdom), An Taisce (in Ireland), National Historical Commission of the Philippines (in the Philippines), and the National Trusts of other countries. Other historical markers are created by local municipalities , non-profit organizations , companies , or individuals. In addition to geographically defined regions, individual organizations, such as E Clampus Vitus or

987-634: The United States , most local secondary education systems have separate middle schools and high schools . In the United Kingdom , most state schools and privately funded schools accommodate pupils between the ages of 11 and 16 or between 11 and 18; some UK private schools, i.e. public schools , admit pupils between the ages of 13 and 18. Secondary schools follow on from primary schools and prepare for vocational or tertiary education . In high and middle income countries, attendance

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1034-408: The 'English model' use one of two methods to identify the year group, while countries that base their systems on the 'American K–12 model' refer to their year groups as 'grades'. The Irish model is structured similarly to the English model, but differs significantly in terms of labels. This terminology extends into the research literature. Below is a comparison of some countries: Schools exist within

1081-409: The 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014. It said the floor area should be 1050 m (+ 350 m if there is a sixth form) + 6.3 m /pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7 m /pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m . A secondary school locally may be called

1128-707: The NHCP. Markers are found all over the country, and there have been markers installed outside the country. The plaques themselves are permanent signs installed in publicly visible locations on buildings, monuments, or in special locations. There are more than 1,690 markers to date. Most markers are located within Luzon , especially in Metro Manila (with more than 500), which has prompted the NHCP to install more markers in Visayas and Mindanao , for their greater inclusion in

1175-696: The Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee, which initially only marked antiquities in Manila . The initial markers were placed in 1934. Markers have their texts primarily in Filipino , while there are also markers in the English language, especially for markers that were installed during the American colonial era . Markers in regional languages such as Cebuano , Ilocano , and Kapampangan , are also available and issued by

1222-547: The United Kingdom are blue, and many are not ceramic. A range of other commemorative plaque schemes, which are typically run by local councils and charitable bodies, exists throughout the United Kingdom. These tend to use their own criteria for determining the eligibility to put up a plaque. There are commemorative plaque schemes in Bath , Edinburgh , Brighton , Liverpool , Loughton , and elsewhere—some of which differ from

1269-552: The agency then started unveiling Philippine Nationhood Trail historical markers since 2023. Blue plaques are the principal type of historical markers found throughout England and are the closest thing there is to a historical marker system in the UK. An example is the blue plaque scheme run by English Heritage in London , although these were originally erected in a variety of shapes and colors. This has been running for over 140 years and

1316-399: The area lacked adequate educational facilities for African Americans. Within a few years, the organization had raised roughly $ 1,300 in cash and had acquired about 17 acres (6.9 ha) of land to serve as the school's campus . However, by the 1890s, the money raised for the school had been mishandled and the size of the campus had shrunk significantly. Additionally, the initial enthusiasm for

1363-486: The early thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries as a form of sepulchral memorial generally inset into the walls of churches or surfaces of tombs. Surviving in great numbers, they were manufactured from sheet brass or latten , very occasionally coloured with enamels, and tend to depict highly conventional figures with brief inscriptions. Historical markers are put on display by the owners of sites listed by national agencies concerned with historic preservation such as

1410-442: The education has to fulfill the needs of: students, teachers, non-teaching support staff, administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids. An optimum secondary school will meet the minimum conditions and will have: Also,

1457-658: The eminent sculptor and medallist , Edward Carter Preston . In the United States , various state governments have commemorative plaque schemes usually using the name historical markers. The National Trust for Historic Preservation or the U.S. government, through the National Register of Historic Places, can bestow historical status. State programmes, such as the California Register of Historical Resources , allow designated sites to place their own markers. The criteria and circumstances through which

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1504-518: The enrollment for the entire year was 200. As part of the office's conclusions for the school, they recommended that more emphasis be placed on industrial education and that the school needed additional financial support. By 1921, the school, with an enrollment of 229 students, was receiving funding from the General Education Board . Additional funding from this time came from the school's 153 acres (62 ha) farm, which generated

1551-732: The familiar blue plaque. A scheme in Manchester uses color-coded plaques to commemorate figures, with each of the colors corresponding to the person's occupation. The Purple Plaques /Placiau Porffor scheme in Wales uses purple to commemorate significant women. In 2003, the London Borough of Southwark started a plaque scheme which included living people in the awards. Even in London, the Westminster City Council runs

1598-410: The larger environment (e.g., announcements about 100 programs instead of just 10) and that as individuals they form fewer relationships with teachers outside of their primary subject area. Smaller schools have less social isolation and more engagement. These effects cannot be entirely overcome through implementation of a house system or " school within a school " programs. The building providing

1645-579: The local government authority - the London County Council . Historical markers ( Filipino : panandang pangkasaysayan ; Spanish : marcador histórico ) are cast-iron plaques installed all over the Philippines that commemorate people, places, personalities, structures, and events. They are installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines . This practice started in 1933, with NHCP's predecessor,

1692-442: The location where the plaque or marker is installed with the person, event, or item commemorated as a place worthy of visit. A monumental plaque or tablet commemorating a deceased person or persons, can be a simple form of church monument . Most modern plaques affixed in this way are commemorative of something, but not all. There are also purely religious plaques, and some signify ownership or affiliation of some sort. A plaquette

1739-681: The national historical narrative. Issues and controversies have also been the concern of several individual markers, from the commemoration of former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos to the reaction of the Japanese embassy to the comfort women statue and marker . There have also been some markers replaced by new ones because of rectified information, theft, or loss due to war or disasters. Many American-era markers have been destroyed or were lost as casualties of World War II. Local municipalities and cities can also install markers of figures and events of local significance. Though they may have

1786-448: The number of students had increased to 175 students from Southwest Georgia and Florida . That same year, on April 11, one of the dormitories was destroyed in a fire, with Reddick requesting $ 10,000 in donations to help improve the school. By 1908, the school had 193 students, and in May of that year, noted African American leader Booker T. Washington spoke at the school. By 1909, the school

1833-587: The palace in Benin. Among the wide range of artistic forms produced at the court were rectangular brass or bronze plaques. At least a portion of these plaques, which were mainly created from the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries, commemorate significant persons and events associated with the Oba's court, including important battles during Benin's sixteenth century expansionary period. Brass or bronze memorial plaques were produced throughout medieval Europe from at least

1880-620: The permission of the NHCP, these markers are barred from using the seal of the Republic of the Philippines . From March to October 2021, quincentennial historical markers were unveiled by the NHCP and the National Quincentennial Committee as part of the 2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines (QCP). As part of the 125th anniversary of the Philippine declaration of independence celebrations,

1927-427: The predicted roll of the school and the area needed. According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55 m , or more generously 62 m . A general art room for 30 students needs to be 83 m , but 104 m for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m . Examples are given on how this can be configured for

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1974-500: The property in 1934 to build a new African American high school. A historical marker now stands on the former grounds of the school. In February 2020, as part of Black History Month celebrations, the Americus Welcome Center held a tour of the city that highlighted locations of importance to the city's African American history, with Americus Institute being included on the tour. Secondary school In

2021-526: The school had subsided within the group. Despite this, the school, known as Americus Institute , was officially founded in 1897. According to an article in the Southern Workman , the school's founders had three goals for the school: Major W. Reddick, a graduate from Atlanta Baptist College 's first graduating class, served as the initial principal, with a total faculty of two. The school held its first class on October 2, 1897, with nine students in

2068-557: The school was covered in a report published by the United States Office of Education , which had visited the school in both November 1913 and February 1916. In their report, the office stated that the school "serves as a central institution in which pupils may supplement the training received in the rural schools". Additionally, they noted that the school's "good management is seriously handicapped by lack of funds". The school at this time had 14 teachers and 98 students, though

2115-628: The state. The school closed in 1932. The idea for a secondary school in Americus, Georgia designed to educate the African American youth of the area began in 1878 amongst the members of the Southwestern Colored Baptist Association. Americus was located in Georgia's Black Belt , with about 1 million African Americans living within 100 miles (160 km) of the city. Despite the large population,

2162-538: Was one of 26 that received financial support from the American Baptist Home Mission Society . The school's annual expenses at this time were about $ 8,500, while the value of the school's property was about $ 21,000. In a report from Atlanta Baptist College President George Sale, he spoke highly of the school during this time, stating, "No institution I know of bids so fair to become a great academy for Negro pupils as Americus". In 1917,

2209-482: Was unveiled in 1867 to commemorate Lord Byron at his birthplace, 24 Holles Street, Cavendish Square . The earliest historical marker to survive, commemorates Napoleon III in King Street, St James's , and was also put up in 1867. The original plaque colour was blue, but this was changed by the manufacturer Minton, Hollins & Co to chocolate brown to save money. In 1901, the scheme was first taken over by

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