36-743: The Anti-Slavery Reporter was founded in London in 1825 as the Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter by Zachary Macaulay (1768–1838), a Scottish philanthropist who devoted most of his life to the anti-slavery movement . It was also referred to as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter , and in 1909 merged with the Aborigines' Friend to form the Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines' Friend . From 1981
72-509: A sugar plantation , at which he objected to slavery as a consequence of which he, contrary to the preference of his father, renounced his job and returned in 1789 to London, where he reduced his alcoholism and became a bookkeeper. He was influenced by Thomas Babington of Rothley Temple , Leicestershire, an evangelical Whig abolitionist whom his sister Jean had married, and by whom he was influenced and introduced to William Wilberforce and Henry Thornton . Macaulay in 1790 visited Sierra Leone ,
108-801: A fellow of the Royal Society , and an active supporter of the British and Foreign Bible Society , and of the Cheap Repository Tracts , and of the Church Missionary Society . Macaulay contributed to the 1823 foundation of the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery , and he was editor of its publication, the Anti-Slavery Reporter , in which he censured the analysis of indentured labour by
144-506: A leading source of news and analysis in relation to slavery issues". Under Macaulay and its subsequent editors, the journal campaigned vigorously for the abolition of slavery throughout the world in the late 19th century. Its articles include detailed reports of the activities of the abolitionists; reports of the Parliamentary procedures which ultimately led to the abolition of slavery throughout Britain and her colonies; and details of
180-536: A stable path to a peaceful transfer of power. A referendum was held in Sierra Leone asking if the population of the country wanted independence. The majority voted in favour of independence in that referendum. Macmillan privately stated that he knew they would vote yes, however, this was a formality in order to show his own government that there was popular support within Sierra Leone for a British withdrawal. Margai and other Sierra Leone independence leaders supported
216-728: A subsidiary of the British Consolidated African Selection Trust (CAST), was set up to mine diamonds. In 1937 a "Native Administration" system, patterned after Lord Frederick Lugard's indirect rule system in northern Nigeria , was introduced into the Sierra Leone Protectorate. In 1938 Wallace Johnson started the West African Youth League in Freetown, mobilising workers in new trade unions against
252-489: The British Empire from the abolitionism era until the decolonisation era. The Crown colony , which included the area surrounding Freetown , was established in 1808. The protectorate was established in 1896 and included the interior of what is today known as Sierra Leone. The motto of the colony and protectorate was Auspice Britannia liber ( Latin for "Free under the protection of Britain"). This motto
288-777: The West African colony that was founded by the Sierra Leone Company for emancipated slaves. He returned in 1792 to serve on its Council, by which he was invested as Governor in 1794, as which he remained until 1799. Macaulay became a member of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, with William Wilberforce , to campaign for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire . He later became
324-677: The 3rd series, started with volume 1, number 1 on 1 January 1846. The title pages for the volumes between 1846 and 1852 read "The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter". The journal merged with the Aborigines' Friend to form the Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines' Friend in 1909, when the BFASS merged with the Aborigines' Protection Society to form the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society. From 1981
360-873: The British Colonial Office expert Thomas Moody However, Zachary Macaulay desired a 'free black peasantry' rather than equality for Africans. Macaulay died on 13 May 1838 in London, where he was buried in St George's Gardens , Bloomsbury , and where a memorial to him was erected in Westminster Abbey . Macaulay married Selina Mills , who was the daughter of the Quaker printer Thomas Mills . They were introduced by Hannah More on 26 August 1799. They settled in Clapham , Surrey, and had several children including Thomas Babington Macaulay , who
396-554: The British Dominions), and printed as a monograph in 1829. The title remained Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter until July 1830, dropping the "Monthly" to become The Anti-Slavery Reporter in August 1830 (Volume 3, No. 62?). In 1839 the new, internationally focused British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) was founded, after the previous British Empire-focused organisation was wound up. A "new series", described as
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#1732772180486432-774: The Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions , commonly referred to as "the Anti-Slavery Society". Volume ii of the Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter is dated as commencing in June 1827 and ending in May 1828. It was printed in London for the "London Society for the Mitigation and Abolition of Slavery in the British Dominions" (officially the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout
468-525: The Relief of the Black Poor . This Committee eventually decided to persuade several hundred members of the Black Poor community to emigrate to Africa. The Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme was proposed by entomologist Henry Smeathman and drew interest from humanitarians like Granville Sharp , who saw it as a means of showing the pro-slavery lobby that black people could contribute towards the running of
504-465: The anti-slavery organisation founded in 1823 as the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions , but after this wound up in 1838, came under the auspices of and published the Annual Reports of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (now known as Anti-Slavery International.) From 1823 to 1838, the journal was published by the Society for
540-552: The colonial government of Sierra Leone and throughout the 1950s won office on those grounds. Throughout the mid to late 1950s, Margai and many other Sierra Leone politicians petitioned the British government for independence. British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan already supported the policy of granting independence to Britain's African colonies and ordered his government to receive the petitions and act on them. The next few steps, which Prime Minister Macmillan approved, were to create
576-532: The colonial government. When World War II began in 1939, emergency powers were used to incarcerate Wallace Johnson. In 1947 a new constitution was proposed for the colony, which gave the majority of seats in Legislative Council to the majority population of the protectorate. In the post World War II era many members of the public in Sierra Leone began advocating for independence. Politicians led by Sir Milton Margai campaigned for this within
612-616: The colony of Sierra Leone as well as being supported by the powerful paramount chiefs in the provinces, won the most seats in Parliament and Margai was re-elected as Chief Minister by a landslide. On 20 April 1960, Margai led a 24-member Sierra Leonean delegation at constitutional conferences that were held with the Government of Macmillan and British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod where the details of independence were agreed to. On
648-629: The conclusion of talks in London on 4 May 1960, the United Kingdom agreed to grant Sierra Leone independence on 27 April 1961. On 27 April 1961 Sierra Leone was granted independence at a large ceremony in Freetown . Bands played, the Union Jack was lowered, respectfully folded, and handed to the Duke of Kent (at the time Prince Edward ), the new blue, white and green flag of Sierra Leone
684-424: The entity's entire existence. On 31 August 1896, the hinterland of Sierra Leone became a British protectorate, thus creating Sierra Leone Protectorate. The boundaries were demarcated with French Guinea and Liberia . On 1 January 1928 the British abolished domestic slavery. In 1930 Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO), a British company, started mining iron ore. In 1932 Sierra Leone Selection Trust,
720-427: The idea. After the referendum passed, as all involved assumed it would, the colonial administration in Freetown began holding elections to establish the government that would take over after the handover of power. These elections were won by Margai and his supporters. In May 1957, Sierra Leone held its first parliamentary election. The Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), which was then the most popular political party in
756-424: The journal was again renamed the Anti-Slavery Reporter , and as a publication of Anti-Slavery International continued to be published occasionally as simply Reporter . Under Macaulay and its subsequent editors, the journal campaigned vigorously for the abolition of slavery throughout the world in the late 19th century. Later, it focused more on various forms of modern slavery . It was initially published by
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#1732772180486792-479: The journal was called simply Anti-Slavery Reporter . It appears to have been published into the 1990s, on an annual or quarterly basis. An Anti-Slavery International publication in 2005 lists in its bibliography "Anti-Slavery International, Reporter , London, various issues between 1999–2005", and states "Anti-Slavery International’s quarterly magazine the Reporter has been published since 1825 and continues to be
828-558: The new colony of Sierra Leone. Government officials soon became involved in the scheme as well, although their interest was spurred by the possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. William Pitt the Younger , prime minister and leader of the Tory party , had an active interest in the Scheme, because he saw it as a means to repatriate the Black Poor to Africa, since "it
864-651: The new settlement. The Settler descendants gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Sierra Leone Creole people . The British government abolished the slave trade in 1807. It took responsibility of Sierra Leone in 1808 and made it a Crown colony . On 17 October 1821, the Sierra Leone Colony was made part of British West Africa , an administrative entity consisting of British colonies in West Africa. The entity's original name
900-543: The people of Sierra Leone and to Margai personally. Sierra Leone was granted independence as a dominion, along the same lines that Canada and Australia had been earlier, this meant that Sierra Leone was now an independent country with its own parliament and its own Prime Minister, however, Queen Elizabeth would remain the head of state. Thus began the history of the Dominion of Sierra Leone . Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate lasted until 1961 when it gained independence from
936-597: The political activities of pro- and anti-slavery supporters in other countries. Zachary Macaulay Zachary Macaulay ( Scottish Gaelic : Sgàire MacAmhlaoibh ; 2 May 1768 – 13 May 1838) was a Scottish statistician and abolitionist who was a founder of London University and of the Society for the Suppression of Vice , and a Governor of British Sierra Leone . Macaulay was born in Inveraray , Scotland, to Margaret Campbell and John Macaulay (1720 – 1789), who
972-506: The previous elections to Margai boycotted the ceremony, and it was feared would try to sabotage the handover of power. It was feared the APC would attempt to incite riots, on this basis Stevens was placed under house arrest prior to the ceremony and released shortly afterwards. Ultimately however the transfer of power proved to be entirely peaceful. Messages of congratulations were sent from Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and from Queen Elizabeth to
1008-463: The remaining colonists were forced to arm themselves for their own protection. King Tom's successor King Jemmy attacked and burned the colony in 1789. A new colony was built on another site and became known as Freetown . In 1792 approximately 1,200 Nova Scotian Settlers , freed slaves and Black Pioneers from Nova Scotia , and in 1800 another 551 Jamaican Maroons from the Colony of Jamaica came to
1044-596: The secretary of the African Institution . He and Wilberforce also became members of the Clapham Sect of evangelical Whigs , that included Henry Thornton and Edward Eliot , for whom he edited the magazine, the Christian Observer , from 1802 to 1816. Macaulay served on committees that established London University, and that established the Society for the Suppression of Vice. He was also
1080-532: The white wives of these black men as prostitutes. The settlement became known as Granville Town . Half of the settlers in the new colony died within the first year. Several black settlers started working for local slave traders. The settlers who remained forcibly captured land from a local chieftain, but he retaliated, attacking the settlement, which was reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women. The settlers were captured by unscrupulous traders and sold into slavery, and
1116-413: Was Colony of Sierra Leone and its Dependencies, after which it became British West African Territories and finally British West African Settlements. British West Africa was constituted during two periods, from 17 October 1821 until its first dissolution on 13 January 1850, and again from 19 February 1866 until its final demise on 28 November 1888. Freetown served as the capital of British West Africa through
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1152-466: Was a Whig historian and politician, and Hannah More Macaulay (1810 – 1873), who married Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet and was the mother of Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet . Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate The Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone (informally British Sierra Leone ) was the British colonial administration in Sierra Leone from 1808 to 1961, part of
1188-695: Was a minister of the Church of Scotland and a grandson of Dòmhnall Cam . He had two brothers: Aulay Macaulay , who was an antiquary, and Colin Macaulay , who was a general and an abolitionist . Zachary Macaulay was not educated in, but taught himself, Greek and Latin and English literature. Macaulay worked in a merchant's office in Glasgow , where he fell into bad company and began to indulge in excessive drinking. In late 1784, when aged 16 years, he emigrated to Jamaica , where he worked as an assistant manager at
1224-535: Was included on Sierra Leone's later flag and coat of arms . In the 1780s, London was home to several thousand freed slaves and Black Pioneers , who had gained their freedom fighting on the side of the British in the American Revolutionary War . After several avenues to employment were closed to them, many of the Black Poor ended up destitute, and received support from the Committee for
1260-434: Was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to infest the streets of London". The British made an agreement with a Temne chief King Tom to have land on the coast for the settlement of freed slaves. In 1787, a naval vessel carrying 411 passengers, including freed slaves, Black Pioneers, their white wives, and mixed-race children, arrived on the coast. Opponents of miscegenation incorrectly labelled
1296-578: Was raised in its place, the Duke of Kent and Margai shook hands and the crowd cheered. The last British Governor of Sierra Leone was sworn in by the new independent government as the Governor-General ( Queen Elizabeth II 's representative to the new country.) There was a brief state of emergency, as opposition leader Siaka Stevens , whose political party the All People's Congress (APC) had lost
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