Conquest is the act of military subjugation of an enemy by force of arms .
46-538: Antioquia ( Spanish pronunciation: [anˈtjokja] ) is one of the 32 departments of Colombia , located in the central northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea . Most of its territory is mountainous with some valleys , much of which is part of the Andes mountain range. Antioquia has been part of many territorial divisions of former countries created within
92-619: A municipal council ( concejo municipal ), both of which are elected by popular vote for four-year periods. Some departments have subdivisions above the level of municipalities, commonly known as provinces . The indigenous territories are at the third level of administrative division in Colombia, as are the municipalities. Indigenous territories are created by agreement between the government and indigenous communities. In cases where indigenous territories cover more than one department or municipality, local governments jointly administer them with
138-404: A cultural exchange and stimulus; frequently the conquerors have taken over the culture of their subjects. With subjugation, further class distinctions arise. The conquered people are enslaved; thus the widest possible social classes are produced: the enslaved and the free. The slaves are put to work to support the upper classes, who regard war as their chief business. The state is in origin
184-430: A governor ( gobernador ) and an Assembly ( Asamblea Departamental ), elected by popular vote for a four-year period. The governor cannot be re-elected in consecutive periods. Departments are country subdivisions and are granted a certain degree of autonomy. Departments are formed by a grouping of municipalities ( municipios , sing. municipio ). Municipal government is headed by mayor ( alcalde ) and administered by
230-424: A process of slow assimilation , established by bureaucratic means such as registers of population and resources as part of the feudal timar system. The ancient civilized peoples conducted wars on a large scale that were, in effect, conquests. In Egypt the effects of invasion and conquest are to be seen in different racial types represented in paintings and sculptures. Improved agriculture production
276-421: A product of war and exists primarily as an enforced peace between conquerors and conquered. From slavery and from conquest, another result of war, sprang differentiation of classes and occupations termed the division of labour . Through conquest, society became divided into a ruling militant class and a subject industrial class. The regulative function devolved upon the conquering soldiers and operations side to
322-696: A total of 125 municipalities. The nine subregions with their municipalities are: The population of Antioquia is 6,613,118 (2017 estimate), of which more than half live in the metropolitan area of Medellín . The racial composition is: During the 16th and 18th centuries, Antioquia received many immigrants from Spain (Especially the northern Spain ). Most Indigenous peoples died from the introduction of European diseases, and many of those who survived intermarried with early Spanish settlers, who were mostly men; later, Spanish women also began to immigrate. Thousands of Scottish and English who settled in Antioquia fought for
368-618: Is named after some of the many other Hellenistic ancient cities in the Middle East named Antiochia , which were founded as well by some of the Antiochus Kings during the Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC). Due to its geographical isolation, being located among mountains, Antioquia suffered supply problems. Its topography did not allow for much agriculture, so the city became dependent upon trade, especially of gold and gin for
414-510: Is partly due to the Basque language always having been an outcast, which apparently left no written evidence in Antioquia. The current Spanish dialect in Antioquia, closely observed, has obvious influences from Basque. Basque influence is evident in words such coscorria (useless, inept) and 'tap' (tap), to name only a few cases. Basque also influenced the pronunciation of the letter 's' apico-alveolar (transitional between 's' and 'sh'), so in
460-722: Is predominantly mountainous, crossed by the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes . The Cordillera Central divides to form the Aburrá valley , in which the capital, Medellín , is located. The Cordillera Central forms the plateaus of Santa Rosa de Osos and Rionegro . While 80% of the department's territory is mountainous, Antioquia also has lowlands in Bajo Cauca , Magdalena Medio , and eastern Sonsón , as well as coastline on
506-513: The Caribbean Sea , in Urabá . This area has a tropical climate and is of high strategic importance due to its location. Before Spanish colonization, different indigenous tribes inhabited this part of modern Colombia. Their origin is uncertain, as specialists believe that some came from the Caribbean island, and others that they originated among peoples along the interior Amazon River . Antioquia
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#1732765753900552-577: The Cauca River . They were said to have taken important treasures from the indigenous people's tombs. In response, the warriors of chief Nutibara harassed the Spaniards continually, and forced them to return to Urabá . In 1541, the conquistador Jorge Robledo departed from the site of the future (1542) Spanish town of Arma, a little below Aguadas in the North of Caldas, to lead an expedition north on
598-560: The English throne in 1066. Conquest may link in some ways with colonialism . England, for example, experienced phases and areas of Anglo-Saxon , Viking and Franco-Norman colonisation and conquest. The Ottomans used a method of gradual, non-military conquest in which they established suzerainty over their neighbours and then displaced their ruling dynasties . This concept was first systematized by Halil İnalcık . Conquests of this sort did not involve violent revolution but were
644-790: The Roman conquest of Britain , the Mauryan conquest of Afghanistan and of vast areas of the Indian subcontinent , the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and various Muslim conquests , to mention just a few. The Norman conquest of England provides an example: it built on cultural ties, led to the subjugation of the Kingdom of England to Norman control and brought William the Conqueror to
690-458: The administrative divisions of Colombia . As of 2024 , the unitary republic is made up of thirty-two departments. Each department has a governor and an assembly , elected by popular vote for a four-year period. Colombia is a unitary republic made up of thirty-two administrative divisions referred to as departments ( Spanish : departamentos , sing. departamento ) and one Capital District ( Distrito Capital ). Each department has
736-445: The serfs and slaves. After a conquest where a minority imposes itself on a majority, it usually adopts the language and religion of the majority, through this force of numbers and because a strong government can be maintained only through the unity of these two important facts. In other cases, especially when the conquerors create or maintain strong cultural or social institutions, the conquered culture could adopt norms or ideas from
782-1379: The states of Colombia into departments, with the state presidents renamed as governors. The states formed the following original departments: [REDACTED] Amazonas [REDACTED] Antioquia [REDACTED] Arauca [REDACTED] Atlántico [REDACTED] Bolívar [REDACTED] Boyacá [REDACTED] Caldas [REDACTED] Caquetá [REDACTED] Casanare [REDACTED] Cauca [REDACTED] Cesar [REDACTED] Chocó [REDACTED] Córdoba [REDACTED] Cundinamarca [REDACTED] Guainía [REDACTED] Guaviare [REDACTED] Huila [REDACTED] La Guajira [REDACTED] Magdalena [REDACTED] Meta [REDACTED] Nariño [REDACTED] N. Santander [REDACTED] Putumayo [REDACTED] Quindío [REDACTED] Risaralda [REDACTED] San Andrés [REDACTED] Santander [REDACTED] Sucre [REDACTED] Tolima [REDACTED] Valle del Cauca [REDACTED] Vaupés [REDACTED] Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED] Bogotá Conquest (military) Military history provides many examples of conquest:
828-407: The Antioquia, and the letter "ll" (double L) pronounced as an affricative, not to overlook the inclusion of the letter "a" before certain initial Rs: arrecostarse instead of recostarse , arrecoger instead of recoger and arrecordarse instead of recordarse . The first Spaniard known to have visited the territory now known as Antioquia was Rodrigo de Bastidas , who explored
874-475: The Carib. Although the tribe was numerous and known for its warring culture, the various peoples of this family became dominated or exterminated by the Spaniards in the process of conquest and colonization . As did all Native Americans, they suffered extremely high mortality due to newly introduced infectious Eurasian diseases, to which they had no immunity . In some cases the surviving natives dispersed to evade
920-526: The Cauca River. Farther north, Robledo would found the city of Santa Fe de Antioquia , which in 1813 was declared the capital of the sovereign and independent state of Antioquia, and remained the seat of the governate until 1826, when Medellin was designated the capital. Other Spaniards who settled Antioquia came from Extremadura, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands. The Extremadurans influenced
966-495: The Colombian army during independence. During the 19th and 20th centuries, immigrants (including Jews) arrived from Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Lebanon, Israel, Palestina and Syria. Many people from Antioquia are referred to as Paisas , people of mainly Spanish ancestry, a lot of them Basque. There is a small Afro-Colombian and Zambo-Colombian (people of Indigenous and African descent) population originating in
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#17327657539001012-515: The Spanish, and some committed suicide to escape being enslaved or subjected to forced labor. Many survivors fled to the modern department of Chocó . In Antioquia, the natives disappeared almost completely. At present, the autochthon population of the department of Antioquia scarcely reaches 0.5% of the total population, even though the vast majority of locals have a significant indigenous genetic component (26% in average). A debate, centered around
1058-511: The apparently significant Jewish origin of Antioquians, took place from mid-nineteenth century to the twentieth century. Others, later pointed to Basque origins as a way to understand the population's idiosyncrasies. Prominent among these, were two American historians: Everett Hagen and Leonard Kasdan. Hagen looked at the telephone directory in Medellin in 1957 and found that 15% of the surnames were of Basque origin, finding then that employers in
1104-399: The area around the future site of Darién in 1500. Ten years later, Alonso de Ojeda founded San Sebastián de Urabá , 2 km from the present-day town of Necoclí . It was later destroyed by the natives. The first Spanish military incursion into Antioquia, however, was not made until 1537. An expedition commanded by Francisco César traveled through the lands of chief Dabeiba, arriving at
1150-645: The capital of the Department of Antioquia, is the winner of the City of the Year competition, a global program developed in partnership with the Urban Land Institute to recognize the most innovative urban centers. Medellín was ranked above the other finalists, Tel Aviv and New York City . Antioquia is divided into nine subregions to facilitate the Department's administration. These nine regions contain
1196-519: The colonization of new land. Much of this trade was due to reforms passed after a 1785 visit from Juan Antonio Mon y Velarde , an inspector of the Spanish Crown. The Antioquia became colonizers and traders. The department was hard hit by the Colombian conflict , with 30,000 people missing between 1997 and 2005. The Wall Street Journal and Citi announced in the year 2013 that Medellín ,
1242-521: The dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1826 by the Revolution of the Morrocoyes ( La Cosiata ), New Granada kept its 17 provinces. In 1832 the provinces of Vélez and Barbacoas were created, and in 1835 those of Buenaventura and Pasto were added. In 1843 those of Cauca, Mompós and Túquerres were created. At this time the cantons ( cantones ) and parish districts were created, which provided the basis for
1288-522: The evolution of society. Conquest brings humans into contact, even though it is a hostile contact. Plunder has in all times and places been a result of war, the conquerors taking whatever things of value they find. The desire for it has been one of the most common causes of war and conquest. In the formation of the modern state, the conspicuous immediate causes are the closely related facts of migration and conquest. The state has increased civilization and allowed increased cultural contact allowing for
1334-445: The functions of INCORA, one of the most important being to declare which territories will acquire the status of indigenous protection and what extension of existing ones will be allowed. Decree 2164 of 1995 interprets Law 160 of 1994, providing, among other things, a legal definition of indigenous territories. Indigenous territories in Colombia are mostly in the departments of Amazonas, Cauca, La Guajira, Guaviare, and Vaupés. When it
1380-720: The indigenous councils, as set out in Articles 329 and 330 of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 . Also indigenous territories may achieve local autonomy if they meet the requirements of the law. Article 329 of the 1991 constitution recognizes the collective indigenous ownership of indigenous territories and repeats that are inalienable. Law 160 of 1994 created the National System of Agrarian Reform and Rural Development Campesino, and replaced Law 135 of 1961 on Agrarian Social Reform; it establishes and sets out
1426-503: The less organized societies around them. Military adventures were on a larger scale and effective conquest for the first time became feasible. Military conquest has been one of the most persistent causes of human migrations . There is a significant influence of migration and conquest on political development and state formation. Conquest leading to migration has contributed to race mixture and cultural exchange. The latter points influence on conquest has been of far greater significance in
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1472-1325: The majority of the Urabá subregion and the neighboring departments of Chocó , Córdoba and Sucre . [REDACTED] Amazonas [REDACTED] Antioquia [REDACTED] Arauca [REDACTED] Atlántico [REDACTED] Bolívar [REDACTED] Boyacá [REDACTED] Caldas [REDACTED] Caquetá [REDACTED] Casanare [REDACTED] Cauca [REDACTED] Cesar [REDACTED] Chocó [REDACTED] Córdoba [REDACTED] Cundinamarca [REDACTED] Guainía [REDACTED] Guaviare [REDACTED] Huila [REDACTED] La Guajira [REDACTED] Magdalena [REDACTED] Meta [REDACTED] Nariño [REDACTED] N. Santander [REDACTED] Putumayo [REDACTED] Quindío [REDACTED] Risaralda [REDACTED] San Andrés [REDACTED] Santander [REDACTED] Sucre [REDACTED] Tolima [REDACTED] Valle del Cauca [REDACTED] Vaupés [REDACTED] Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED] Bogotá Departments of Colombia Departments of Colombia refer to
1518-543: The new constitution of 1853 introduced federalism, which lead to the consolidation of provinces into states. By 1858 this process was complete, with a resulting eight federal states: Panamá was formed in 1855, Antioquia in 1856, Santander in May 1857, and Bolívar, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca and Magdalena were formed in June 1858. 1861 saw the creation of the final federal state of Tolima. The Colombian Constitution of 1886 converted
1564-408: The percentage of surnames was up to 25%, which led him to conclude that Basque settlers were very important in explaining the increased industrial development of Antioquia in the Colombian context. These ideas were supported by representatives of developmental theories, who sought to justify business growth based on "the character of social groups." The use of Basque language (Euskera) terminology in
1610-604: The present territory of Colombia goes back to the early exploration in 1499, during the third voyage of Columbus , it is said that from that time the territory experienced a strong presence of Basques , including prominent figures such as the pilot and geographer Juan de la Cosa , nicknamed "el vizcaino" . (Some sources claim that he was not a native of the Basque Country , but was born in Santoña , Cantabria). More Basque colonists reached this area and began to settled in
1656-470: The present-day municipalities. By 1853 the number of provinces had increased to thirty-six, namely:Antioquia, Azuero, Barbacoas, Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Casanare, Cauca, Chiriquí, Chocó, Córdova, Cundinamarca, García Rovira, Mariquita, Medellín, Mompós, Neiva, Ocaña, Pamplona, Panamá, Pasto, Popayán, Riohacha, Sabanilla, Santa Marta, Santander, Socorro, Soto, Tequendama, Tunja, Tundama, Túquerres, Valle de Upar, Veraguas, Vélez and Zipaquirá. However,
1702-470: The present-day territory of Colombia. Prior to adoption of the Colombian Constitution of 1886 , Antioquia State had its own sovereign government. The department covers an area of 63,612 km (24,561 sq mi), and has a population of 5,819,358 (2006 estimate); 6.6 million (2010 estimate). Antioquia borders the Córdoba Department and the Caribbean Sea to the north; Chocó to
1748-499: The pronunciation of the letter 's' as an apico-alveolar, like Basques. Andalusians and Canarians influenced seseo in the Spanish dialect. The reason behind the chosen name for the department is not historically clear. The most accepted explanation is that the name for the, then Greek - Syrian (now Turkish ), Hellenistic city of Antioch on the Orontes ( Greek : Ἀντιόχεια Antiocheia , Arabic : Antākiyyah , today Antakya )
1794-477: The region include the Catía, Nutabe, and Tahamíe , who all inhabited the central region of Antioquia. The Quimbaya occupied southern Antioquia. The historic Quimbaya, Carib and Muisca tribes were the most prominent groups encountered by the conquistadors upon their arrival in Antioquia. The Quimbaya had a lot to do with the development of the department. The Spaniards had a turbulent history of encounters with
1840-407: The region. The Colombian department of Antioquia has been considered a major route of the Basque immigration, mainly during the colonial era. Hundreds of Basques migrated as settlers sponsored by the Spanish colonization companies. People who were interested in investigating the presence of the Basque people in the department of Antioquia and Colombia have been troubled by the question that relates to
1886-438: The use and retention of the Basque language in their current territories. It is estimated, for example, for smaller Antioquia, a region where hundreds of Spaniards arrived, of which a good portion were Basque, some limited aspects of the culture and traditions were brought by Basque settlers, though without any mention of their particular language, thus tracking the use of Basque in the current Antioquia and Colombia. However, this
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1932-481: The west; the departments of Bolivar , Santander , and Boyaca to the east; and the departments of Caldas and Risaralda to the south. Medellín is Antioquia's capital city, and the second-largest city in the country. Other important towns are Santa Fe de Antioquia , the old capital located on the Cauca River , and Puerto Berrío on the Magdalena . Antioquia is the sixth-largest Department of Colombia . It
1978-472: Was first established in 1819, The Republic of Gran Colombia had three departments. Venezuela , Cundinamarca (now Colombia) and Quito (now Ecuador). In 1824, the Distrito del Centro (which became Colombia) was divided into five departments and further divided into seventeen provinces. One department, Isthmus Department , consisting of two provinces, later became the sovereign country of Panama . With
2024-593: Was not conducive to peace ; it allowed for specialization which included the formation of ever-larger militaries and improved weapon technology . This, combined with growth of population and political control, meant war became more widespread and destructive. Thus, the Aztecs ; Incas ; the African Kingdoms Dahomey and Benin ; and the ancient civilizations of Egypt , Babylonia , Assyria and Persia all stand out as more militaristic than
2070-520: Was primarily populated by the Carib people . Some scattered groups of Muisca were said to be present in the Darién region (in modern-day Panama ), a coastal region in the far north of Antioquia. But, no historical records refer to Muisca in Antioquia. The Carib occupying territory in Antioquia were known by classifications of smaller groups, called families . Some of the most prominent native families in
2116-480: Was used since the region known as the Coffee Zone in Colombia, in which many towns and cities are named after cities in the Middle East, has a very strong Judeo - Arabic influence, both demographically and culturally. Additionally, the city in mention played a significant role in the development of early Christian communities thus religiously important for Roman Catholic Spaniard conquerors. Others state that it
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